delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action wherein the plaintiffs seek to recover damages from the city of Butte on account of the dumping of ashes and garbage in the streets and alleys adjacent to their home. The complaint alleges that the defendant is a municipal corporation; that the plaintiffs are the joint owners of certain lots located in the residential portion of' the city of Butte upon which they have erected a home, and other valuable improvements, and where they have resided since about the year 1913; that they have the right to the use and enjoyment of the air about said premises in a pure and uncontaminated condition and to the free and unobstructed use of the streets and highways about the same for ingress and egress; that the defendant, as a municipal corporation, has the power to regulate the deposition and removal of garbage in the streets and other public grounds of said city; that it had constructed an incinerator for the burning of garbage which was maintained at great expense, and that for more than nine years it had collected and removed garbage from certain sections of the city; that notwithstanding the construction and maintenance of such incinerator, the defendant had continuously since the year 1915 carried large quantities of garbage and offensive matter to the streets and other premises located at distances varying from 200 to 1,500 feet from the plaintiffs’ house and had there dumped and burned many tons of the same each month; that by reason of these conditions millions of flies and other insects gathered and bred about the plaintiffs’ premises, and the air became contaminated with noxious odors and smells, all of *105which were detrimental to the health of plaintiffs, depreciated the value of their property, and constituted a nuisance. In paragraph 8 it is alleged that “By the acts hereinbefore mentioned the defendant has diminished the reasonable market value of plaintiffs’ said premises and dwelling-house by more than $1,800.” And in paragraph 9 it is alleged that “By the acts of the defendant as aforesaid, the plaintiffs have been -injured, annoyed and discomforted and damaged in the sum of $25,000.” The prayer of the complaint is for the sum of $26,800.
To this complaint the defendant demurred upon the grounds, amongst others: (1) That the same did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action; (2) that causes of action had been improperly united, in that the plaintiffs were seeking to recover in one cause damages for injuries to persons and also damages for injury to property. The demurrer was overruled by the court. A trial was had which resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of plaintiffs, from which the defendant has appealed.
Numerous errors are assigned, but we deem it necessary to consider only the first one, viz., that the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the complaint.
As to the contention that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, we think it is without merit. Section 8642, Revised Codes of 1921, declares: “Anything which is injurious to health; or is indecent or offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, * * ® is a nuisance.” It is admitted that the facts alleged in the complaint bring the case within that definition, but it is urged that by reason of subdivision 7 of section 5039, Revised Codes of 1921, whieh provides, “The city or town council has power * ® * to regulate the deposition and removal of ashes, garbage, and other offensive matter in any street, alley, or on public grounds, # # # ” the acts of the city in making deposition of the ashes and garbage, as alleged, *106were done under express authority of law, and therefore it could not be held that it was maintaining a nuisance, by reason of the provisions of section 8645, Revised Codes of 1921, which reads, “Nothing which is done or maintained under the express authority of a statute can be deemed a nuisance.”
The general rule is that in grants of authority to municipal [1, 2] corporations, authority to commit a nuisance will not be implied, but must be expressed, and in the use of their private property they are subject to the same rules as individuals. (Brower v. New York, 3 Barb. (N. Y.) 254; Sadler v. New York, 40 Misc. Rep. 78, 81 N. Y. Supp. 308.) When the use and enjoyment of a legislative grant does not necessarily and naturally create a nuisance, but the nuisance results from the method of the use and enjoyment, the grant constitutes no defense. (20 R. C. L. 503.) The fact that section 5039, supra, gives a city the power to regulate the removal and deposition of garbage and offensive matter does not give it the right to so deposit the same as to create a condition which would be injurious to the health, or indecent, or offensive to the senses, and interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. Such a result would not naturally or necessarily follow from the grant of such a power.
The allegations of the complaint show that the plaintiffs [3] suffered special personal injury, annoyance, discomfort and damage, and also that their property was depreciated in value by the acts of the city in disposing of the garbage and other offensive matter in the manner described. It follows that they had a right to maintain their action for any damages thus sustained under the provisions of section 8654, which specifies the remedies against a private nuisance as either a civil action or abatement. (Chessman v. Hale, 31 Mont. 577, 3 Ann. Cas. 1038, 68 L. R. A. 410, 79 Pac. 254; Murray v. City of Butte, 35 Mont. 161, 88 Pac. 789.)
From what has been said above it is apparent that the complaint states a cause of action and there was no error in overruling the general demurrer.
*107Coming now to a consideration of the second ground of the [4, 5] demurrer, to-wit, that causes of action have been improperly united in that the plaintiffs seek to recover damages in one action for injuries to persons, and also damages for injuries to property, attention is directed to paragraph 8 of the complaint, which alleges that, “by the acts hereinbefore mentioned, the defendant has diminished the reasonable market value of plaintiffs’ said premises and dwelling-house by more than $1,800,” and to paragraph 9 thereof, which alleges that, “by the acts of the defendant as aforesaid, the plaintiffs have been injured, annoyed and discomforted and damaged in the sum of $25,000,” and also to the prayer of the complaint in which the plaintiffs ask judgment for the total amount of the two sums mentioned, namely, $26,800. It is shown by these allegations that plaintiffs seek to recover for damages to their property and also, independently thereof, damages for the personal injuries, annoyances and discomforts suffered on account of the acts of the defendant.
Our statute, section 9130, Revised Codes of 1921, provides as follows: “The.plaintiff may unite several causes of action, legal or equitable, or both, in the same complaint, where they all arise out of * ® * (6) injuries to person; (7) injuries to property. The causes of action so united must all appear on the face of the complaint to belong to one only of these classes, and must affect all the parties to the action. # * * ’ ’
In McLean v. Dickson, 58 Mont. 203, 190 Pac. 924, this court quoted with approval the following language from Adkins v. Loucks, 107 Wis. 587, 83 N. W. 934: “The infallible test by which to determine whether a complaint states more than one cause of action is: Does it present inore than one subject of action or primary right for adjudication?”
The allegations of the complaint under consideration disclose the invasion of two primary rights of the plaintiffs for which they were entitled to relief: (1) For the injuries, annoyances, discomforts and damages suffered by them personally, they could have maintained an action against the defendant irre*108speetive of any injuries to their real property (Fort Worth & Rio Grande Ry. Co. v. Glenn, 97 Tex. 586, 104 Am. St. Rep. 894, 1 Ann. Cas. 270, 65 L. R. A. 818, 80 S. W. 922; Hughes v. City of Auburn, 21 App. Div. 311, 47 N. Y. Supp. 235; Coates v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co., 1 Cal. App. 441, 82 Pac. 641; Hosmer v. Republic Iron & Steel Co., 179 Ala. 415, 43 L. R. A. (n. s.) 871, 60 South. 801; Cushing-Wetmore Co. v. Gray, 152 Cal. 118, 125 Am. St. Rep. 47, 92 Pac. 70); and (2) likewise they could have maintained an action against the defendant for damages to their real property irrespective of injuries to their persons (Casebeer v. Mowry, 55 Pa. 419, 93 Am. Dec. 766).
Under the express provisions of the statute, however, plaintiffs could not join their action for injuries to their persons and injuries to their property in the same complaint, and for this reason the court erred in overruling the demurrer upon the second ground stated. This determination renders it unnecessary to consider any of the other specifications of error alleged by the defendant.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the district court of Silver Bow county, with directions to sustain the demurrer to the complaint upon the second ground stated.
Beversed and remmded.
Mr. Chief Justice Callaway and Associate Justices Cooper, Holloway and Galen concur.