— The pivotal question presented on this appeal is this: Where the complaint charges that an injury was produced by the negligent act or omission of the defendant’s employees, and the answer denies both the fact of the injury and the negligence of said employees and alleges that if any injury occurred it was caused by the negligent act of the plaintiff in attempting to alight from the car while in motion, is the defendant entitled to an instruction based upon the theory of contributory negligence of the plaintiff1? While the question seems to be settled in this state by the decisions heretofore rendered by *73this court, which will hereinafter be cited, it is not inappropriate here to consider the decisions of other jurisdictions and the general logic of the law in order to show that these holdings enunciated by justices of this court who have since passed to the great beyond are supported both by logic and the most enlightened precedent.
1. The history of the development of the law on these subjects discloses a great variance of judicial opinion. In the earlier cases and in some instances until the present it has been held that the burden of pleading want of contributory negligence is upon the plaintiff: Beers v. Housatonic R. Co., 19 Conn. 566; Augusta So. Ry. Co. v. McDade, 105 Ga. 134 (31 S. E. 420); Spokane & P. Ry. Co. v. Holt, 4 Idaho, 443 (40 Pac. 56); Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Levy, 160 Ill. 385 (43 N. E. 357); Cincinnati etc. Ry. Co. v. Grames, 8 Ind. App. 112 (34 N. E. 613, 37 N. E. 421); Lamport v. Lake Shore & M. S. R. Co., 142 Ind. 269 (14 N. E. 586); Rusch v. Davenport, 6 Iowa, 443. There are similar holdings in Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Texas and Vermont. In some of these states this rule has been changed by statute, and in others construed away by later decisions. In states holding to this doctrine, it naturally follows that a general denial was sufficient to admit the defense of contributory negligence. A large majority of the other states including Oregon hold generally that the defense of contributory negligence must be pleaded and proved by the preponderance of evidence, in order to be available. Indeed, the later holdings in the courts of some of the states which originally enunciated a contrary doctrine are to that effect, now, notably in Indiana, where a contrary rule has been established by statute, and in Louisiana, as *74shown by Pollich v. Cellars, 42 La. Ann. 623 (7 South. 786). So that it may safely be affirmed that contributory negligence is held by the great weight of authority to be a defense which must be pleaded and proved in order to be available, except perhaps in those rare instances where it conclusively appears from the testimony adduced by plaintiff.
2. This conclusion, while establishing the principle that contributory negligence to be available as a defense must be pleaded, still leaves open the question as to whether an answer which denies defendant’s negligence and alleges that the negligence of plaintiff contributed to or produced the injury, is sufficient to justify a defense of contributory negligence. In other words, must the defendant confess his own negligence before he can be permitted to prove the negligence of the plaintiff contributing to the injury? In our opinion, the fairer and better rule is that a plea of negligence by plaintiff is not inconsistent with a denial of defendant’s negligence, and that such plea is broad enough to admit evidence and an instruction on behalf of defendant, based upon the theory of contributory negligence.
“In Louisiana it is held that a plea of contributory negligence admits an issue of negligence on the defendant’s part. But if this means that a plea of contributory negligence is in the nature of a plea of confession and avoidance, admitting the negligence of the defendant, and avoiding it by showing that the plaintiff was also negligent, — then it is unsound and incorrect, unless in a special application to rules of pleading peculiar to particular states. The pleading of contributory negligence as a special defense is not inconsistent with a denial of the negligence of the defendant. The rule of the modern Codes which forbids the pleading of inconsistent defenses is therefore not violated by the defendant denying his own *75negligence and setting np the negligence of the plaintiff. Hence, the defendant cannot be required to elect between two separate paragraphs of his answer, one of which denies any negligence on his part, while the other sets up contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. A defendant may, then, both traverse the complaint and plead contributory negligence; but, as the defenses are distinct and different, they should be set out in separate paragraphs of his answer.” 1 Thompson on Negligence (2 ed.), § 390.
3. Assuming it to be established that a plea of contributory negligence is not a plea in the nature of confession and avoidance, and that a defendant may generally deny negligence and at the same time plead the contributory negligence of the plaintiff, the next question concerns the manner in which such negligence should be pleaded. Upon this point the writer is of the opinion that many of the courts have made the mistake of laying too great stress upon the term “contributory negligence.” The weight of precedent outside of this state is undoubtedly to the effect that the term “contributory negligence” indicates that there was some other negligence than that of the defendant, which tended to produce the injury, a conclusion logically opposed to the doctrine enunciated by Mr. Thompson, supra, and the authorities cited by him in support of it. The logical view is that there may be an act by a defendant, not in itself negligent, which coupled with the negligent act of an injured person has produced an injury to him; in other words, that the plaintiff by contributing to the lawful act of defendant a negligent act of his own has produced an injury. This case may furnish an example. It was a perfectly lawful and proper act for defendant to move its cars on the public streets. Such an act in itself could produce no injury. But *76if in addition to this fact, it should appear .that plaintiff negligently stepped off the car while it was in motion, and was thereby injured, it can fairly be said that the lawful and proper act of defendant in running its car upon the public street, plus the negligent act of plaintiff in alighting from the car when the same was so in motion, concurred to produce the injury, which could not have occurred had the car been standing still. Plaintiff’s contribution to the accident would be the negligent act of attempting to alight when the car was in motion. It was not negligence contributing to someone’s else negligence, but negligence contributing to an injury, the joint result of two acts, one lawful and the other negligent. These observations have no relation to the merits of the instant case except in so far as they serve to illustrate the contentions of the parties.»
The view above taken seems to coincide with that announced in Troll v. Cement Co., 160 Mo. App. 501, 509 (140 S. W. 963, 966), where the court said:
“It is certainly competent to employ the word ‘contributed’ where the proof tends to show that defendant’s negligence concurred with that of a third party, the act of Grod or a mere accident, and contributed therewith to produce the injury.”
See, also, Weingartner v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 19 Ky. Law Rep. 1023 (42 S. W. 839), in which an answer almost identical with that in the instant ease was held a sufficient plea of contributory negligence. It must be remembered that we are not now dealing with technical definitions of what constitutes contributory negligence, but with the question of what is a sufficient pleading to permit a party to offer proof and have an instruction on that subject.
*774, 5. Now that the old doctrine that it is a plea in confession and avoidance is practically discarded by the later decisions, it seems absurd to say that while under a plea that plaintiff’s negligence was partly the cause of the accident, defendant may offer proof and have an instruction upon the theory of contributory negligence of plaintiff, yet if he goes a step further and pleads that plaintiff’s negligence was wholly the proximate cause, his testimony to the effect that it was partly the cause must be disregarded. The reasoning which makes a part more comprehensive than the whole does not appeal to the writer’s sense of judicial logic. These remarks may partake somewhat of the nature of dictum, hut are intended to show that the opinion of the late Mr. Chief Justice Moore in Edlefson v. Portland Ry., L. & P. Co., 69 Or. 18 (136 Pac. 832), and the opinions of the late Mr. Justice Benson in Susznik v. Alger Logging Co., 76 Or. 189 (147 Pac. 922, Ann. Cas. 1917C, 700), and Tabor v. Coin Machine Mfg. Co., 85 Or. 194 (166 Pac. 529), are not so repugnant to logic and precedent as to justify this court in repudiating them, but, on the contrary, are in accord with progressive precedent and fair and liberal construction of pleadings. Such pleading does not tend to mislead plaintiff as to the defense contemplated or deprive her of any right to which she is entitled. Courts should as a rule be reluctant to sweep away a precedent of long standing. By these decisions we have encouraged the method of pleading here indicated, and said to the profession that it is sufficient. Indeed, it is highly probable that the answer in this case was drawn with the opinion in the Edlefson case in the mind of the pleader, and it is quite probable that other pleadings in like cases have been drawn with these opinions in *78view. It would be unjust and wholly inexpedient to adopt a different rule and thus mislead the profession, and especially where no substantial injustice has been or can be the result of the doctrine heretofore announced. The defendant was entitled to have an instruction on contributory negligence, and the failure to give it was error.
6. It is next suggested by the plaintiff that as the instructions given on the previous trial were identical with those given on the second trial and as there was no exception taken to them at the first trial and no request was made for an instruction on contributory neglig’ence, these questions have become res adjudícatele and cannot again be raised at any stage of the case, after the former appeal. This doctrine is stated in the following language:
“All questions that could have been raised on the first appeal are concluded by that decision and are res adjudicatae on a second appeal.”
This is a correct statement of the law, but the error lies in the application of it. Counsel confuse the term “first appeal” with “first trial.” The objection to the refusal of the court to give an instruction on contributory negligence was not involved on the first appeal, because no such instruction had been asked or refused. It was not in the record. Any question appearing in the record which could have been passed upon in the first appeal was concluded by the decision therein, whether it was actually passed upon or not, and this is as far as the decisions go. Upon a second trial counsel are not precluded from asking new or different instructions on points not suggested or urged by them on the last trial or saving exception to a refusal to give such instructions. Haynes v. Trento, 123 Mo. 326, 335 (27 S. W. 622), was a case *79similar in this regard to the case at bar; there, an instruction in favor of plaintiff had been given at the first trial and not excepted to or assigned as error. The judgment was reversed for error in other particulars and the case was remanded for retrial. Upon the second trial the same instruction was- given and at that time excepted to and assigned as error on appeal. The court held the instruction erroneous and reversed the case on account of it. And in answer to the objection that by failing to urge this objection on the first appeal the matter had become res adjudícala-, the court said:
“We can see no possible basis for holding defendant estopped to object to the instruction on this appeal, even conceding that the city did not object to it on the former one. The city may then have waived its right to a reversal on that point by not raising it, but it did not thereby consent to the same error at a later trial, or estop itself to then object to such error. ’ ’
The Oregon cases cited do not sustain plaintiff’s contention. In Hanley v. Combs, 60 Or. 609 (119 Pac. 333), there was no objection to the sufficiency of the pleadings on the first appeal. On the second appeal, with the same pleadings, a motion appeared for judgment on the pleadings. We held that because the case was here on a previous appeal with the same pleadings not objected to, it was too late to raise the question of their sufficiency on the second appeal. But in that case it was competent for the plaintiff to have raised the question of the sufficiency of the pleadings on the first appeal because the case was here and the pleadings were here; while in the present instance there was no request for the instruction which is the “bone of contention” here, and consequently no record which could have been considered here on *80tie first appeal. In tie case of Benbow v. The James John, 61 Or. 153 (121 Pac. 899), tie same conditions obtained and tie same ruling was made. Boti opinions proceeded on tie theory that because tie record was here and capable of being attacked on tie first appeal, it was too late to urge an objection on a second appeal which might have been presented upon tie first.
For tie reasons above given tie judgment must be reversed and tie cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and Remanded.
Burnett, C. J., and Harris and Rand, JJ., concur.