after stating tbe facts. There are several exceptions, but they are all practically to tbe effect tbat tbe plaintiff, as matter of law, assumed tbe risk or was guilty of contributory negligence. We have so fully considered •these questions in tbe recent case of Ooley v. Railroad, at this term, tbat there is but little need for further discussion. We can only repeat what we there said, tbat tbe act of February 23, 1897, deprived all railroad companies operating in this State of tbe defense of assumption of risk, whether existing in contract express or implied, and whether pleaded directly or under tbe doctrine of Fellow Servant.
This brings us to tbe consideration of tbe plea of contributory negligence, which is always a matter of defense,, with the burden resting upon tbe defendant. Beyond certain exceptional circumstances, which have no connection with tbe case at bar, a verdict upon this issue can never be directed in favor of the defendant. Hardison v. Railroad, 120 N. C., 492; Bank v. School Commissioners, 121 N. C., 109; Bolden v. Railway, 123 N. C., 614; Cogdell v. Railroad, 124 N. C., 302.
In all cases upon such a motion, the evidence for the plaintiff must be accepted as true, and all the evidence construed in the light most favorable to him. Purnell v. Railroad, 122 N. C., 832; Cox v. Railroad, 123 N. C., 604; Printing Co. v. Raleigh, 126 N. C., 516; Moore v. Railway Co., 128 N. C., 455.
Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and excluding all assumption of risk, he can not be deemed guilty of contributory negligence. It is. true, he realized there was danger, but he had been in the defend*395ant’s service only two months, and might well rely upon the judgment of his superior officer, who had been in the same-service for fourteen years. Of the ten men engaged in moving the hand-car, only the plaintiff was injured.
Moreover, there is serious conflict even in the defendant’sown testimony. Davenport admits that it was dangerous to move the hand-car at that place, and says that if he had known the character of the place he would not have ordered the hand-car to be taken off there, as it was not necessary to( do so. Brown, also a section foreman and witness for the defendant, says that “with the number of men around it (the car), I did not consider it a dangerous place.”
Many branches of the railroad service are necessarily dangerous, but the company is not responsible for such inherent danger unless-it unnecessarily causes or increases it by some-unlawful act- or wilful or negligent omission of duty. On the other hand, the plaintiff is not guilty of contributory negligence in undertaking the performance of a dangerous work unless he performs it in a negligent manner, or unless the act itself is obviously so dangerous that in its careful performance the inherent probabilities of injury are greater than those of safety. Hinshaw v. Railroad, 118 N. C., 1047. Many of the cases cited by defendant appear to have more or less confused assumption of risk with contributory negligence, but they are essentially different. As is' said in Goley’s case, supra: “Contributory negligence of course always involves the fact of actual negligence on the part of the plaintiff, while the simple assumption of risk does not of itself imply negligence, which may or may not co-exist.” This distinction is recognized in Rittenhouse v. St. Ry. Co., 120 N. C., 544; where the Court says: “Beclcless assumption of risk has always been taken in our Court as being embraced in the issue of contributory negligence.” This is so because of the very use of the word “reckless” presupposes *396negligence in connection witb tbe assumption of risk. If it is a “negligent” assumption of risk by tbe plaintiff, and such negligence directly contributes to his injury, of course it is included in the issue of contributory negligence, for such it is. But it is essentially different where the defect is neither so great nor so patent as to deter a man of ordinary prudence. A defective machine carefully handled, or a safe machine carelessly handled, may equally result in an accident ; but the resulting responsibility would be by no means the same.
It is true, in Eittenhouse’s case, the Court says: “But upon the issue of contributory negligence both phases of the matter, negligence and voluntary assumption of risk, could be submitted to the jury.” This was the old practice, and, in fact, the Courts at first did not generally submit even the issue of contributory negligence, leaving the entire case to the jury upon the single issue of the defendant’s negligence. In such eases, it all depended upon the charge of the Court; but it was found that the respective negligence of the plaintiff and the defendant could be more intelligently presented under separate issues. We are strongly of opinion that the same principle holds good as to the respective issues of contributory negligence and assumption of risk, where the latter defense is permitted. We must remember that the primary object of submitting issues, and indeed of the Judge’s charge, is not simply to “run the gauntlet” of the Supreme Court on appeal, but to submit the case to the jury in such a manner as will best enable them to render a just and intelligent verdict. We think this has been substantially done in the case .at bar, and there are certainly no errors in the charge of which the defendant can complain.
In Railroad Co. v. Egeland, 163 U. S., 93, where the plaintiff, a laborer in the employ of defendant, was ordered by the conductor to jump off a train going about four miles an hour, *397and was injured in doing so, tbe Court says: “If plaintiff reasonably tbougbt be could witb safety obey tbe order by taking care and jumping carefully, and if because of tbe order be did jump, tbe jury ought to be at liberty to say wbetber under sucb circumstances be was or was not guilty of negligence.”
That tbe defendant in tbe case at bar was guilty of negligence has been found by tbe jury upon substantial evidence and under proper instruction. They have also found that tbe plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of fact, while it is plain to us that be can not be so considered as matter of law. Tbe judgment is
Affirmed.
CooK, J., dissents.