The defendant was convicted of the crime of forgery in the third degree, and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary for the period of one year and six months. The offense is charged in the information to have consisted in fraudulently and feloniously uttering a certain road overseer’s receipt, knowing that the same was a forgery, which said receipt is in the following words and figures: “Road Overseer’s Receipt, North Dakota. $231.30. Minot, Sept. 8, 1904. Received of the Great Northern Railway Company, two hnudred thirty-one 30-100 dollars, in full payment of road taxes levied against its property for year 1904 in Road District No. 1 and 2, township of Ross, county of Ward, North Dakota. Paid in labor upon the public highways of said road district by - days work by man and team, and -clays work by man. Wm. Crowden, Overseer of Plighways in Road District-No. 1 and 2, Ross Township, Ward County, North Dakota.” In the information it is further alleged that in the year 1904 the Great Northern Railway Company was indebted to Ross township in Ward county, N. D., in the sum of $231.30 for road taxes assessed against its property in said township for that year; that one Wm. Crowden was the road overseer of said township, and was authorized to collect taxes from said company and to receipt for the same, and that the defendant was authorized by said Great Northern Railway Company to pay said road taxes by doing work upon the highways of said township pursuant to a contract between him and said railway company, under the terms of which the said company agreed to pay said defendant the amount of said taxes upon presentation to said company of the road overseer’s receipt for the full amount of said taxes. Upon this appeal there are many assignments of error, as the trial was a protracted one. The appellant, however, has argued only five assignments of error, and we will only dispose of those that have been argued in the brief. Upon the trial the defendant admitted, that the name of Wm. Crowden, or Wm. Crowder, as it is sometimes spoken of in the evidence, was not signed to said receipt by said Crowden or Crowder, -but that the same was signed thereto 'by the defendant himself or by his office clerk under his instructions. On the trial the state, under objection, was permitted, to show that num*52erous other receipts of a similar nature to the one set forth in the information had been uttered by the defendant. These receipts were for taxes in different road districts and for different amounts, and some of them purported to have been receipts for road taxes from the Great Northern Railway Company, and some of them purported to be receipts for road taxes from the Soo Railway Company. The introduction of these other receipts is strenuously claimed to have been erroneous and prejudicial; and the question presented on that assignment is one of the main questions argued on the appeal.
The contention of the state is that such evidence was proper as bearing upon the intent with which the defendant uttered the receipt in question. The statute which it is claimed was violated in this case provides that the uttering of the forged instrument or receipt must have 'been done with intent to defraud. It therefore follows that, if Crowder authorized the defendant to sign his name to said receipt upon receipt of the money, no offense would be committed in uttering it by presenting it to the railway company in order that he might be reimbursed, as provided for by his contract with the railway company. As has been seen, this contract provided that the defendant was to be paid by the company a certain proportion of the amount assessed against it in any township upon presenting and turning over to it a valid receipt from the proper township officer that the road taxes assessed against said railway company had been fully paid by work upon the highways of said township in compliance with the statute permitting such taxes to be liquidated in such manner. The contention of the state is that the Crowder receipt was forged and presented to the railway company, and the money drawn thereon with intent to defraud the company. The defendant’s contention is, as stated before, that Crowder authorized him to sign the receipt, and that he drew the money thereon in good faith, and without any fraudulent intent whatever. The trial court admitted evidence that the defendant had drawn money from the Great Northern Railway Company upon presentation of receipts purporting to have been signed by the road overseers of other townships in Ward county. These other receipts were in like terms with the receipt described in the information, excepting as to the date, the name of the township, the amounts, and the names of the persons purporting to have signed the same as road overseers, and some of the receipts were *53for the taxes assessed against the Soo Railway Company. The contention of the state as to some of the receipts not described in the information is that they were signed by the road overseers, but the amounts were changed and raised after they were signed. From these facts, it is manifest that the question of the defendant’s intent in uttering the receipt set forth in the information became an important one at the trial. As the signing of Crowder’s name to the receipt and the uttering of it knowing that it had not been signed by Crowder, but by the defendant himself, were admitted by the defendant at the trial, the question whether Crowder had authorized the defendant to sign his name to the receipt and the defendant’s intent were the only questions that were in issue before the jury.
By admitting the signing and uttering of the receipt, the defendant did not, of course, admit as a fact that the uttering of the receipt was with a fraudulent intent. Whether this was done fraudulently or in good faith was not and is not ordinarily in such cases capable of proof by direct evidence, nor would it necessarily follow that the defendant uttered the receipt fraudulently, although the jury may have been justified by the evidence in finding that the defendant was not authorized as a matter of fact to sign Crowder’s name to the receipt. The legal inference that a person is presumed to intend the natural consequences of his acts, which is sometimes conclusive, is not necessarily of itself of much force in cases of uttering forged paper. For this reason it is generally held that proof of similar acts of forgeries, or of uttering of forged paper, is admissible as bearing alone on the question of the intent with which the forgery or uttering of forged paper for which the defendant has been informed against was forged or uttered. Such collateral proof must be limited within such a period that it may naturally be seen to throw light as to the intent with which the act under investigation was committed. The question of time during which other acts may be proven seems to be largely within the trial court’s discretion. Such collateral proof is never admitted as proof of the commission of the criminal act for which the defendant is on trial. Such evidence of collateral facts is irrelevant and inadmissible as proof of the commission of the crime in question, on the theory that the person on trial is a hardened criminal and has committed other crimes. The law takes cognizance of the fact that criminals may not be guilty of all the crimes with which they may *54be charged, and excludes proof that the commission of one crime is proof of the commission of another crime. For the single purpose of showing what a person’s intent was in uttering a forged paper, proof of a similar act is, however, admissible, although the proof may show the commission of a distinct offense. This is a general principle well fortified by text-writers and precedents.
In Stephen’s Digest of Evidence, art. 11, the rule is laid down as follows: “When there is a question whether a person said or did something, the fact that he said or did something of the same sort on a different occasion may be proved, if it shows the existence on the occasion in question of any intention, knowledge, good or bad faith, malice, or other state of mind, or of any state of body or bodily feeling, the existence of which is in issue, or is deemed to be relevant to the issue.” Wharton’s Criminal Law (6th Ed.) section 649, says:' “Where the scienter or quo animo is requisite to, and constitutes a necessary and essential part of, the crime for which the person is charged, and proof of such guilty knowledge or malicious intent is indispensable to establish his guilt in regard to the transaction in question, testimony of such acts, conduct or declarations of the accused as tend to establish such knowledge or intent is competent, notwithstanding they may constitute in law a distict crime.” In 7 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law ,p. 62, it is said: “When there is a question whether the act was accidental or intentional, the fact that such act formed part of a series of similar occurrences in each of which the person doing the act was concerned is deemed to be relevant.” In 3 Greenleaf on Evidence, section 15, it is said: “In the proof of intention, it is not always necessary that the evidence should apply directly to the particular act with the commission of which the party is charged, for the unlawful intent in the particular act may well be inferred from a similar intent proved to have existed in other transactions done before or after that time.” In People v. Everhardt, 104 N. Y. 595, 11 N. E. 64, it was said: “Upon the trial the people were allowed to prove against the objection of the defendant the uttering of other forged checks by him upon other occasions. In this there was no error. The defendant by his plea of not guilty had put in issue everything which it was incumbent upon the people to prove. They had no direct or positive evidence that he personally forged the check which he uttered, and it was open for him to show that at the time he uttered it he had no knowledge that it *55was forged, and was therefore innocent of crime; and for the purpose of showing the prisoner’s guilty knowledge in such cases it has always been held competent to prove other forgeries. Mayer v. People, 80 N. Y. 364; People v. Shulman, 80 N. Y. 373, note. Such proof is not received for the purpose of showing other crimes than that charged in the indictment; but for the purpose of showing the guilty knowledge and intent which are elements of the crime charged, and it can ibe considered by the jury only for that purpose. Although the.evidence of Gaylord, corroborated as it was, as to the guilty knowledge of the defendant,-was quite clear and convincing, yet the people were not bound to rest upon a prima facie case, but had the right to confirm that evidence -by the proof as to the uttering of other forged checks.” The counsel for the appellant do not attempt to controvert these general principles. Their contention is that the facts of this case bring it -within the principle announced in other cases by reason of the fact that the defendant admitted the making and uttering of the receipt. The cases chiefly relied on are State v. Bokien, 14 Wash. 403, 44 Pac. 889; People v. Lonsdale, 122 Mich. 388, 81 N. W. 277; State v. Vance, 119 Iowa, 685, 94 N. W. 204; Bink v. State (Tex. Cr. App.) 89 S. W. 1075. Some of these cases do hold that, where the facts of themselves show with certainty what the intent was, proof of other offenses is inadmissible; but we do not think that they are parallel on the facts with this case. In this case the question of defendant’s intent was made an issue by his plea, and he consistently maintained throughout the trial that he acted in good faith, under such circumstances, his intent was in issue and the rightful subject of proof. We do not understand why evidence of other offenses was rendered irrelevant by reason of the fact that the defendant claimed authority for doing what he did, or by reason of the fact that he admitted signing the receipt and uttering it and receiving the money on it. A material ingredient of the crime, the intent, still remained an issue.
The intent to defraud may not have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury, although they may have been satisfied that the proof showed beyond such doubt that Crowd-er did not authorize the defendant to sign his name to such receipt. It might well appear that the defendant believed that he had such authority, although he had none as a matter of fact. A mistake or misunderstanding may and often does occur that. *56renders an act without fraudulent intent, although without authority. Under such circumstances, the legal presumption of fraudulent intent that would follow the act would be of no force. The intent to defraud is a fact that must be proven in such cases, and the prosecution may show such intent by facts and circumstances and are not prohibited from showing it by proof of other offenses of similar character, although the effect of such proof be to show the commission of other crimes, although the facts be admitted except the fraudulent intent. The following cases are fairly in point on this question: In People v. Weaver, 177 N. Y. 434, 69 N. E. 1094, it was held: “Where upon the trial of an indictment charging the defendant with having forged an indorsement upon a promissory note and with having uttered it so indorsed, with intent to defraud, the defense is that, while she wrote the indorser’s name upon the note without his express authority, she though from prior transactions with him that she had the right to do so, and that she had no guilty intent in signing his name. A prior note purporting to have been executed by the defendant as maker upon which she wrote the name of the same indorser, which he testified had not been indorsed by him, and to which he never authorized her to sign his name, is competent evidence to prove scienter.” The mere fact -that the name of the same person was forged in this case does not differentiate it in principle from the case under consideration. In Higgins v. State, 157 Ind. 57, 60 N. E. 685, the court said: “It is said that the language used was not equivocal, and the jury had a right to infer therefrom the intent charged. While this ma}»- be true, it does not render other proof of such intent or motive incompetent. When a fact is to be proven, the laws require the best evidence attainable, but it does not put any limit upon the amount of proof that may be adduced. * * * We do not think that the admission of any competent evidence can be rendered erroneous by statements or admissions of the accused made to the court and jury during the trial.” In Trogdon v. Commonwealth, 31 Grat. (Va.) 862, the court said: “One of the counsel for the accused ’* * * insisted that, when the accused obtains goods by falsely representing himself a man of property, the jury must infer the guilty intent; and therefore evidence of collateral facts is unnecessary and irrelevant, and can only mislead the jury. It may be conceded that when goods are obtained by false representations of the kind mentioned, and this is the whole case, the *57jury may justly infer the fraudulent intent. But it frequently happens in a large majority of cases there are numerous facts and circumstances, sometimes of minute and varied character, throwing light upon the conduct and motives of the accused. It is impossible for the court to foresee what may be developed in the progress of the trial. When evidence is offered of other transactions to show the guilty intent of the accused, is the court to say the intent is already conclusively proved, and the evidence is therefore irrelevant? * * * The opinion of this court in Walsh’s Case, 16 Grat. 541, has a strong bearing upon this question. There the distinction is plainly drawn between guilty knowledge or intent as a presumption of law and guilty knowledge or intent as a presumption of fact — a mere inference to be drawn by the jury. In the latter case, while the jury may find the accused guilty upon a given state of facts, they are not bound to do so. They are to wiegh all of the circumstances, and draw from them such conclusion as they may think warranted by the evidence. In Commonwealth v. White, 145 Mass. 392, 14 N. E. 611, the .court said-: “And it might be thought that in a case like this, when the bills were forged, it would follow almost necessarily that the defendant knew them to be so, and so it might be thought that the evidence of his use of other false bills was unnecessary for the purpose for which it was admitted, while it tended to prejudice the defendant in the eyes of the jury. But the defendant’s knowledge was not admitted. On the contrary, if is still argued that there was no sufficient evidence to warrant the verdict, and evidence of knowledge which otherwise would be admissible is not made inadmissible by the fact that there is other strong evidence of knowledge in the case.” In Bell v. State, 57 Md. 108, the court said: “It is not often possible to prove by positive and direct evidence that a party who uttered a forged paper has a knowledge that it is false. When it has been proven that the party charged has done the act for which he is indicted, the question still remains whether he committed it with guilty knowledge or whether he acted under a mistake, and evidence which tends to prove that he was pursuing a course of similar acts raises a presumption that he was not acting under a mistake, but with guilty knowledge and intent, and is admissible for that purpose.” State v. Myers, 82 Mo. 558, 52 Am. Rep. 389; Higgins v. State, 157 Ind. 57, 60 N. E. 685; Anson v. People, 148 Ill. 494, 35 N. E. 145; People v. Everhardt, 104 N. Y. 591, 11 N. E. *5862. The evidence of similar offenses was therefore competent in this case as an aid in determining what defendant’s intent was in uttering the Crowden receipt.
Although the other similar offenses were not connected with the offense with which the defendant was charged, still they were of a similar general character, and related to a general plan or system in procuring money through means of dealings between railway companies and township officials in reference to road taxes. They were therefore substantially similar offenses, although they concerned different persons. One McAllister was a witness in the case, and was one of the overseers of highways with whom the defendant had dealings as to working out the taxes assessed against the Great Northern'Railway Company in one of the townships of Ward county, and gave one of the receipts which it is claimed was afterwards altered and the amount increased. The receipt was given and some money paid, and all the conversation in reference to the making of the contract took place between the defendant and said McAllister at the buggy in the highway in front of one Schorb’s dwelling house, and from 50. to 100 feet from the house. The conversation was not had in the presence of any one besides the persons named. After the contract was made, the receipt signed and some money paid thereon, the defendant drove away, and McAllister returned to the house, and had a conversation with Mrs. Schorb, who was a witness in the case, and was asked the following question: “When he came in, did he make any statement as to what transaction had occurred outside with Major Murphy?” And the witness was allowed to state what McAllister said, and did so as follows: “ 'We are in luck. We have $167 to spend in Surrey township on the roads.’ Then, after we talked, he said he didn’t have it all to spend now, but he had in part. I think he said 'in part.’ About $55 he had in .his hands. I think he pulled the money out of his pocket, and laid it on the table. I don’t think he had the money in his hands when he came in from outside.” The question was objected to as hearsay, and no part of the evidence of a competent transaction. On the trial there was a disagreement between McAllister and the defendant as to what transpired between them while the contract was entered into at the buggy in which the defendant was seated; and especially as to the sum of money then paid to McAllister by the defendant. The state contends that the testimony of the witness as to what *59was said by McAllister was proper as part of the. res gestae; but we think its admission cannot be upheld on that ground. The contract had been entered into and the parties had separated, and what was said of McAllister was simply a narration of what had taken place. To render declarations or evidence competent as part of the res gestae, they must be so closely related to the principal fact as to show that they are spoken under the influence of the principal fact, and not in narration of it. The principal fact and the narration of it should be a connected fact, and not two separate disconnected transactions. The conversation between the 'defendant and McAllister was so disconnected with McAllister’s statements to Mrs. Schorb as to be separate and independent acts. No precise rule can be laid down as to the time elapsing since the principal event when declarations may be admissible in relation to it. Each case must be determined under its own facts and circumstances. In this case negotiations had terminated and were not of such character that McAllister’s declarations can be said to have been made under the influence of them. What McAllister thereafter said in reference to the transaction with the defendant is not similar to declarations as to cause of injuries rendered admissible when stated immediately after the injury, on the theory that the declarations were made while the shock of the injury was still present in the mind, and that what is said is the natural and spontaneous result of the excitement produced by the main fact. If sufficient time intervenes between the act and declarations concerning it to afford an opportunity for reflection, the declarations are inadmissible. In this case there was nothing in the nature of the transaction to bring it within any exception to the rule excluding hearsay evidence; and it was so disconnected from the original transaction as to exclude it as evidence of the res gestae. Greenleaf, Ev., sections 108, 162; 2 Elliott on Ev., section 548; Gillett on Indirect Ev., p. 290; 1 Rice, Ev., p. 212; 11 A. & E. Enc. Law, p. 253; Lund v. Inhabitants of Tyngsborough, 9 Cush. (Mass.) 36.
After the jury had been deliberating on their verdict for about forty-eight hours, the trial judge was sent for by the jury, and he appeared pursuant to such request, and the following proceedings were had as stated by the trial judge in the settled statement of the case: “At some time between the hours of 8:30 and 9 o’clock on December 3, 1906, the said Honorable Chas. A. Pollock, on coming to' the courtroom and his chambers and being informed that the jury or some of the jurors desired to communicate with him, *60went to the room where said jury were deliberating and were confined, rapped on the floor, and, the door being immediately opened by some one from the inside and being opened from right to left, stepped inside of the door, leaving the jury room door ajar, and while standing in the open space addressed the jury as follows : “Good evening, gentlemen. I understand you want to see me. Have you agreed?’ To which the foreman of the jury answered: ‘No; I think we cannot agree.’ Whereupon the Honorable Charles A. Pollock, after pausing for a second, replied: T will ask you to consider the matter further. Good night.’ Whereupon the said Plonorable Chas. A. Pollock closed the door to the said jury room and returned to his chambers. Thereafter, in a short time, the bailiff reported to the said Honorable Chas. A. Pollock that the jury had agreed. That the visit of the said Honorable Chas. A. Pollock to the said jury room and the conversation there had between himself and the juror, as aforesaid, was had in the absence of the defendant and his counsel, and was without the knowledge or consent of the defendant or his counsel, and that no person or persons were present at said conversation, except the Honorable Chas. A. Pollock and the members of the jury. And that no record was made at the time of what was said and done on the occasion of the said visit of the said judge to the said jury room. I will further state that my addressing the jury as ‘Good evening,’ or ‘Good night,’ was nothing more than a salutation, and anything I said to them was not stated in a dictatorial manner, or intended or calculated as a threat. I will add, further, that in doing what I did I simply followed the practice which has obtained in this district so long as I have known anything of the practice, covering a period of 26 years. * * * And in going to the jury room upon the occasion in question the only object the court had was to ascertain whether any one was sick and unable to further deliberate, and also to find out whether they had agreed, and in no manner by word, act or deed attempted to influence their deliberations.’’
As to the purity of the intentions of the judge in going into the jury room in this case, and there having the 'brief communication with the jury, no certificate or proof is necessary so far as this court is concerned, as it well knows that his uprightness and sincere desire to be absolutely just and fair in all cases are beyond question. That admitted fact, however, does not meet the ques*61tion before us, which is: Did he do that which was beyond his judicial functions in respect to the case? We are forced to the conclusion that he did. His presence in the jury room for any kind of communitcation with the jury is not contemplated by any provision of the statute. The opposite is the plain inference from the statute. All communication to the jury in open court is subject to exception by the parties, if deemed improper. If any communication is made to them in the jury room in the absence of the parties, no opportunity is afforded for abjections and exceptions at the time. The open court is the place for communications to the jury in the presence of, or on notice to the attorneys. The jury room is for the jury alone, and no communications are allowed with them in the room except upon orders from the court through the officer in charge of them, who is permitted to ask them whether they have agreed upon a verdict. All communications to the jury in reference to the case should be made in open court, and all communications to them in the jury room avoided. In this way all distrust and fear that something improper is said or done will be without foundation, and every act be subject to exception and review. Any communication by word or writing not in open court affects the efficiency of jury trials as a means of accomplishing justice after giving all parties full opportunity of being heard at all stages of the trial. A strict compliance with this practice of having all proceedings in court in the present of counsel, or on notice to them, unless waived, is 'better than to countenance violations thereof unless prejudice is shown. The state urgently insists that no prejudice could have resulted from what was done or said in this case, but we shall not consider that question. However, the fact that the foreman said that he thought they could not agree when the judge first spoke to them, and that they did agree in five or ten minutes thereafter, would be a stubborn fact for consideration if we entered upon an inquiry as to the effect upon the jury of the words spoken to them and the visit to the room. We think that any communication in this way as to the case should be prohibited and held prejudicial. It is against the policy of the law to indulge in secret communications or conferences with the jury or with jurors in reference to the merits or law of the case. To determine in each case whether prejudice resulted would be difficult, if not impossible, and justice will be better subserved by avoiding such communications entirely. The authorities are *62practically unanimous in condemning such communications, and in holding them prejudicial as a matter of law.
In State v. Wroth, 15 Wash. 621, 47 Pac. 106, the court said: “In the discharge of his official duties, the place for the judge is on the bench. As to him the law has-closed the portals of the jury room, and he may not enter. The appellant was not obliged to follow the judge to the jury room in order to protect his legal rights, or to see that the jury was not influenced by the presence of the judge; and the state cannot be permitted to show what occurred between the judge and the jury at a place where the judge had no right to be, and in regard to which no official record could be made.” In Hanover v. State, 125 Wis. 444, 104 N. W. 116, the court said: “These rights are clearly of an important nature, and effect the substance of a jury trial and the right of a party to be heard or to bring in review: every transaction of the court’s proceedings. For the attainment of the best administration of justice, the law requiring that all proceedings of courts be open and public, and in the presence of the parties or their representatives, must be strictly enforced; and, in case of any infringement of this policy, parties are not to be put to the burden of showing that it m fact injured them, even though it be manifest that no improper motives prompted the acts complained of.” In Sargent v. Roberts, 1 Pick. (Mass.) 337, 11 Am. Dec. 185, the court said, speaking through Mr. Chief Justice Parker: “As it is impossible, we think, to complain of the substance of the communication, the only question is whether any communication at all is proper; and, if it was not, the party against whom the verdict was is entitled to a new trial. * * * No communication whatever ought to take place between the judge and the jury, after the cause has been submitted to them by the charge of the judge unless in open court. * * * The only sure way to prevent all jealousy and suspicion is to consider the judge as having no control whatever over the case except in open court in the presence of the parties and their counsel. The public interest requires that litigating parties should have nothing to complain of or suspect in the administration of justice, and the inconvenience of the jurors is of small consideration compared to this great object. * * * It is better that everybody should suffer inconvenience than that a practice should be continued which is capable of abuse, or at least of being the ground of uneasiness *63and jealousy.” See, also, Danes v. Pearson, 6 Ind. App. 465, 33 N. E. 976; Du Cate v. Town of Brighton (Wis.) 114 N. W. 103.
The other questions argued in the brief will not probably arise on another trial. Hence consideration of them is not material.
The judgment is reversed, a new trial granted, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings.
Fisic, J., concurs.