This is an action at law by a creditor of a Kansas banking corporation against the defendant, as a stockholder in that corporation, to enforce the liability which the statutes of Kansas impose upon stockholders in corporations, other than railway, religious, or charitable corporations, for the corporate debts.
The statute of Kansas, which is the foundation of the action, is as follows:
“If any execution shall have been issued against the property or effects of a corporation, except a railway or a religious or charitable corporation, and there cannot be found any property whereon to levy such execution, then execution may be issued against any of the stockholders, to an extent equal in amount to the amount of stock by him or her owned, together with any amount unpaid thereon; but no execution shall issue against any stockholder, except upon an order of the court in which the action, suit, or other proceeding shall have been brought or instituted, made upon motion in open court, after reasonable notice in writing to the person or persons sought to be charged; and, upon such motion, such court may order execution, to issue accordingly; or the plaintiff in the execution may proceed by action to charge the stockholders with the amount of his judgment.” Gen. St. 1889, p. 381, par. 1192,
The complaint, to which a demurrer is interposed, alleges that on the 2d day of January, 1889, the plaintiff recovered a judgment in the United States circuit court for the district of Kansas, in an action therein commenced on the 8th day of September, 1888, against George S. El wood, John T. Elwood, and the Haddam State Bank, for the sum of $5,343, with interest thereon at the rate of 12 per cent, per annum from the date of judgment, together with the costs of the plaintiff therein expended, amounting to the sum of $34.25; that no part of the judgment, costs, or 'interest has been paid; that on the 21st of February, 1893, the plaintiff caused an execution to be issued out of the court in which the judgment was obtained to the United States marshal for the district of Kansas, which execution the marshal thereafter, in due time, returned nulla bona; that the Haddam State Bank was at the date of the rendition of the judgment, and had been for a long time prior thereto, and ever since has been, a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the state of Kansas; that plaintiff “is *281informed and believes that the defendant herein was on the said 8th day of September, 1888, had been long prior to that time, has been ever since sa'id date, and now is, the owner of the capital stock of said Haddam State Bank to the amount of $5,000 in the par value of said stock, and that the entire amount due upon said stock, except about the sum of $1,000, remains unpaid;” that the defendant has never paid any portion of Ms individual liability upon Ms stock to the plaintiff or to any other creditor of the bank; that the plaintiff has never enforced its judgment against the bank, against the defendant, or against any other of its stockholders, and has now no other action pending therefor.
The present action was commenced March 6, 1893.
The principal objections urged on the part of the defendant to the complaint are — First, that the remedy of the plaintiff, 'if any, is by suit in equity; and, second, that the action is barred by those provisions of" the statute of limitations of California prescribing three years as the period for the commencement of an action upon a liability created by statute other than a penalty or foi-feituve. and two years for the commencement of an action upon a contract, obligation, or liability not founded upon an instrument of writing, or founded upon an instrument of writing executed out of Hie state. Code Civil Proc. Cal. §§ 338, 339.
It is well settled that die individual liability of stockholders in a corporation for the payment of its debts is always a creature of st«ututo, and must be measured by the statute of the state which, creates ihe corporation and imposes the liability; and, further, that, whore the statutes of the state creating ihe corporation and imposing ihe liability provide a special remedy, the liability of a stockholder can he enforced in no other manner in a court of the Fniiod States. Bank v. Francklyn, 120 U. S. 747, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 757. and cases there cited.
The statute of Kansas in question was construed by the supreme court of that state in the case of Howell v. Manglesdorf, 33 Kan. 194, 5 Pac. Rep. 759. After setting out the st,ututo already quoted, the court said:
"It will lxi observed that two remedies for enforcing the individual liability of stockholders are prescribed in tlie statute above quoted. In the one case the judgment creditor of an insolvent corporation may proceed by a summary action on a motion in the court where the judgment was rendered against the corporation; in the other, by an ordinary action to be instituted wherever personal jurisdiction of the stockholders can be acquired. Before the summary proceeding by motion can be maintained, notice to the stockholder must be given, in order that he may appear and make such defense as can he made, and ns is necessary to protect his interest. The statute doe» not define tlie form of the notice nor the time nor place of its sendee, but only ¡(rescribes that a ‘reasonable notice in writing’ shall be given to the person sought to be charged. Whether the notice given in this case is sufficient, a,nd what constitutes a reasonable notice under this statute, must depend very largely upon tlie nature of the proceeding based upon the notice. While the proceeding is summary in its character, and its maintenance contingent upon Hie insolvency of the corporation, or upon the rendition of a, judgment, , against the corporation, and the return of ail execution thereon of nulla, bona, yet we cannot regard it as an interlocutory or auxiliary proceeding in the action against tlie corporation. In the action against the corporation no notice *282of its pendency is given to the stockholder. He is not directly interested in the action, as his liability is only secondary to the corporation, and exists alone by reason of this statutory provision, and of that provision of the constitution in pursuance of which the statute is enacted. Const, art 12, § 2. His liability to the creditors of the corporation is in the nature of a guaranty. The action or proceeding to enforce the same does not accrue until the execution upon the judgment against the principal is returned unsatisfied. We think that the proceeding against the stockholder,'whatever remedy may be employed, is an independent one. It will readily he conceded, if the proceeding is distinct and independent, and the issues between the parties are personal, and if the consequence of the proceeding is in the nature of a judgment in personam, that the notice or process of the court upon which the-jurisdiction depends cannot he served beyond the jurisdiction of the state. Before either of the remedies pointed out by the statute can he employed by the creditors, the stockholder must he brought into’ court, and have his day there. He is not concluded by the judgment against the corporation. That judgment is at most only prima facie evidence of his liability. Grund v. Tucker, 5 Kan. 70. When he is brought into court in this proceeding, he may interpose several defenses. Among other things, he may show that he is not a stockholder; or, if he had subscribed to the capital stock of the company, it had been forfeited or released, or it had been sold and transferred, and the liability sought to he enforced against him had been assumed and succeeded to by another; or he may show that the judgment is void. He may also set up as a defense that he is discharged by having already paid the amount of his individual liability to other creditors of the corporation. We think he may contest his liability in this proceeding to the same extent, and may interpose the same defenses, that he could have availed himself of if the creditor had chosen the second remedy prescribed by the statute, and proceeded in an ordinary action to obtain a judgment.”
The construction of the Kansas statute by the highest court of that state is binding on this court. That is the general rule in respect to the construction of state statutes and constitutions. Any other rule in cases like the present might subject stockholders residing out of the state to a greater or less burden than domestic stockholders, depending upon the various interpretations that might he given the state statute by different courts.
As will have been observed, the Kansas statute upon which the suit is based, as construed by the supreme court of that state, provides two remedies for enforcing the individual liability of stockholders, one of which is by an ordinary action at law, to be 'instituted wherever personal jurisdiction of them can be acquired. That remedy is pursued in the present action, and is therefore a proper remedy.
It was further held in the case of Howell v. Manglesdorf, as will he seen from the quotation made, that the liability of the stockholders to the creditors of the corporation under the statute in question is in the nature of a guaranty, and that the action or proceeding to enforce the same does not accrue until the execution upon the judgment against the principal is returned unsatisfied. The precise date when the execution upon the judgment obtained in Kansas was returned unsatisfied does not appear from the complaint, but it. does appear therefrom that the execution was not issued until the 21st day of February, 1893, and that it was there- • after returned in due time nulla bona. The cause' of action could not therefore he barred by either of the statutes of limitation of California relied on by the defendant.
*283The allegations of the complaint are, however, plainly insufficient to show that the defendant ever was the owner of any of the stock of the Iladdam State Bank. The allegation is that plaintiff “is informed and believes” that defendant is, and was at the times mentioned, such owner. This is only an allegation in respect to the plaint ill’s information and belief. The fact of the defendant’s ownership of the stock is not charged, either, upon information and belief or otherwise. This objection, however, is but technical, a,nd can be easily remedied by amendment.
Demurrer sustained, with leave to the plaintiff to amend within the usual time.