Case 28 — Action by Auditor's Agent in the Name oe the Commonmonwealth against Mahala Nute, to have Certain Property Assessed for Taxation.
March 25.
Commonwealth v. Nute.
APPEAL FROM FLEMING CIRCUIT COURT.
Judgment for Defendant and Plaintiff Appeals.
Reversed.
Taxation — Annuities— Amount Assessable— Present Worth — Back Taxes Recovery — Construction of Statutes — Limitation —'“Action.”
Held: 1. Where a widow, entitled to dower in certain real estate, conveyed her interest therein in consideration of an annuity of $500 per year, the present worth of such annuity, or the actual value of the obligation of the grantees valued according to the life tables, and not the annual payment, was the amount which the widow was required to, list for taxation.
2. Kentucky Statutes, section 2523, provides that limitations prescribed by the chapter shall apply to the Commonwealth as well as to private persons; and section 2515 declares that an action on a liability created by statute, when no other time is fixed, shall be commenced within five years after the cause o£ action accrued. Act May 23, 1890, p. 149, c. 1763, authorizes the recovery of taxes which could not he collected by ordinary methods of distraint and sale, but limits such actions to taxes assessed within five years; and section 4021 declares that the State’s lien on real estate for taxes assessed retrospetetivel'y is barred after five years. Held, that since, under section 469,. providing that the term “action” shall include all proceedings in any court, a proceeding by an auditor’s agent to recover back, taxes on an annuity was an action, it was barred after five years from the time when the property should have been assessed.
G. A. CASSIDY and B. S. GRiANNIS, attorneys for appellant.
Mahala Nute having a life estate in a farm, which, according to the life tables, was worth $4,000, sold in 1891, under a contract by which the purchasers executed to her their obligation to pay her on March 1, 1892, and each succeeding March 1 thereafter, so long as she lived, $500, which was secured by a lien on the land retained in the deed. The sole question on this appeal *240is, shall that obligation be taxed. The county court and the circuit court held the contract too indefinite for taxation, and from this ruling this- appeal is prosecuted.
.Section 4053, Kentucky Statutes, requires the owner and the assessor to list all the estate owned, at the price it would bring at a fair voluntary cash sale, and we invoke this rule in fixing the value of the obligation.
The estimate is easily made. The farm has a fixed value for the purposes of taxation, and by reference to the life tables, the exact value of her life estate therein can be found at a glance.
On September 15, 1890, Mahala Nute was seventy years old, and according to the tables, her expectancy was 10.06 years, and her contract for future .payments was as valuable as nine notes of $500 each, due March 1, 1892 to 1900, inclusive. Discount each of these notes for the time it would have to run and add the net values together and you have the value of the contract for September 15, 1890.
This calculation once made- will hold good for. each succeeding year so long as appellee lives, -simply taking her expectancy as the number of payments. The fact that she sold the farm, and the purchasers have paid the taxes on the farm, does not exempt her from paying on the obligation which she got in payment.
If we are correct the court below erred, and this cause should he reversed with directions to assess.
JOHN P. McCARTNEY, attorney toe appellee.
It is admitted that the taxes on the land sold by appellee have all been paid by the owners. The price of $500 per year is the purchase price of the land and can not in any sense be construed in the light of an annuity. The $500 which she ' received each year it is conceded, was listed by her m full when received, or so much of it as she lhad on haaid on the 15th •of September of each year after supporting herself. 6h© sent the assessor to the bank each year and listed all the money she had on each 15th of September, having her bank book squared on that day for that purpose.
An annuity is defined to be “a yearly payment of a certain sum of money granted to another in fee or for life, or for years, charging -the person of the grantor only. It differs from a rent charge which issues out of lands and is a charge agaihst them in the hands of the purchaser.” Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, Tol. 1, p. 592.
*241Petition fob eeheabing by CASSIDY & GRAiNNIS', fob commonwealth.
¥e concede that this proceeding is an action as contemplated hy our code and that to all actions under our present law some statute of limitations apply.
'We claim that the five years’ statute does not apply to this ease, and that no particular statute applies directly, and hence lit is only covered' by the omnium gatherum statute of ten yearisf limitation.
This is not “an action upon a liability created !by statute;” it is only an action of inquiry far' the purpose of .learning whether or not a liability exists, and until it is prosecuted to a judgment, and the assessment made, no liability exists.
It is comparatively easy for a designing tax dodger to cover up his investments for five years, whereas, death or changing circumstances make it hard for him to continué! the deception for double that time.
WiM. W. .SPAULDING, attobney foe commonwealth, on petition FOB EEHEABING.
The opinion of the court in this case changes the law of limitation as to retrospective assessments as it has stood for half a century. It is in fact in direct conflict with the well settled law as handed down by this court siiice the statute laws have authorized retrospective assessments.
My contention is, that the five year statute of limitations does not apply to retrospective assessments of personal property.
The opinion says that the doctrine enunciated is in conflict with the former opinions of this court, but -says that most of them were rendered when the statutes were different from these that now exist, and some of them are mere dicta. It was not therefore, as I take it, the intention of the court to overrule these former decisions, but is simply, so the opinion holds, a change of legislative intent.
Stare decisis. For fifty years "under statutes like .the ones we now have, this court has held that the five year statute did not apply to retrospective assessments. The law has become settled. It has become well understood and accepted by the lawmakers, the judiciary and the legal profession of the State. I submit that it is not wise now to overturn all this, and repudiate the doctrine that has obtained for half a century. No one should profit by his own wrong. It is wrong to hide property from assessing officers. The subject is the wronging party, *242the State the one wronged, all because of the concealment of the wronging .party. For these reasons I join with co-counsel for a rehearing.
AUTHORITIES.
First proposition. Secs. 469, 2523 and 2515, Kentucky Statutes; Act of May 23, 1890, sec. 4021, Kentucky .Statutes; Stanton’s Rev. Stat. of Ky., ed. of 1860, chap 63, see. 2, p. 127; B. & X Gen. Stat. of Ky., ed. of 1873, chap. 71, art. 3, sec. 2, p. 629; B. & F.’s Gen. IStat. of Ky., ed. of 1881, chap. 71, art. 3, sec. 2, p. 629; Gen. Stat. of 1887, chap. 71, art. 3, sec. 2, p. 891; B. & X Gen. iStat. of Ky., ed. of 1873, chap, 21, sec. 27, p. 247; B. & F. Gen. iStat. of 1881, chap. 21, sec. 27, p. 247; Gen. 'S'tat. of 1887, chap. 21, sec. 27, p. 295; sec. 2523, Kentucky 'Statutes; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Com., 1 Bush, 26,1; McAlister’s Exec. v. Com., 6 Bush, 581; L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Com., 85 Ky., 210; sec. 4241, Kentucky Statutes; C. & O. S:. W. R. R. Co. v. Grayson County, 8 Ky. 'Law Rep., 878; Lewis & Mason T. P. R. Co. v. Com., 8 Ky. Law Rep., 960; Louisville & Jeff. Ferry Co. v. Com., 57 S. W., 624, 22 Ky. Law Rep., 446; Same v. Same, 57 .S. W., 626, 22 Ky. Law Rep., 481; sec. 245 of the Constitution.
iSecond proposition. iShellenberger v: Ransom, 25 L. R. A., 566 (quoting 80 Ky., 309); Metropolitan Life In®. ICo. v. Trerude, 53 S. W., 412; sec. 2519, Kentucky Statutes; sec. 2523, Kentucky Statutes.
Opinion op the court by
JUDGE NUNN
Reversing.
On the 3d day of April, 1901, the auditor’s agent for Fleming county instituted this action or proceeding in the Fleming county court to have certain property belonging to appellee assessed for taxation, alleging that she had failed to assess the property as required by law. A trial was had in the county court, and that court dismissed the proceedings. The appellant appealed to the circuit court, and another trial was had. On this trial the proof showed the following facts: That appellee had, in each and every year, at the proper time, listed her money and all property owned by her, except the following annuity, obtained as follows: She iwas the owner of a dower interest in 218 acres of land, and on the 20th day of August, 1890, she .sold *243and conveyed her Interest therein to Charles Nute and J. B. Glasscock for and in consideration of the sum of $500, due and payable on the 1st day of March, 1892, and $500 each succeeding 1st day of March thereafter during the natural life of appellee. It is conceded. that she received $500 on the 1st day of March each year since that time on this contract, and paid the taxes thereon, or the balance on hand, on the 15th day of September each year. The circuit court dismissed the proceedings, from which judgment appellant appeals to this court.
The appellant contends that the appellee should have listed for taxation for each of the ten preceding years the present worth or the actual value of the obligation of Nute and Glasscock, valued under the life tables. We are of the opinion that the appellant was correct in its contention. The appellee!should have listed this obligation according to> its present value for each year according to the life table. If she had retained her dower interest in the land, she would have been compelled to pay the taxés on it, and this obligation represented her interest therein. There is a very important question involved in this proceeding, and in cases of like character, and that is as to whether or not there is any law as to limiting the time for retrospective assessments of property for taxation. This court is of the opinion that the statute laws of the State settlq the question that limitations do apply, and that property can not be retrospectively assessed for taxation for more than five years from the institution of a proceeding like this. Section 469 of the Kentucky Statutes is as follows: “The term ‘action,’ when used in this revision, shall be construed to include all proceedings in any court of this Commonwealth.” By this section it will be seen that this proceeding by the auditor’s agent to back-assess for taxes is an action within *244the meaning of the statutes. Section 2523 of the Kentucky statutes is as follows: “The limitations prescribed in this chapter shall apply to actions brought by or in the name of the Commonwealth, in the same manner as to actions by private persons, except where a different time is prescribed by some other chapter of this revision.” Section 2515 of the Kentucky Statutes of the same chapter as the above section, in so far as applicable to the question before us, is as follows: “An action upon a liability created by statute, when no other time is fixed by the statute creating the liability, . . . shall be commenced within five years next after the cause of action accrued.” Thus it will be seen, from the statutes quoted, that this proceeding is an action in the name of the Commonwealth, and for the benefit of the Commonwealth, and that the statutes of limitations run against it the' same as against a private person; that a liability created by the statutes is barred after five years from the accrual of the cause of action or proceeding, and, there being no provision in the statutes prescribing a different time for the commencement of proceedings of this kind, the five-year rule must apply. And there can be no question but that this proceeding is to enforce a liability created by statute, and comes within the rule prescribed by section 2515 of the Kentucky Statutes. Section 4021 of the Kentucky Statutes declares that counties, cities, etc., shall have a lien on the property assessed for the taxes, which shall not be defeated by gift, devise, sale or alienation, unless the gift, devise, etc., shall have been made for more than five years before the institution of proceedings to enforce the lien; and it also says that, when any land shall not be assessed in any one year, it may be assessed retrospectively for that year at any time not later than five *245years thereafter, but the lien thereby accruing shall not thereby prejudice the rights of purchasers, acquired in the meantime or before the assessment. It will be observed that this section is preserving the State’s lien for taxes and protecting innocent purchasers, and the sentence, “that land can be retrospectively assessed at any time not later than five years thereafter,” simply declares, as to lands, the general limitation law on the subject. By an act approved May 23, 1890 (page 149, c. 1763, Acts 1889-90, vol. 1), the Commonwealth was given power to institute and maintain actions to recover all taxes which had accrued or might thereafter accrue on property which could not be collected by the ordinary methods of distraint and sale, for the purpose of enforcing the State’s lien on the property, which for any reason, could not be sold. This had reference to railroads, waterworks, wharf property, and other like property. Said act concludes as follows: “But no action shall be instituted upon any claim for taxes that has been assessed or might have been- assessed more than five years before the commencement of same.” As will be seen, this act authorizes an action for the purpose of collecting taxes due the State on property which could not be sold under the ordinary methods; and, as to this class of property, the five-year limitation was declared, which agreed with the general limitation law for the assessment of property for taxation. It will hardly be contended that the Legislature intended by section 4021 and the act of 1890, above referred to, to give lands and the property referred to in the act of 1890 a preference over other property. We can see no reason why the State, counties, etc., should be allowed to retrospectively assess for taxation money, notes, bonds, horses, mules, cattle and other personal property, without any limitation as to time, and be limited to five *246years in retrospectively assessing lands, railroads, waterworks, wharf property in cities, and other like property; and we do not believe that the statutes referred to will authorize any such construction. We are aware of several decisions of this court in the past holding or seeming to hold the contrary opinion, but the most of them were rendered when the statutes were different from those that now exist, and some of them were mere dicta. But all such as are in conflict with this opinion are no longer authority on the question herein decided.
For these reasons, the case is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith.
Whole court sitting.
Petition for rehearing by appellant overruled.