Chapman v. Phenix National Bank 12 Jones & S. 340, 44 N.Y. Super. Ct. 340

VERINA S. M. CHAPMAN, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. THE PHENIX NATIONAL BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Defendant and Respondent.

Confiscation of property used for insurrectionary purposes,

UNDER ACT OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 6, 1861, AND OF PROPERTY OF REBELS, UNDER ACT OF JULY 17, 1863.—JURISDICTION OF COURTS, GENERAL RULES.—JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES DIS- TRICT COURTS UNDER THESE STATUTES.

War gives to the sovereign the right to take the persons and confiscate the property of enemies wherever found.

The right to condemn and confiscate the property of enemies captured on. the high seas, exists by the law of nations. Before the courts of the United States can condemn and confiscate, as a consequence of the declaration of war, any property of an enemy found on land at the commencement of hostilities, provision by law must be made for that purpose. The right to enact such a law exists, and when enacted by the- sovereign power of‘the United States, the judicial department must give effect to the same..

But until such enactment, no power of condemnation can exist in the courts (Brown v. United States, 8 Oranch, 110; Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. 368).

The acts of-Congress above cited fully reviewed and commented-upon.

*341The provisions of these acts taken together and construed with reference to the purposes therein avowed and also expressed in their respective titles, unmistakeably show that the intention of Congress was to provide not only a complete system for the capture and condemnation of property, liable to be considered as enemy’s property; but a system that should be most effective in times of great national commotion, peril, and distress; and with that end in view, it invested the district courts of the United States with full and general powers to take cognizance of, and inquire into all offenses under said acts.

Want of jurisdiction renders void the judgment of any court, whether the same is a court of superior or inferior, of general or limited jurisdiction. The recital of jurisdictional facts in the record of a judgment of any court, is not conclusive, but only jprima facie evidence of the facts recited; and a party, against whom a judgment is offered, is not estopped or prevented by the fact of such recitals appearing, from establishing by evidence that those recitals were untrue.

If a court had no jurisdiction to pionounce the decree at the time it was made, the decree could not become valid, because of the action of the court subsequently in denying a motion to vacate the same5 such denial does not constitute the position of “res adjudicates ” so as to bar an action. Where a statute prescribes that some fact must exist before jurisdiction of the court can attach, then such fact must appear, or there can be no jurisdiction, and the court cannot acquire it by erroneously deciding that the fact exists, and that it has jurisdiction.

But where general jurisdiction is given to a court over any subject, and that jurisdiction depends upon facts brought before the court and submitted as evidence for its consideration and determination, and the court is required to act upon such evidence, then its decision, upon the question of its own jurisdiction, based upon such evidence, is conclusive until reviewed or vacated, so far, at least, as to protect its officers and all other persons who act upon the same in good faith (Roderigas i>. East River Savings Institution, 63 JV". Y. 460, and cases there cited).

The jurisdiction of the United States district courts in these cases does not depend upon the fact of the commission of the offense alone, but embraces the power to hear and determine all cases arising under these statutes; and if in any case it shall be found that the property brought before the court belongs to a person *342guilty of an ofíense under said acts, then it may be condemned as enemies’ property.

In the case at bar all the proceedings and formalities required by said acts, and necessary to confer jurisdiction upon the district court, and render its decision binding, were had and complied with, and the decree of condemnation was made in the course of a judicial inquiry, in a matter over which the court had jurisdiction, and the decree cannot be impeached in any other court. The case comes directly within the principle enforced by the court of appeals in Roderigas ®. East River Savings Institution, 63 N. 7. 460, and reaffirmed in recent case of Lange ®. Benedict, 18 Alb. Law J. 11, and Hunt ®. Hunt, referred to in 6 N. T. Weekly Big. 313.

Before Sanford and Freedman, JJ

Decided November 4, 1878.

The action was brought March 9, 1870, to recover certain dividends declared between June 1, 1861, and February 1, 1870, upon eighty-four shares of the capital stock of the Phenix Bank, and upon the same stock of the Phenix National Bank, into which the Phenix Bank became merged.

On January 8, 1859, the plaintiff (then Verina S. Moore), who resided in North Carolina, owned the said eighty-four shares, and the bank issued to her a certificate therefor, which the plaintiff retained ever since. In 1861 she was married to the Rev. Robert H. Chapman, D. D., and has ever since continued to be his wife. During the late civil war she resided in the southern States, cut off from all communication with the North.

No demand was ever made by the plaintiff for any of the dividends in suit until a short time before the commencement of the action.

The dividends declared between June 1, 1861, and March 1, 1864, remained in the possession of the de*343fendant until March 31, 1864, when, in compliance with the decree of the district court of the United States for the southern district of New York, condemning them, and the stock on which they had been declared, as forfeited to the United States, the same were paid to the clerk of said court.

The proceedings by which the stock and dividends were condemned as forfeited to the United States, were as follows:

First. Robert Murray, Esq., the marshal of the United States for the southern district of New York, on February 24, 1864, by and under the authority of the President of the United States, and in obedience to the instructions of the attorney-general of the United States, and to the directions of the district attorney of the United States for the southern district of New York, and in pursuance of the act of congress entitled “An act to confiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes,” approved August 6, 1861, and of the act of •congress entitled “An act to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels, and for other purposes,” approved July 17, 1862, seized the said stock and dividends, to the end that the same might be confiscated, forfeited, and condemned, as required and provided in the said acts of congress.

Second. After the seizure a libel of information was filed and a monition was duly issued, and the marshal in obedience to the monition attached the property, and gave due notice as required by law, and made due return.

Third. After the return of the marshal, the decree of condemnation was made and entered. The defendant upon being served with a certified copy of the decree, on or about March 31, 1864, directing it so to do, canceled the stock certificate of said eighty-four shares on its books, and issued a new certificate for a *344like number of shares in its stead, to George F. Betts, Esq., clerk of said court, and paid to said clerk said unpaid dividends.

Afterwards said stock was -duly sold by virtue of said decree, and in pursuance of a writ of a venditioni exponas, to other parties, who had said stock transferred on the defendant’s books, and they afterwards received the dividends thereon, the same having been paid to them before the commencement of this action.

On or about March 12, 1869, the plaintiff petitioned the said U. S. district court to set aside said decree and said sale, and that the plaintiff might be allowed “to come in and defend said proceedings,” on the ground that the allegations in the libel o‘f information concerning the plaintiff’s rebellious acts were untrue, which is substantially the same question which the plaintiff is seeking to litigate in this action.

The application for relief upon the petition was made on notice to the United'States and to the defendant, and after hearing counsel for the respective, parties the prayer of the petition was denied.

The plaintiff then brought this action.

Upon the trial by the court at special term without a jury the defendant had judgment for a dismissal of, the complaint on the merits, and plaintiff appealed.

James S. Stearns, attorney, and of counsel, for appellant, urged:

I. By the law of nations, the only lawful judicial proceeding for the confiscation of the property of enemies was upon its capture upon the high seas. No such court was known to the law as a court for the confiscation of the property of enemies on land (United States v. Stevenson, 3 Ben. 119 ; United States v. 1756 Shares of capital stock, 5 Blatchf. 231). The power of congress to enact laws for such a purpose has been reviewed and affirmed in the case .of Miller v. United States (11 Wall, 268). Under the *345authority so assumed by congress, it saw fit, for the purposes therein set forth, to enact the two laws in question, whereby, for and by reason of certain offenses therein set forth, the property should be condemns and forfeited to, and become the property of the United States ; and by the said acts the district courts of the United States were constituted the ministers through which the purposes of the acts should be carried out, so far as to secure the condemnation and sale for the benefit of the United States, of the property which had so become vested in the United States.

II. The proceedings for the condemnation and sale of the property are entirely founded upon, and dependent upon the question of the use of the property in aid of the rebellion, or the hostile acts of the offender, as the case may be (see Conrad v. Waples, U. S. Sup. Court, No. 122, Oct. Term, 1877). The guilty act of the offender was held in McVeigh v. United States (11 Wall. 259), to lie at the foundation of the proceeding, and the questions of guilt and ownership were held to be fundamental in the case. The title of the United States is transferred to it by the act of the offender as decided in the case of United States v. Stevenson (3 Ben. 119), where it is held that the forfeiture takes place at the time of the commission of the offense, which operates of itself as a statutory transfer of the right of property to the government eo instanti (see also United States v. Bark Reindeer, 2 Cliff. 57; United States v. 56 Barrels of Whiskey, 1 Abb. U. S. 93). And the courts, when vested by these acts of congress withj the power and authority to condemn and sell the property, were constituted instruments by which the property then belonging to the United States should be dealt with as therein set forth. In carrying out this power so delegated to the district courts, the first step which lay at the foundation of the whole was the vesting as aforesaid, of the property in the govern*346.ment by reason of the said hostile acts, and without such transfer of title the whole superstructure erected upon such supposed transfer , must necessarily fall. It too, was even more necessary as the foundation of the proceedings, than the manual seizure of the property was necessary for the retaining of the property in the custody of the court, and the absence of such seizure, as one of the preliminary proceedings for such condemnation and sale, would be fatal (see Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. 268).

III. The belligerent rights of our government, and •the extent to which those rights have been used, is decided in recent case of Conrad v. Waples, U. S. Supreme Court, October Term, 1877, in which Mr. Justice Field, in delivering the opinion of the court, held that the right to confiscate the property of enemies wherever found was conceded, but, until that right was exercised, it lay dormant. He quotes, as authority, the opinion of the court in Browne v. United States, 8 Craneh, and says, the right “remains undiminished, and when the sovereign authority shall choose to bring it into operation, the judicial department must give effect to its will. But until that will shall be expressed, no power of condemnation can exist in the court.” The supreme court held that until the passage of the two acts in question there was no power of confiscation, and that after the passage of those act?, the power was limited to the specific cases mentioned, and did not include the “ seizure and confiscation of property in enemies’ territory, or of enemies generally.”

IV. There is a distinction between a court of general jurisdiction, exercising that jurisdiction under its general powers, and the same court enforcing special proceedings, under a special limited power conferred upon it for a special purpose. The supreme court of this State would be a court of limited jurisdiction in special statutory proceedings instituted for certain specific *347purposes. In these cases, notwithstanding the general powers of the court, every step from the commencement to the final determination of the matter, is jurisdictional. The U. S. supreme court holds that if there is any irregularity about the seizure, the whole proceeding is void (Alexandria v. Fairfax, 95 U. S. Sup. 774). There the seizure was no part of the proceedings in court, but ante-dated them ; on the same principle, the status of the property, or of the person, which also ante-dates the proceedings, and in fact, is the foundation thereof, is a jurisdictional fact, as to necessity of seizure (see also U. S. v. Stevenson, 3 Ben. 119).

Y. It is claimed by the defendant that this question is one to be passed upon by the court itself, but this position is a fallacy. No court can, by any process or proof, take upon itself a jurisdiction which the law has not given it. No court, whose jurisdiction is limited to a certain class of cases, can so adjudicate upon its own powers, as to deprive other courts of the power to examine and determine for themselves the question of jurisdiction of the court so adjudicating. And here comes in the distinction in regard to the effect of a judgment of a court. Where the jurisdiction of a court is unquestioned, its judgment can only be inquired into by appeal or some application addressed to the court itself; and irregularities and errors are only to be corrected in that way ; but where its jurisdiction is assailed, it is competent for any other court, whenever called upon, to inquire into that jurisdiction, whether the defect is apparent on the record itself or is proved by extrinsic evidence. The courts of this State have recognized this position, and have several times affirmed it in the following cases: Starbuck v. Murray, 5 Wend. 148; Kerr v. Kerr, 41 N. Y. 272; Buchanan v. Rucker, 1 Camp. 67; Story on Conflicts, § 549, note (7th Ed.); Gray v. Larremore, 2 Abb. U. S. 542; Freeman on Judgments, § 117; Campbell v. Mc-*348Cahan, 41 Ill. 45; McNamara on Nullities, 77 (Law Lib., Vol. 87, p. 77); Mayor, &c. v. Porter, 18 Md. 285; N. Y. Fire Ins. Co. v. DeWolf, 2 Cow. 66.

YI. And this principle has been recognized as well in respect to proceedings in rem as to those in personam. The. actual presence of the property within the limits of the court’s process never being regarded as conclusive upon this subject (Freeman on Judgments, § 614. p. 511, also, p. 509, § 612; Rose v. Himeley, 4 Cranch, 241; see also Buchanan v. Rucker, 1 Camp. 67; Boswell v. Dickerson, 4 McLean, 262 ; The Acorn, 2 Abb. U. S. 445). See also Allen v. United States, Taney’s Decisions, 112, where it is held that the doctrine of notice in proceedings in rem applies. only to civil cases, and not to cases of penalty and forfeiture.

VII. In every case under these acts, which has been reported, there has been evidence to sustain the decree; and the remarkable case is here presented of a decree of condemnation against a loyal citizen, upon an unverified libel, and no evidence whatever, without her knowledge, and while she was out of reach of even a published notice, which, under similar circumstances was called a mere idle form in Lasere v. Rochereau, 17 Wall. 439 (quoting from Dean v. Nelson, 10 Wall. 172). It is unreasonable to suppose that congress meant to give the district courts power thus to deprive persons of their property, upon a mere irresponsible statement; when tho owners of that property were cut off from all communication, and unable either to appear to assert a claim, or even to obtain information of the proceedings. It cannot be believed that congress intended to make these laws an engine of oppression and robbery to innocent parties.

VIII. The case of Roderigas v. East River Savings Institution, is, of course, fresh in the minds of the court. There the superior court first decided that the *349surrogate’s determination of the death of a party was not conclusive, even upon legal proof presented to him according to law, and that the payment to the administrator of the person erroneously sworn to be deceased was no payment at all. The court of appeals, however, reversed this decision (63 N. Y. 460). Earl, J., in delivering the opinion, says (p. 463) that the jurisdiction of surrogates’ courts “to grant administration upon the estates of deceased persons is general and exclusive. No court, no matter how general its jurisdiction may be, which proceeds without jurisdiction in the particular case, can make a valid record, or confer any rights. When a statute prescribes that some fact must exist before jurisdiction can attach in any court, such fact must exist before there can be jurisdiction, and the court cannot acquire jurisdiction by erroneously deciding that the fact exists and! that it has jurisdiction.” But, he holds, that where general jurisdiction is given, and the jurisdictional fact is to be determined by the court, upon evidence, its decision upon the question of jurisdiction is conclusive until reversed, revoked or vacated, so far as to protect its officers and all other innocent parties who act upon the faith of it. This is the gist of the whole case. The court must determine the 'jurisdictional fact upon evidence presented to it. In the present case, as shown above, there was no evidence whatever for the court to pass upon—not'even an affidavit. Judge Miller says, on page 472, if the statute “had provided only for the issuing of letters, and not proceeded to state what proof was required, it might well be argued that no jurisdiction was acquired. So, if the surrogate had issued the letters without the requisite proof, the same result would follow.” The judgment of the superior court was reversed by a vote of four against three, showing that even when the determination of the sur*350rogate was founded upon legal evidence, the court was almost evenly divided as to its effect. The principle is recognized in that case that there must be evidence, in order to give the determination any effect, and, if there had been no such evidence, the court of appeals would, of course, have held the letters of administration to be a nullity. Applying this decision to the present case, the proceedings were of no force or effect, and no title to the stock would pass thereby.

IX. The plaintiff could not be barred without her day in court—without an opportunity to be heard. No notice published in the proceedings could affect her, because she was out of reach of any such notices. A notice directed to her, and published in a newspaper was a “mere idle form,” she “ could not lawfully see nor obey it.” As to -her, the proceedings were wholly void and inoperative (see Dean v. Nelson, 10 Wall. 172; Lasere v. Rochereau, 17 Id. 437). This is not the case of a capture within the enemy’s country, but is that of a proceeding in the courts of the northern States for the condemnation of property forfeited for certain offenses mentioned in the laws, and the jurisdiction of the courts is confined to those cases.

X. It cannot be contended that in order to create a forfeiture, congress must call it by that name. The acts provided that for certain offenses the property should be seized, and in the one case the entire proceeds go to the United States, and in the other one-half to the United States and one-half to the informer. What is this but a forfeiture? Forfeitures—“ The losing of some right, privilege, estate, honor, office or effects, by an offense, crime, breach of condition or other act.” — Webster's Die. Burrill defines “forfeit” as follows : “To lose as the penalty of some misdeed or negligence. The word includes not merely the idea of losing, but also of having the property transferred *351to another without the consent of the owner and wrong-doer.” The fact that congress so carefully defined the causes or grounds of condemnation, limiting them to special classes of persons and special predicaments of property, shows that it was the intention of congress to make these jurisdictional facts. Why ? Because otherwise every person within the rebel lines would be at the mercy of the harpies and jackals who infested the north at this period. If this property was subject to forfeiture, then the property of every loyalist, north or south, was also subject. All that was needed was an information like the present, and a complaisant bailee like the defendant, and any loyalist, male or female, idiot or infant, in the enemy’s country, or out of it, could be stripped of his estate. No proof was needed, an unverified libel did the work; Congress did not intend to sanction this class of land piracy.

XI. What do the acts of congress give the president power to do % To seize and condemn, in the courts of the loyal state, any property belonging to any person in any of the loyal or disloyal states, upon an allegation that the property was within any of the specified classes % No, but on the contrary it is on the one hand the estate, &c., of the person named in the acts ; that of persons who were, in fact, in one or the other of the categories, or on the other hand, the property actually used in aid of the rebellion. If the proceeding was against a mere citizen it was not enough to show him in sympathy with the rebellion, or an alien enemy, but it must appear that after the passage of the act he has committed one of the offenses specified, and the caution of congress is shown in the provision which declares that to bring certain persons within the penalties of the statute, it must appear that they took office subsequent to the adoption of the ordinance of secession, or took the southern oath of al*352legiance. What is the legal proceeding for % It is to make effectual,,to reduce to manual possession, and put in a condition to be available for the purposes of the government “the property above described,” i. e., the property actually within the condemnation of the law, and therefore forfeited to the government., Here the effort of the defense is to sustain a technical condemnation by default, under highly penal statutes, where there was no proof.at the time it was had, that the property was liable to condemnation, by technical rules, in opposition to the conceded facts that there was not only nothing in the case to justify that condemnation, but that the defendants well knew that this was so. The construction urged by the defendant leaves the innocent owner wholly without remedy. The proceedings were entirely null and void, the property was proceeded against as that of “Ver. S. Moore,” and no proceedings were taken against the plaintiff as the owner of the stock. The court had no power or jurisdiction to condemn property in this way (see Conrad v. Waples, U. S. Sup. Ct., Oct. T. 1877.

XII. But even if the court had jurisdiction and had attempted to assert it, the notices given before the filing of the libel are not such a seizure as could be construed into a manucaption of the property by the marshal. In other words, the title to stock cannot be changed in the manner claimed by defendants in this case (Pelham v. Rose, 9 Wall. 107). Upon this subject the dissenting opinion of Justices Field and Clifford' in the above case of Miller v. U. S. (11 Wall. 325, &c.), furnish a very strong argument, and one which is worthy of consideration (Holbrook v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 57 N. Y. 616). The contract which the company makes is always binding. It is bound to recognize those to whom-the certificates have been issued, or their legal transferees. Plaintiff is, and has been throughout, *353a corporator, a member of the defendant corporation, and entitled to all the rights and privileges of such. She is, and has been, a part owner of the franchises of the corporation, and can not be deprived of these rights in the manner attempted. This interest in the franchise cannot be transferred by a mere decree of a prize court, directing or declaring the transfer. A court, obtaining jurisdiction of the person, may compel an assignment, and delivery of the certificate, but until the certificate is actually surrendered into the possession of the corporation, no title passes. This is the necessary result of the decisions which are authority. Stock is not a chattel which can be handled, or real estate, which can be attached. It is intangible. It follows the person of the owner, to whom the certificate is issued. It is, in fact, a mere right, which entitles its possessor to certain privileges, and it can no more be made the subject of process than the debt in the Pelham v. Rose case. The issue of the certificate of stock to Blossom was ineffectual to deprive the plaintiff of her stock, or affect her in any way. The bank could not create any new stock, or deprive plaintiff of hers. The plaintiff’s shares “belonged to ‘ her ’ in ‘ her ’ individual right, and were as much ‘her’ separate and individual property as any other possession which ‘she’ could acquire. The entire capital was represented in the property and franchises of the corporation, and the owner of each share was entitled to a fixed and unalterable proportion of that capital.” There is no power to increase either the nominal or real capital beyond the amount fixed, and the issue of a certificate for shares in excess of the number is of no force or effect whatever (Mechanics’ Bank v. N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Co., 13 N. Y. 617). It being the recognized law in this State that stock cannot be transferred in the manner claimed by defendant, if there is any conflict between the State and federal courts on the subject, those of the State must control (Poole v. Kermit, 37 N. *354 Y. Superior Ct. 115; Town of Venice v. Breed, 1 N. Y. Supreme Ct. 131).

Edgar S. Van Wintcle, attorney, and of counsel for respondent, urged :

I. The confiscation and condemnation of the stock mentioned in the complaint, and of the accrued dividends thereon by the United States district court in the proceedings and by the decree .mentioned in the answer, is a defense to this action. 1. The United States district court had jurisdiction of the subject matter by the terms of the two acts of congress before referred to (12 Stat. at L. 319 and 589). (a) Jurisdiction was hot lost by reason of the absence of the party charged with the offense. The decree of condemnation and confiscation was given in accordance with the provisions of United States statutes, which, as intended for times of peculiar national peril and emergency, were extraordinary in their character, and evidently contemplated the probable necessity of an absolute decree of forfeiture against parties who, owing to their residence in distant and rebellious States, might have no opportunity to defend. The proceedings were an action in rem, in which all parties interested had a right to appear, and which for that reason and from certain considerations of public policy must be held conclusive against all the world (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, §§ 525 and 543, Redf. Ed.). “ Where on an information under the said act, the information alleging that the property belongs to A., and that it is liable to forfeiture under the act (all the allegations being in form), the court has proceeded as the act directs it to do, after default, and, hearing and determining the case only after such hearing and consideration condemns the property, it must be presumed that the property belonged to a person engaged in the rebellion, or one who had given aid or comfort thereto ” (Confiscation Cases, Slidell’s Law, 20 Wall.). *355(5) It cannot be argued that, becausó of the innocence of the party charged with the treasonable offense, the United States district court had no jurisdiction. Defendant claims that all evidence admitted at the special term tending to prove the innocence of the plaintiff, was irrelevant and improper, but assuming that such innocence has been established, and that the district court erred in deciding that said plaintiff incurred the penalty of forfeiture of her stocks and dividends, by bringing herself within the terms of the statutes, that mistake cannot be reviewed by this court, but can only be cured on appeal. Otherwise there would virtually be no end to litigation, for any party condemned might have recourse to another tribunal of concurrent jurisdiction, and again offer proof of his innocence on the ground that if he was innocent the first court had no jurisdiction (see authorities cited below, and also United States v. Arredonda, 6 Pet. 709). This last cited case seems conclusive on this point: “The power to hear and determine a cause is jurisdiction ; it is coram judice whenever a case is presented which brings this power into action ; if the petitioner states such a case in his petition that on a demurrer the court would render judgment in his favor, it is an undoubted case of jurisdiction ” (United States v. Arredondo, 6 Pet. 709). (c) It appears that all the proceedings and formalities required by the two acts of congress and necessary to give the United States court jurisdiction and render its decision binding, were followed out in this case as prescribed. And even if it did not so appear, the authority of the United States district court would be presumed until the contrary were shown (Ruckman v. Cowell, 1 N. Y. 505, 507 ; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192; Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. 299, 30 *356by it are to be pursued, and the powers delegated by it are to be exercised in a special and summary manner, the proceedings of the court will be considered as of the same character as the proceedings of courts not of record, but when the statute confers new powers and rights, to be brought into action by the usual form of common law or of chancery practice, the proceedings and judgment of the court will have all the characteristics of the proceedings and judgments of courts of record (Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. 342). Moreover, an irregularity, if there were one, could not be reviewed 'by this court in a collateral proceeding (Kelsey v. Beers, 16 Abb. Pr. 228 ; Voorhies v. Bank of U. S., 10 Pet. 440). The fact that the libel of information was not verified did not render it irregular. (Rules 3 and 5 of U. S. District Court, 1865). Rule 3. Libels (except on behalf of the United States), praying an attachment in personam or in rem, or demanding the answer of any party, must be verified by oath or affirmation. 2. The decree of condemnation by the U. S. district court was a judgment in rem, which judgment of itself divested the plaintiff of her title to the stock and the dividends thereon, and vested the title in the United States. “In all forfeitures accruing at common law, nothing vests in the government until some legal steps shall be taken for the assertion of the right. . . When a forfeiture is given by a statute . . . the thing- forfeited may either vest immediately (on commission of the offense), or on the performance of some particular act (as obtaining judgment). This must depend .upon the construction of the statute” (Opinion of Marshall, Ch. J., United States v. Grundy, 3 Cranch, 337). Unless the phraseology of the statute expressly declares that the forfeiture shall take place upon the commission of the offense, “it is proper to resort to analogy and the doctrine of forfeiture at common law to assist the mind in coming to a conclusion” *357(United States v. Bags of Coffee, 8 Cranch, 405). Of the statutes affecting the present case, the act of 1861 declares that all such property (property declared subject to capture) shall be lawful subject of prize and capture wherever found. And it shall be the duty of the President of the United States to cause the same to be seized, confiscated and condemned. And further, ‘ that the attorney-general or any district-attorney of the United States may institute the proceedings of condemnation. And the act of 1862, section 5, authorizes and makes it the duty of the President of the United States to cause the seizure of the property in question, and section 7 further enacts that, to secure the condemnation and sale of any of such property after the same shall have been seized, proceedings in rem shall be instituted in the name of the United States in any district court. The only reasonable construction of these statutes requires that the change of title date from the decree of the court, and not from the commission, of the offense ; but this point is immaterial to the present discussion, for in either event the alleged case certainly came within the jurisdiction of the court (Gelston v. Hoyt, 3 Wheat. 246; Williams v. Armroyd, 7 Cranch, 424). 3. Decrees of a court of competent jurisdiction on the point in issue before it can only be reviewed by appeal, except in cases of fraud, and while unreversed are conclusive upon all other courts (Bigelow v. Winsor, 1 Gray, 299 ; Burhaus Van Zandt, 7 N. Y. 523 ; Cooke v. Halsey, 16 Pet. 71; Stilwell v. Carpenter, 59 N. Y. 414 ; Smith v. Nelson, 62 Id. 286 ; Cases cited in 1 Abb. Nat. Dig. p. 122, § 139 ; and cases cited below under (5) and (c) ; In re Tobias Watkins, 2 Pet. 207). (a) Judgment by default a bar where no proof was offered (Ogsbury v. La Farge, 2 N. Y. 113 ; Binck v. Wood, 43 Barb. 315). (b) The judgment of a court of the United States, the subject matter of which is within its jurisdiction, can*358not be impeached by a State court (Kelsey v. Beers, 16 Abb. Pr. 228; Kenape’s Lessee v. Kennedy, 5 Cranch, 185. See opinion of Marshall, Ch. J., in Ex parte Tobias Watkins, 3 Pet. 193; Chemung Canal Bank v. Judson, 8 N. Y. 254; Elliott v. Peirsol, 1 Pet. 328, 340; Ruckman v. Powell, 1 N. Y. 507, and cases there cited ; Watson on Sheriffs, 53, 54, 55, 7 vol., Law Library; Harrison’s Digest, 3 vol., p. 6373, 4, 5; 2 Cranch, 168; 6 Id. 267 ; 10 Pet. 449 ; 3 Ohio, 306 ; 2 Metc. 408; 3 Id. 460; 6 How. U. S. 31). (c) This is true as well in the case of a judgment in rem (Gelston v. Hoyt, 3 Wheat. 246; Williams v. Armroyd, 7 Cranch, 423; Hudson v. Guestier, 6 Id. 281 ; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, § 525, and § 543, Red. Ed.). 4. The judgment of the United States district court was properly pleaded in this action (See Code of Procedure, § 161; 4 Abb. Digest, title Pleading under Code, 1586; Bement v. Winser, 1 Code Rep. N. S. 143).

II. It follows, therefore, that the exception in the case, that the U. S. district court record showed no jurisdiction and was void, insufficient and irrelevant, was not well taken. It has been shown above that the court had jurisdiction of the subject matter and over the property, and that the record was not' void, but valid, because the case presented by the libel of information was one which the U. S. district court had the right to consider and determine. And the court’s determination in that case, whether right or wrong, cannot be questioned in this action or collaterally. The record, therefore, showed jurisdiction, was valid and sufficient. It was therefore relevant, and was, in fact, a bar to this action.

III. The objection that it was immaterial what the bank had done with the stock, was not well taken. That fact was material, because the dividends followed the stock, and it was material to show that after the stock and dividends thereon were confiscated and condemned, *359the stock was transferred and the dividends which thereafter were declared on that stock were paid over to the owners of the stock. The exception to introducing in evidence the certified copy of the decree which was served on the bank when the stock was transferred to the clerk of the U. S. district court, and the dividends paid over to him as directed by the decree, and the new certificate thereafter issued to represent the eighty-four shares of stock was not well taken. These were material to show that the bank paid over the dividends to the proper parties.

IV. First.—It may seem to be a hardship that the plaintiff should have forfeited her stock when she was not guilty of the offense charged to work the forfeiture, and was not present at the trial to defend, but it must be remembered that the proceedings were taken under the authority of certain laws which were made necessary by civil war, and which have been declared constitutional in the case of Miller v. U. S. (11 Wall. 268), and certainly this court has no discretion to set aside these proceedings by reason of commiseration for the party affected. This is but a particular case of hardship, and the party, although without fault, must submit to the inevitable misfortune. Second.—On the other hand, to sustain this claim of the plaintiff against the bank, would be to establish a general principle which might affect with a like misfortune hundreds of innocent parties. The bank, in this case, has acted under the protection of the law, under the duress of the law, and it would be introducing a new principle and a pernicious example to render it liable to the plaintiff in opposition to the established law, and would bring discredit and distrust upon all the decrees of the courts of the United States.