Brown v. Haven 12 Me. 164

Brown plff. in equity vs. Haven & als.

W. and H., two of four defendants in equity, demurred to the bill, because several independent causes were alleged therein, in which they averred they had no interest or concern. But the demurrer was overruled, it appearing by the bill, that W. was concerned in all the causes assigned, and that H. was charged with having combined and confederated with the others to defraud the plaintiff, in relation to the subject .matter of the controversy. Relief may be had distributively, as the equity of the case may require.

S. and F. demurred to the bill, because B. was not made a party. As, however, B. was but the servant of the plaintiff, and not otherwise interested, the demurrer was overruled.

They further demurred, because the bill was exhibited for distinct causes, which had no relation to, or dependence on each other, and which concerned divers and distinct persons, who had no common interest therein. But the demurrer was overruled, it appearing to the Court, that the specifications in the bill had relation to one subject matter, in which all the defendants are alleged to have been combined and concerned, to the prejudice of the plaintiff.

Though parol testimony is not admissible to vary the terms of a written contract, in equity, any more than at law, yet it is admissible to prove and locate the boundaries and monuments in a deed, and these being proved, an ambiguity latent in the deed, may become apparent, the description being inconsistent with itself; whereupon the Court will proceed to deduce the intention of the parties

This was a Bill in Equity, an abstract of which, with the answers of the defendants, was as follows, viz:

The plaintiff in his bill alleges, that on the 1th of August, A. D. 1826, he contracted with Samuel Haven, Andrew Foster, John Foster, and Thomas Foster, through Wm. C. Whitney, their agent, to purchase of them a certain tract of land, described in their bond of that date, on the conditions therein specified, which bond makes a part of said bill, — that, it was his design to purchase, and their design to sell, lot No. 5, 2d Range, new survey, by bounds and monuments, shown him by the said Whitney, at the time of making the contract, — that, these boundaries were a hemlock tree, as the north-east corner of the tract — thence on the old line, bearing to the north-west, to Hogan pond — ’thence up by the east side of said pond to Samuel Brown’s land — • thence north-east on said lot to Simon Staples’ land — ’thence north-west to the first mentioned bound, being the hemlock tree aforesaid, — that said Whitney pretended to be well acquainted *165with the boundaries of said tract, pointed out an old line, running nearly north-west, as the true line thereof, and that confiding in this representation, he contracted to purchase said tract: That the principal value thereof was the pine timber, — that, he, the plaintiff, informed Haven and the Fosters, through Whitney, that he intended to pay for the land by cutting and selling said timber, — that, said Whitney, as an inducement for the plaintiff to make the purchase, then consented that the plaintiff might cut and carry away said timber, at his pleasure, to enable him to pay for the tract, — that, in pursuance of said license, the plaintiff, with one David Bolster, his servant, did cut and carry away a quantity of said timber, within the bounds of said tract, as shown by said Whitney, — that the said Haven and wife and the said Fosters, moved by the misrepresentations of said Whitney, or other evil minded persons, representing that the plaintiff had actually cut timber on No 5, 4th Division, and without the boundaries of his purchase, pretending that the course from said hemlock tree was south-west, where the plaintiff says there was no old line, thereby diminishing the tract purchased to less than 70 acres, did, on the 28ih of Sept., A. D. 1829, sue out a writ and commence an action of trespass against the plaintiff and said Bolster, returnable at the Oct. Term of the Supreme Judicial Court, and now pending in said Court, which writ and the proceedings thereon make a part of the plaintiff’s bill. That, at the October Term of said Court, in Oxford County, the action was tried and a verdict returned in favor of the said Brown and Bolster, which, at the next May Term, was set aside and a new trial granted, in consequence of the admission of illegal evidence; that, previously to the trial, William Bradbury, Esq. was, by consent of the parties, appointed surveyor, to run lines, &c. and return a plan, which was done, — and the plaintiff asks that said plan be taken as a part of his bill. That it appears by the plan, that a line, before unknown to the plaintiff, was found, different from the one alleged by Whitney as the true line of the tract purchased, according to the new survey, which new survey Whitney said he helped make, — that said Bradbury discovered another line, marked on said plan, alleged, by said Whitney, to be the side line of said lot, and that referred to as running south-westerly *166from said hemlock .to said Hogan pond. That, after said verdict was set aside at the Oct. Term of said Court, A. D. 1831, it was proposed to the plaintiff, in order to end all controversy between the parties, that a person, disinterested, unprejudiced, having formed no previous opinion, be appointed by Court, to mark the boundaries of said lot No. 5,- according to the new survey on the face of the earth, and ascertain, if any, what quantity of timber the said Brown and Bolster had cut, prior to the commencement of said action, without the boundaries which said surveyor should mark out and establish as the boundaries of lot No. 5, according to the new survey, extending the boundaries of said lot to Hogan pond, — that the plaintiff consented to the appointment, being equitably disposed, and relying on said Whitney’s assertion, that he helped run the head line of said lot, discovered by said Bradbury as aforesaid, and supposing that the said line, running to Hogan pond, might be the side line of said lot, — that, said Whitney and the attorney of .the plaintiff proposed Uriah Holt, Esq. for said appointment, and being persuaded by Whit~ ney and the plaintiff’s counsel, and “ urged by the Court,” the plaintiff consented, assured of said Holt’s ability, integrity and impartiality. That said Holt undertook to act under his appointment, but to the plaintiff’s astonishment and subversion of his rights, at the suggestion and under the influence and control of said Whitney, marked the head line of said lot in a place where no line was ever before run or marked, and no bounds or monuments indicating a line,, and at a little distance from Hogan pond, thereby making a location of said lot totally different from any thing before pretended, giving but a small tract of land, upon which there was very little, if any, pine timber, (the great object of the plaintiff in purchasing) which tract so bounded, was and is nearly worthless, compared with the price paid — against the earnest remonstrances of the plaintiff, — that said Holt returned a plan of his doings, which, together with his doings, the plaintiff prays may be made a part of his Bill.

That, the defendants, and said Whitney and Holt combined to injure the plaintiff, to take his money without an equivalent, or else the defendants lending themselves to said Whitney, to take away the property of the plaintiff without an equivalent, decei'v*167ed the plaintiff, to induce him to give a great sum of money for what was of trifling, if of any value, in the following particulars:

1. In showing him an old line, running from said hemlock tree north-westerly to the Hogan pond, as one line of the tract which the plaintiff contracted to purchase.

2. In bringing an action of trespass against him, to recover damages for cutting timber on said land, after giving him express liberty so to cut.

3. Pretending and alleging that the lines, discovered and marked in Bradbury’s plan, were the true lines of said tract, without intimating that there was any other actual or supposed lines or line of said tract, whereby the plaintiff was induced to agree to the appointment of a surveyor to locate said lot No. 5, new survey.

4. That said Holt, without the plaintiff’s knowledge, previously to his appointment as surveyor, had been, by direction of said Whitney, acting as agent and attorney as aforesaid, taken unto said lines in company with Whitney, examined the same, and made up an opinion on the subject matter of his appointment, and this was well known to Whitney,

5. That said Havens and Fosters, through said Whitney, confederating with said Holt, to injure and defraud .the plaintiff, caused Holt to locate said tract by metes, bounds and lines, where none existed before, or were supposed to exist by any one.

6. That the plaintiff never understood there was any denial that said hemlock tree was one comer of said tract, but that the only dispute was, whether the line should run north-westerly on said old line from the hemlock tree, or south-westerly from said tree, where was no line, to Hogan pond, — that, the question to be submitted to said Holt, was, whether the said tract should be located according to the old line, as shewn to the plaintiff when he made the contract, according to the line discovered and marked by said Bradbury, on his plan returned.

7. That the agreement to cause said tract to be located and marked by Holt, as executed by Holt, is inequitable, unconscionable, and ought not to be enforced.

8. That the plaintiff has ever tendered to Whitney, the defendants’ Agent, the several payments for said land, as they fell *168due and requested him to give up the notes given for said land, — but Whitney refused to accept the money, or give up the notes — that, the plaintiff has always been and is ready to pay up said notes and receive a deed of said land according to the true meaning of the bond.

The bill concludes with a prayer, that said Iiaven, Fosters, Whitney and Holt, may be summoned and held to answer in equity — that said Haven be compelled to disclose the amount due on said notes, to receive pay therefor and give the plaintiff a deed in conformity with the conditions of the bond — that they be enjoined against any further proceedings against the plaintiff in said suit — that the agreement to appoint Holt be annulled and his proceedings set aside — and that the said Havens, Fosters, Whitney and Holt be held to answer truly and definitely to all the matters alleged in the bill.

Whitney and Holt, two of the respondents, demur, because it appears by the bill that distinct and several causes are exhibited therein, which have no relation to a dependence upon each other, wherein these defendants have no interest, nor arc in any way concerned, whereby these defendants are perplexed and unjustly put to expense and trouble. For which reasons and divers other errors and imperfections in said bill appearing, these defendants demur thereto and pray judgment, whether they shall be required to answer further, and that they be dismissed and for their costs.

Said Whitney also answers, that on the 1th of August, IS26, as agent of Haven and others, he contracted to sell said Brown, lot No. 5, 2d Range, in Hebron, new survey, — containing one hundred acres more or less — beginning at a certain hemlock tree —• thence by a south-west course on the old line to Hogan pond — and thence by other courses described in said contract, to the beginning — 'which contract was delivered to said Brown, and which he prays he may be required to produce, to ascertain whether it is truly set forth in the bill, — that said Whitney, a long time then past, had some knowlege of the location and situation of said land, — but had not nor did he profess to have, any particular knowledge of the lines or corners of said lot No. 5 — but that said Brown, living near the same, did profess to know with certainty the boundaries thereof, — that Brown said he *169wished to purchase No. 5, which Whitney agreed to sell him at $>8 per acre — said lot No. 5, as originally located and surveyed, was the only subject of said contract. Brown told Whitney, that lie well knew the bounds and conducted Whitney to said hemlock tree, declaring it the north-east comer of No. 5. Whitney replied, that if it were so, the course would be south-west from that tree to the pond — they accordingly marked the tree, Whitney relying wholly on the declarations of Brown, as he did not pretend to be well acquainted with the bounds, though he knew the lines ran south-west and north-east, and at right angles with the same —that he did not then, or at any other time, shew Brown any old or new line running nearly north-west, nor in any northerly or westerly direction from said tree as the line of said lot, nor was any such line spoken of between them as the line of said lot then, or at any time — the only line or course spoken of was, the old south-west line of said lot, which Whitney told Brown, and supposed, would probably be found in a south-west course from said tree to the pond, if said tree, as Brown represented, was the north-west corner.

That Brown did not inform Whitney how he expected to obtain the money to pay for the land, nor what were his inducements to purchase it, nor did Whitney ever give Brotan license or consent to cut and take away the timber thereon, nor would he have been willing to sell Brown all the timber on the credit mentioned in the bond, or upon Brown’s personal security —had such been his intent, he should have given a deed instead of a bond to convey the land.

That said Brown, as Whitney believes, with intent to defraud the owners of the land, after the execution of the bond, falsely pretended, that the line of the lot ran north-west from said tree, by some trees found marked, extending in a crooked line, by various courses, between north and west, towards the outlet of the pond, probably marked as a hunter’s line, a wood road, or for some such private purpose, which would include nearly three limes the quantity of land which Brown contracted for — and further falsely pretending that Whitney bad shown him said north-west line as the true line of said lot, and that said Brown, or some other per*170son, by his procurement or connivance, altered or attempted to alter the word, “ south-west,” in said bond, into the word, “ northwest,” insisting it was originally written north-west, and not otherwise.

In farther execution of said wicked intent, said Brown, with one David Bolster, being admitted to a joint interest in the land, trespassed upon the lands of said obligors, as well beyond as within the limits of said pretended north-west line, and also within and beyond the true lines of lot No. 5, by cutting and carrying away the timber thereon, for which trespass the owners sued Brown and Bolster at law, the suit still pending for judgment in this Court, to the records and files whereof Whitney asks leave to refer. That before the commencement of the suit, Whitney, by his agent and attorney, remonstrated with Brown on the injustice of his pretended claim and conduct, requesting him to desist, and offered, if there were any mistake in the description of said lot in the bond, to make it correct according to the true bounds, as they might afterwards be discovered; and at all events to make up and convey to him the full complement of 100 acres: to which Brown refused to accede — saying he would have all the land within the “ north-west line or none.” Brown thus refusing to listen to any offers of accommodation, the owners were obliged to resort to law.

When William Bradbury, Esq. discovered and marked on the plan mentioned, a line running a north-west and south-east course and crossing between said hemlock tree and.the pond, Whitney supposed it might be the true head line of the lot, but does not recollect that he asserted it was so. But Brown positively declared that he knew that it was not the line of said lot — that it only partially crossed the lot and that it was made for some private purpose. Brown made a like assertion relative to some marked trees extending in a south-westerly direction from said tree, for a few rods, but not standing near it, which trees Whitney, never to his recollection, asserted to be on the side line of the lot, though he thought them to be so, being deceived by Brown’s false assertion that said hemlock tree was the comer.

That, at the May Term of this Court, A. D. 1832, and not at the October Term, as stated by Brown, said cause came on for *171trial, when the plaintiffs renewed their overtures to Brown fora' just and amicable compromise, again offering Brown a deed of 100 acres; which he refused, still insisting that the hemlock tree was the corner, that there was a line which was the true line of the lot referred to in the bond, extending west, or a little southerly of west, from said tree to the pond, and that he should succeed in establishing it at the trial. It was therefore proposed by one of the plaintiff’s counsel, and assented to by Whitney, that a disinterested and competent surveyor be appointed to run out, ascertain, locate, mark, and establish the lines and bounds of tbe lot, (No. 5, 2d Division) and that tbe lot so ascertained should be taken and deemed to be tbe lot mentioned in said bond ; and that the same surveyor should also ascertain tbe amount of damages, if any, done by Brown and Bolster, for their trespass aforesaid, beyond the limits of said lot so ascertained, for which amount judgment should be entered in said action. The proposition originated with the plaintiff’s counsel aforesaid, not with Whitney; but made with bis assent and was committed to writing, as is specially set forth in the same on filo in said action. The proposal was taken out of the Court room by Brown and Bolster, and their counsel, and after being amended and interlined at their suggestion, was by them accepted. And this defendant says, that the counsel for 1laven fy als. being asked by the counsel for Brown and Bolster, to name a surveyor to perform the service, named William Bradbury, Esq. and urged his appointment, to which Brown and Bolster refused to assent; and they being then requested by the counsel of Haven &f ah. to name a surveyor, did of their own mere motion, nominate Uriah Holt, Esq., to whose appointment, not without some objection, the counsel for Haven als. assented : that said Holt was never .nominated or proposed by him or by Haven 8f ah. or their counsel, nor by any one else on their behalf, to his knowledge or belief, but by said Brown and Bolster, or their counsel, — that said Holt, never to his knowledge or belief, previously examined the boundaries of said lot, or formed any opinion respecting the same: that, once in the autumn of 1830, he went with Whitney, to find an old line, which, it was said, would be crossed by a course southwest from the hemlock tree, and for no other purpose than to *172run said course, and assist in finding said line — without examining any thing else about said lot, or forming or expressing any opinion relative to the location of it, — that this is all the knowledge, as Whitney believes, said Holt had of said lot, previously to his appointment; nor did Whitney, then or at any time previous to Holt’s appointment, make any representation as to the true location of said lot — the lines, &oc. of the lot had been so differently represented by Brown, and by the plan taken in the cause, that Whitney was uncertain where they would be established; some persons supposed the lot did not extend to the pond — and Brown would not consent to the proposal aforesaid, unless Whitney would, at all events, grant him the land extending to the pond, whether it should fall within the limits of No. 5, or not, to which, unreasonable as it was, Whitney consented, and the agreement was interlined and altered accordingly ; whereupon said Holt performed the service at the request of all the parties, made a report and plan now in Court, and referred to as part of this answer. This defendant further says, that he never by himself or agent, directly or indirectly attempted to influence or control said Holt, in any way relative to the performance of the duties of his appointment, except in the usual way of evidence and argument at an open hearing of both parties by him appointed, — that it was the mutual understanding of both parties, that the whole subject of the location of said lot should be left at large to said Holt, to decide absolutely between them, without regard to any thing other than what appeared in the agreement aforesaid, — that it was never intended that he should bound said lot by said hemlock tree, unless he should find it had been originally so located, — that this defendant never supposed said tree to be the corner, after Bradbury’s survey and some time before, but he believes it was not, and that Brown wilfully deceived him therein ; and solemnly avers, that to the best of his knowledge and belief, the location of said lot, as ascertained and reported by Holt, is the true, original, actual location of the same, — that said Holt was not influenced by any sinister motives in his doings, but acted uprightly, according to the true intent of said agreement, and upon legal evidence and in the exercise of sound and legal judgment and discretion. He further avers, that he never *173wilfully misrepresented any fact respecting said lot to Brown or Bolster — nor used inducements or persuasions to them to enter into said agreement, other than the general motive of making an end of disputes, both as regards the trespass and the meaning of the bond.

That it was never understood between him and Brown and Bolster, nor had they reason to believe or understand that the only dispute between them was whether the true course was north-west or south-west from said hemlock tree, nor whether said lot v/as to be located by the lines shewn by said Whitney, or discovered by said Bradbury — nor does he believe Brown so understood,— on the contrary, said Whitney did not shew Brown any lines of the lot, and it was well understood between them, that the whole location of the lot, except the south-east side, was in dispute and uncertain; that Holt was to ascertain the same, and that they were to be bound by his location, fall where it might, without reference to any previous transactions.

That said Brown, at some time tendered money to him, professing thereby to comply with the conditions of said bond on his part, and coupling said tender with a demand of a deed of said lot, by a course north-west from said tree, as the condition of the payment so tendered; which he refused to receive because of the condition annexed to the tender, because of the illegal nature of the money tendered, and because it was not sufficient in amount — 'that, there is due from the obligees to the obligors, if they are obliged to receive it, the sum of $768,62, March 24, 1834, — that the price agreed to be paid by Brown for said lot, is reasonable and fair, — that Broten always professed to be well acquainted with its location and value, — that the agreement to refer said matter to said Holt, was equitable, reasonable and fair; as much for the benefit of Brown and Bolster as of the other parties, — that this defendant has no interest in the subject matter of- the said contract or suit on the plaintiff’s bill, — and he denies all conspiracy, confederacy, intent to deceive or injure, and unreasonable advantage wherewith he is charged in said bill — and prays to be hence dismissed with his reasonable costs.

Uriah Holt, one of tho defendants, not waving his demurrer but insisting thereon, answers, that as to any matters stated in the *174plaintiff’s bill, to have been transacted between the plaintiff and Wm. C. Whitney, and as to the allegations therein, relative to the proceedings in the suit mentioned, before the time of his appointment as surveyor and referee therein, he knows nothing except from common report. That in the autumn of 1830, he was requested to meet Whitney at the new mills, so called, with his compass — which he did, and by Whitney’s request went with him to said hemlock tree, and ran a course south-west from the same, to see if such course would cross a supposed old line between that tree and Hogan pond; and they found that it did. But Holt did not examine any other lines or boundaries, nor make any search for the lines or bounds of lot No. 5, nor was he informed by Whitney or any other person how the lot was bounded, nor did he ever form any opinion respecting it previous to his appointment aforesaid, that he supposed himself called upon merely in the exercise of his profession as a surveyor, to run the south-west line and assist in ascertaining whether it would cross any old line whatever, and when it was ascertained that it did, his service on that occasion was ended, — that he knew not what line it was, and was not called upon to explore it but returned home, never expecting to be again called upon in relation to the lot. That, this was the first and only time he was ever on the lot, till he went as referee, after notice to the parties, to ascertain the bounds of it. That, at the time of his appointment as referee, and of his entering on the duties of his appointment, he had not formed any opinion respecting the location of the lot, that he stood wholly unbiased, uninfluenced, and indifferent between the parties, — that, neither these defendants, nor any one else in their behalf, ever attempted, directly or indirectly, to influence his judgment, or affect his decision upon the matters submitted to him, other than by the evidence and arguments laid before him in the presence of Brown, and at an open hearing of the cause : that, in ascertaining the true location of the lot, he explored the whole neighboring region, lines and corners, over many lots on all sides of the same, exercised his best skill and judgment as a surveyor of many years experience, and decided wholly upon the evidence of his own senses, and upon such other evidence as the parties laid before him in the presence, of each other, in the usual *175and ordinary course of proceedings in such cases, without any prejudice or sinister influence whatever; that, he patiently heard all the evidence and arguments offered by either party, and carefully considered it — and that he verily believes he has ascertained and reported the bounds of the lot, according to the true original location.

And this defendant denies that he has any interest in the subject matter of the bill — ’and further denies all the conspiracy, Sic.

Samuel Haven and John Foster, two of the defendants,

demur to the plaintiff’s bill, because Wm. C. Whitney and Uriah Holt are made defendants, who by the plaintiff’s own shewing, have no interest in the subject matter thereof, but are material witnesses for these defendants, — and as to that part of the bill that relates to the action of trespass, these defendants demur, because it appears by the plaintiff’s own shewing, that David Bolster is not a party to the bill, as he ought to have been in seeking relief against that suit. They further demur, because the bill is exhibited for distinct causes, winch have no relation to, or dependence on each other, and which concern divers and distinct persons who have no common interest therein.

They further answering, say, that said Whitney was their agent in the management and sale of their lands in Oxford County, at the times mentioned in the bill, — that all the knowledge they have of the transaction, has been derived from Whitney and from their counsel, — that their instructions to Whitney went ouly to the general and faithful care of their interests, and a fair sale of their property, but were not of a character to make it the interest of Whitney to deal otherwise than justly and fairly with any person, or to deceive any one in the quality, quantity, or value of any portion of their lands, or to make a hard bargain for the same, nor had he any direction or intimation from them so to do, nor have they any reason to believe that he did so, — that said Whitney or Holt never had any interest in the bond, contract or suit mentioned in the bill.

These defendants further say, that they have been informed by Whitney, and verily believe, that he contracted in their behalf with Brown, to sell him lot No. 5, in the 2d Range, in Hebron, *176according to the new survey, so called, — that Whitney entered into a written contract for the sale thereof, now in the hands of Brown, which they pray he may be required to produce, — that the conversation between Whitney and Brown was wholly of a sale of lot No. 5, however bounded, containing one hundred acres at $8 per acre, which Brown represented to be bounded as described originally in the bond, viz. by a course due south-west from the hemlock tree to the pond; that after the execution of the bond, Brown, or some other person, altered or attempted to alter the word “ south-west” into the word “ north-west,” in order that Brown might seem to have purchased nearly three times the quantity of land bargained for, — that Brown pretended he had purchased by a line running north-west from the hemlock tree, which, in fact, was never agreed upon nor mentioned between him and Whitney.

They further answer, that they never, at any time, gave Brown liberty or license to enter said lot or any other of their lands, and cut and take timber therefrom, but that Brown, without license from either of these defendants, did enter upon the lands of these defendants and others, and cut and take away large quantities of timber growing thereon, for which he and one David Bolster, his co-trespasser, were sued in trespass, as to which suit and the proceedings therein, these defendants refer to the records of this Court. They further say, that after it was discovered that a south-west course from the hemlock tree would not give Brown one hundred acres of land, they were willing, at all times to make up to him, that quantity out of their adjoining lands, if he would have accepted the same, notwithstanding they were not bound so to do by the language of the bond, and by their agent repeatedly offered it, but Brown refused every such offer, unjustly insisting upon the north-west course aforesaid.

And they utterly deny all the conspiracy, confederacy, &c.

There was a mass of evidence confirmatory of, and adverse to, the bill and answers, which, perhaps, is sufficiently noticed in the opinion of the Court.

Fessenden and Daveis, for the plaintiff,

claimed to have Holt’s report set aside, because, 1. he had no power to make a new line *177lor lot No. 5. He was to locate the lot according to a new survey, but ho had no power to make- a new line.

2. Because the plaintiff was under an entire misapprehension as to the terms of the agreement under which Holt run out the lot. They adverted to the proof in the case to show it, and claimed relief on the ground of mistake. 1 Mad. Ch. 75, 78, 296; Jeremy’s .Eq. 494; .Brown v. Brown, 1 Fern. 157 ; Morgan v. Mather, 3 Ves. Jr. 15; 3 B. B. 120; 6 Ves. 337 ; 1 Ves. 318; 2 Aik. 33, 203; 2 P. Will. 70; Jeremy’s Eq. 255, 384, 456; 1 Mad. 255 ; 1 Chit. Gen. Pr. 833 ; Newland on Con. 156, 213, 214 to 227 ; 2 Dow Clark, 463.

Greenleaf, for the defendants,

cited the following authorities: Coop. Eq. 20, 42; Milford’s PI. 13, 45 ; Plummer v. May, 1 Ves. 426 ; 2 Johns. Ch. 550 ; I P. Will. 596 ; 1 Johns. Ch. 246; 6 Johns. Ch. 201 ; 2 Cowan’s Rep. 139; 2 Mad. 416; 7 Ves. 287; 1 Johns. Ch. 73; 2 Stark. Ev. 766; 1 Johns. Rep. 576 ; 2 Aik. 228 ; 1 Fern. 230.