delivered the opinion of the Court.
This appeal involves the validity of chapter 101 of the Acts of 1921, to fix the salaries of certain county officials, and provide for the disposition of the fees of their office. Four previous acts, intended to transfer fees to the public treasury and compensate officials by a fixed salary, were declared void.
Chapter 8 of Acts of 1879 was held void because viola-tive of article 2, section 17, of the Constitution, in State v. McCann, 4 Lea, 14.
Chapter 124, Acts of 1897, was declared void in Weaver v. Davidson County, 104 Tenn., 316, 59 S. W., 1105, because it circumscribed the authority of county courts to *266determine the number 'of deputies and their salary in two classes of counties, and imposed no restriction upon counties of another class. It was held void as violative of article 11, section 8, of the Constitution.
Chapter 47, Acts of 1917, classified thirteen counties wherein compensation was provided, and excluded eighty-three counties without providing compensation by salary or otherwise. This classification was declared violative of article 1, section 8, and article 11, section 8, of the Constitution, in Hickman v. Wright, 141 Tenn., 417, 210 S. W., 447.
Chapter 77, Private Acts of 1917, to deprive officers of their fees in Shelby county, and to provide salaries, was void because it imposed burdens upon officers of Shelby county to the exclusion of others, and suspended a general law for the benefit of a single county. State v. Stewart, 147 Tenn., 375, 247 S. W., 984.
The legislative history of the State shows a purpose to abolish the system of compensating officers by fees, to transfer the fees to the public treasury, and allow county officials a salary not to exceed the maximum of fees coming to the particular office, and proportioned to fit the obligations and duties of the particular officer. The act under review expresses a similar purpose. This act deprives all county officials of their fees, and regulates their compensation in all the counties of the State, classified by reference to population.
Upon hearing before the chancellor, he sustained the act, after eliding the second paragraph of section 4, which was held an unauthorized delegation of legislative power.
Upon appeal, it is urged that the act is void because:
First, the caption embraces more than one subject, while the body of the act embodies many unrelated sub*267jects of legislation contrary to article 2, section 17, of the Constitution.
Second, the act is arbitrary and capricious in its classification, contrary to article 1, section 8, and article 11, section 8, of the Constitution; that it imposes burdens on officers of one class of which others are relieved, and de prives county officials of their authority and lawful compensation without due process of law in that it takes away their inherent right to employ deputies, conduct their office according to their judgment, and denies them adequate compensation for their services.
Third, that the act delegates legislative power to the courts in violation of the Constitution.
The caption of the act reads:
“An act to be entitled ‘An act fixing the salaries of certain county officials in the State, to-wit: The several clerks and masters of the chancery courts, clerks and masters of the various special chancery courts, clerks of the various county and probate, circuit, criminal and special courts, county trustees, register of deed, and-sheriffs; to provide for the disposition of the fees of their offices; to fix the salaries of said officers and to provide for the payment thereof; to provide for the appointment and removal of deputies and' assistants to said officers and to prescribe the manner of fixing their compensation and the payment thereof; to provide for the payment of the expenses of the offices and for a system of auditing for said offices; to provide punishment for the violation of certain provisions of this act, and to otherwise regulate the rights, duties and liabilities of the said officers and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act.’ ”
*268The act expresses a legislative purpose to abolish the old system and institute a new one by fixing a maximum salary for all county officials after first transferring all the fees of the office to the county treasury. This single purpose is expressed in sections 1 to 4, inclusive. All subsequent sections of the act relate to details necessary to carry out the legislative intention, and are germane to the object expressed in the caption and followed up in the body of the act.
The purpose of article 2, section 17,-of the Constitution, was to give notice of the nature of the proposed legislation and prevent surprise and fraud in the enactment of laws. Memphis Street Railway Co. v. Byrne, 119 Tenn., 278, 104 S. W., 460.
Before the Constitution of 1870, the practice prevailed of preparing omnibus bills containing incongruous subjects, with a view of enlisting the aid of as many legislators as were interested in the several subjects, and by such combination of effort to pass the bill as a whole when no one of the subjects so embraced could have secured the favorable consideration of the legislature or a majority of its members. This was not the only evil met by article 2, section 17. Experience had shown that objectionable provisions were craftily introduced into pending measures, without intimation given in the title. Gannon v. Mathes, 8 Heist, 515; State v. Hayes, 116 Tenn., 540, 93 S. W., 98.
To prevent objectionable legislation through such methods, it was provided in article 2, section 17, that: “No bill shall become a law which embraces more than one subject, that subject to be expressed in the title. All acts which repeal, revive or amend former laws, shall *269recite in their caption, or otherwise, the title or substance of the- law repealed, revived or amended.”
To meet this constitutional requirement it is not necessary for the title to index the details of the act or give a synopsis of it. Memphis Street Railway Co. v. Byrne, 119 Tenn., 278, 104 S. W., 460. It is sufficient to direct the mind to the object of the proposed .legislation (Truss v. State, 13 Lea, 312); the g’eneral purpose being accomplished, if the caption states the object of the legislation so that the legislative intent may be gathered from the words used (Van Dyke v. Thompson, 136 Tenn., 136, 189 S. W., 62; Ryan v. Terminal Go., 102 Tenn., 126, 50 S. W'., 744, 45 L. R. A., 303). The legislature must determine how broad and comprehensive the object of the act shall be, and the particularity to be employed in the title defining it (State v. Cumberland Club, 136 Tenn., 84, 188 S. W., 583), but the question of whether the provisions of the act are congruous and germane must be determined by the court upon an inspection of its terms. Frazier v. Railroad, 88 Tenn., 138, 12 S. W., 537.
The provisions of the act relating to the diversion of fees from the seyeral offices to the county treasury, the requirement that officers keep an account of the fees collected, the provision for an audit and accounting of the fees so collected by the office, and the requirement that counties shall furnish office supplies and other related provisions, are not incongruous, but refer to the one general subject expressed in the caption, and form a natural connection with it. These provisions were necessary to accomplish the object of the legislature as expressed in the caption. It was not necessary to provide for these details in a separate act. Such a requirement would be *270unreasonable and impractical. State ex rel. Morrell v. Fickle, 3 Lea, 79.
When the subject of a statute is sufficiently expressed in the title, the measure, modes, means, or instrumen-talities of its enforcement, administration, or accomplishment may be embraced in its body, though not recited in the caption. Petty v. Phoenix Cotton Oil Co., 150 Tenn., 295, 264 S. W., 353.
We have no difficulty in concluding- that the caption of the act expresses one general subject, and expresses it sufficiently to meet the requirement of the Constitution, and that the provisions of the act are germane to the title, and not inconsistent with each other.
It is next urged that the act violates article 2, section 17, of the Constitution, by failing to state the substance of the title of acts repealed. While the conclusion of the caption and the provisions of section 23 read, “to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict,” the act is not a repealing statute. It does not in fact expressly repeal any law. Such words, of themselves, used- in an act, do not give to it the character of a repealing statute. They add nothing to the meaning of the act, and take nothing from it, and must be regarded as surplusage. State v. Yardley, 95 Tenn., 558, 32 S. W., 481, 34 L. R. A., 656; Turner v. State, 111 Tenn., 606, 69 S. W., 774; Knoxville v. Lewis, 12 Lea, 183.
In Turner v. State, the last clause of the caption reads, “to repeal all laws in conflict with this act.” The last section of the act contained a general repealing clause. The court said the repealing clause had no legal effect, that the act is of the same legal import in point of valid • *271Tty as if the clause were omitted, because the words without more did not give character to the act.
Through the second and fourth assignments of error it is urged that the act violates article 1, section 8, and article 11, section 8, óf the Constitution.
Article 11, section 8, forbids legislation which grants favors and benefits inconsistent with the general law, and article 1, section 8, forbids the imposition of burdens not imposed alike upon others of the class. These provisions do not forbid reasonable classification of counties according to the population standard for the application of laws that may affect alike all that fall naturally into the class. 1 Sutherland, Stat. Const., 203; State v. Stewart, 147 Tenn., 379, 247 S. W., 984; Weaver v. Davidson County, 104 Tenn., 315, 59 S. W., 1105.
.In State v. Stewart, 147 Tenn., 375, 247 S. W., 984, the court said: “We do not wish to be understood as holding that the legislature cannot classify the counties of the State upon a population basis, as was done by the Estes fee bill, which was held unconstitutional . . . in Weaver v. Davidson County, . . . upon other grounds.”
In Weaver v. Davidson County, 104 Tenn., 330, 59 S. W., 1105, the court said:
“It is observable that the second section of the act di-í vided the counties of the State into four classes, and the' classification of the county officers as to salaries, may be sustainable upon the theory that such classification is reasonable through its natural relation to the amount of responsibility and service required.”
In considering the question of classification as a means of graduating the salaries of the county officers oh the *272basis of service and responsibility, it must be observed that the decisions of this court and of the federal supreme court have conceded to the legislature a wide range of discretion in police and revenue statutes, and, if any possible reason can be conceived to justify the classification, it must be upheld. Ogilvie v. Hailey, 141 Tenn., 396, 210 S. W., 645.
Chapter 101, Acts of 1921, is a general law in the sense that it applies to the entire State, all the counties of which are classified upon the population basis for the purpose of regulating the compensation of officers coming within the class. Allowance is made for increased responsibility and service attendant upon officers in the larger counties, by an increased maximum salary, and by a provision for official assistance to be paid from the proceeds of fees collected by the office. The salary i.3 graduated according fo the population, which is a fair index of official duty and responsibility. As between counties, the classification is not capricious or arbitrary, the act imposes no burden upon any county, nor does it confer any privilege or benefit upon any county that may not be equally enjoyed by all counties naturally falling within the class.
The legislators, in the exercise of their governmental power, transferred the fees of all county officers to the county treasury, and substituted as compensation a maximum salary, determined by the population standard, commensurate with the responsibility and service, providing that the salary should be derived from fees paid into the office, and should not exceed in any event the ag gregate earned by the office.
*273The power to take away the fees of an office and substitute a salary was exercised in chapter 41, Acts of 1897, when the fees of district attorneys were appropriated and a salary substituted. The power was again exercised in chapter 13, Acts of 1899, when fees of coal oil inspectors were appropriated to public use, and a salary, graduated according to the population of the cities, substituted for fees as compensation.
The graduation of privilege taxes according to the population standard has been sustained as valid in many of our cases, and, where the classification is reasonable, the population standard may be used as the basis of other classifications. Classification under this act was necessary to enable the legislature to determine and graduate the maximum compensation for county officials among counties of such a widely varying population.
The county is an integral part of the State (Hill v. Roberts, 142 Term., 222, 217 S. W., 826), and county officers are as much subjects of legislative control as State officials. When we consider the insistence that the act capriciously and unlawfully attempts to regulate the pay of county officers and deprives them of vested rights, it must be borne in mind that public offices in Tennessee are not incorporeal hereditaments as at common law, and that they partake of none of the qualities of a grant. Except in North Carolina, it is nowhere held that officers hold under contract.
It is uniformly held that the public enters into no agreement with officers that they shall receive any specific compensation during the term. When the Constitution fixes the compensation, it is of course beyond legislative control. Free of constitutional inhibition, the leg*274islature at their discretion may reduce the salary attached to an office, or lessen the fees prescribed for official service, or abolish them. Jones v. Hobbs, 4 Baxt., 120; Throop, Public Officers, section 443; Mechem on Public Officers, section 857.
The officer is entitled to his fees, not by force of contract, but because the law attaches the fees to the office. The law may take away the fees altogether and substitute other modes of compensation. As early as 1842, the court said, in Haynes v. State, 3 Humph., 482, 39 Am Dec., 187, that compensation of officers may be changed, modified, and reduced by the legislature during the term, unless forbidden by the Constitution.
In 22 R. C. L., p. 527, the same rule is announced, followed by the statement that, when compensation is paid by the fee system, or on the basis of business done, it is not unusual to. have a maximum sum fixed beyond which the officer is not to receive any emoluments, and that the legislature normally has power to change the basis of compensation.
It is the general rule that the right of officers to demand fees for compensation does not arise from contract between the official and the State, and that compensation may at any time be increased or diminished, even though such action may affect the future emoluments of an incumbent- in office. But, in the passage of the act before us, the legislature avoided interference with the expectation of incumbents of office. It is provided in section 25 that the act. should not become effective until the expiration of the official term. Every county official who accepted office after the act became effective knew that the legislature, exercising their governmental powers, ap*275propriated all fees to the counties in excess of a maximum salary to he derived from the fees of the office. The act does not affect the person nr the property rights of any official who assumed office after it became effective. It does not interfere with their control or conduct of the office. It imposes no additional obligation upon any officer other than that of keeping the amount of their fees and paying the excess over the maximum salary into the county treasury.
The Constitution fixes the term of most county officials, but it does not prescribe or attempt to regulate the compensation of any of them. That is essentially a legislative power, and, in the exercise of the power, the legislature may increase or diminish the fees of any office, abolish them altogether, or appropriate them to public use, and compensate the official by a salary. In view of the power of the legislature to regulate, control, and abolish the fees of public officials in the absence of constitutional limitation, it seems apparent that the legislature may fix their compensation on the basis of service performed and fees collected. Any other view would result in adherence to the rule of the common law that an office is a grant for the benefit of the incumbent. It would recognize a restraint upon the power of the State to exercise control over public officers and their compensation, contrary to the spirit of our institutions and the general law.
The act does not affect any person or property right. It imposes no burden not equally borne by others who may come into the class, and confers no privilege upon any county that may not be enjoyed by other counties of the class. Officers of the smaller class of counties are *276not given the same compensation as those of the larger class of counties, because the same service is not rendered .and the same amount of fees not collected. (The maximum compensation is contingent upon the services rendered which controls the revenue coming in the form of fees.) The classification of county officers as to their salary is reasonable, because of its relation to the amount of responsibility and service required.
It is urged that the saving provision in section 23, against the repeal of certain local acts supposed to supplement the pay of county officers, destroys the uniformity in classification and renders the act capricious. It is said that this act must be construed in pari materia with the acts referred to, and, when this is done, that it will render the classification arbitrary and capricious.
Those acts bear no- relation to chapter 101, Acts of 1921, intended to abolish the system of compensation by fees and fix a maximum salary as compensation for county officers. They relate to the smaller counties of the State, where the business is so small, and the fees so inadequate, as to exclude from public service capable and competent officials. Under them compensation of county officers is supplemented by a small stipend from the county treasury, or a maximum salary is fixed and fees are devoted to the public use.
Under authority of Stewart v. State, supra, some of the acts referred to would be no doubt invalid, especially those that attempt to substitute a salary and appropriate fees to the public treasury. This act cannot be construed in pari materia with local and private acts, especially for the purpose of finding an opportunity for destroying it. It is the duty of the court to save the con-*277stitntionality of a statute, unless the violation of the Constitution is clearly shown. It is supposed'that the legislature considered the constitutionality of the act, and that it did not pass it in violation of the constitutional mandate. We cannot, therefore, give to the act a strained construction as a means of finding an opportunity to de - clare it void.
The other acts, which it is insisted must be construed in connection with this, are not before us for review. Their validity cannot be brought.in question in this proceeding. If they suspend a general law for the benefit of a particular county, they would be void, and could not operate to destroy the uniformity of the act before us.
It is next urged that the act delegates legislative power to the courts. Article 11, section 9, of the Constitution, provides:
“The legislature shall have the right to vest such powers in the courts of justice, with regard to private and local affairs, as may be expedient.”
The legislature may pass general laws and impose duties upon others to regulate and control the details necessary to accomplish the objects intended. The purpose of this act was to limit the compensation of county officers to a maximum salary, graduated according to the service rendered, dependent upon the classification of counties by population. Officers in counties of the larger class assume greater responsibility than those of the smaller, and are called upon to perform more work. In this class of counties additional clerical assistance is allowed, but the legislature lacked adequate knowledge of the requirements of these officers for clerical help to enable them to determine the number of assistants and the amount required to obtain their services.
*278In Hickman v. Wright, 141 Tenn., 412, 210 S. W., 447, the conrt said:
“As to the policy of delegating to the courts the authority to determine the number of deputies and the salaries they are to receive, this court has nothing to do; but, if the legislature sees proper to confer this power on the courts, then under the foregoing provision of the Constitution we think it has a right to do so, and that it would not be a wrongful delegation of power, and would not be imposing nonjudicial duties on the courts.”
As to the delegation of authority to fix the salary of clerks of special courts referred to in the last paragraph of section 4 of the act under review, in our opinion the legislature could not delegate the power to fix the salary of a county officer or of a regular clerk of any of the courts; hence this provision is invalid.
Section 22 of the act provides that, if any section or part of the act is found invalid, such fact shall not invalidate any other part of it. In other words, this section provides for elision. By such a provision the legislature could not save a void act, but it is clearly apparent that the provision in the last paragraph of section 4 is detached and not interwoven with other provisions, and that the act can stand with it omitted. Elision of this part of the act does not make a casus omissus. The clerk of a special court is a principal officer. He is the clerk of a chancery court, circuit, criminal, or probate court, without regard to whether it is a special court or one of the regular courts of the .county, and, with the paragraph referred to elided, these officials fall under the provisions of sections 1, 2, and 3 of the act.
*279It is the general rule that legislative acts are primarily presumed to he constitutional, and that all intend-ments must he made in their favor, so as to give them effect according to the intent of the lawmaking power. It is clearly apparent that what remains of this act after eliding the paragraph referred to leaves it complete within itself and capable of being executed in exact accordance with the will of the legislature .and altogether independent of the elided portion. The rejected provision is merely incidental and subordinate, and, as stated, the act is complete without it. It is easily severable, and does not in the least impair the act as an entirety. The invalidity of such a provision does not invalidate the entire act, but may be treated as a nullity. State v. Cummins, 99 Tenn., 667, 42 S. W., 880; Fite v. State, 114 Tenn., 659, 88 S. W., 941, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.), 520, 4 Ann. Cas., 1108; Cummings v. Trewhitt, 113 Tenn., 561, 82 S. W., 480; State v. Willett, 117 Tenn., 334, 97 S. W., 299; McCamey v. Cummins, 130 Tenn., 495, 172 S. W., 311; Rhinehart v. State, 121 Tenn., 435, 117 S. W., 508, 17 Ann. Cas., 254.
We think it clear that the legislature would have enacted this statute had this provision been omitted, for the compensation of .officers of such special courts are limited and controlled by the maximum allowance under section 3 of the act.
It is insisted that under the provisions of the last sentence of section 16 of the act it is the duty of the county trustee to hold the fees from the. several offices intact until the expiration of the official term, for the purpose of making up any deficiency of salary for any year during the term.
*280Under the provisions of section 16 all the fees of the office are to be paid into the county treasury, and it is not necessary to keep such fees intact. They become county revenue. It is sufficient to keep an account of the fees accruing from each office, and at the end of, the official term any deficiency of salary may he supplied from the excess of fees collected by the office during the term.
It follows that the. decree of the chancellor is affirmed.