This was a bill in chancery, filed by Bartlett Graves and Harvey Gregg against Rufus Jenison, David E. Wade, Samuel Jenison, and Stephen Brown. The cause was submitted to tbe Circuit Court upon bill, answers, and proofs; and that Court rendered a decree against Rufus Jenison, David E. Wade, and Samuel Jenison, as to apart of the complaint against them, and dismissed the bill as to Brown, but without costs. The defendants have appealed to this Court.
It is stated in the bill, that, in 1818 or 1819, Rufus Jenison, one of the defendants, gave his notes to Bartlett Graves, one of tbe complainants, for the sum of 533 dollars; that, in 1820, he gave to Thomas Buckner, the assignor of Harvey Gregg, the other complainant, his note for the sum of 170 dollars; that, soon after tbe giving of these notes, Rufus Jenison, the maker, became insolvent: that he was, at the time of his insolvency, possessed of a' tract of land in Kentucky on which he resided, but which he had previously mortgaged to David E. Wade, one of the defendants, for the security of a bona fide debt; and that, about the time of his becoming insolvent, he sold and conveyed all his interest in this land to Wade, the mortgagee. The bill states that, in 1823, when Rufus Jenison relinquished all his claim to the land, Wade advanced to him 100 dollars, in order that he might afterwards purchase other land in Indiana; that, in the spring of 1824, Rufus Jenison, with these 100 dol*442lars, came to this state, and purchased a tract of land in Marion county; that, to defraud his creditors, he took the title in the name of Wade; that, soon afterwards, he removed with his family from Kentucky, settled on this land where he made valuable improvements without any contract with Wade, and became possessed of considerable personal property.
The bill states that, in 1825, It!¡/its Jenison, to defraud his creditors, executed a bill of sale of his personal properly to Daniel Pattingall,—still keeping possession of the same; that, in 1826, when an execution was levied on this personal property, it was fraudulently bought in by Benjamin Atherton with money furnished to him by Rufus Jenison, in whose possession it continued to remain; that Thomas Buckner, afterwards, commenced a -.suit against Rufus Jenison on the note for 170 dollars, and, in the spring of 1827, whilst this suit was pending against him, the defendant, for the further protection of his property from execution, went to Cincinnati and obtained in the name of his son Samuel, one of the defendants, who had lately become of lawful age, a deed from Wade for the land on which he, Rufus Jenison, and his family resided,—his son, the grantee, paying no consideration for the land, and not being present when the deed was executed; and that, upon Rufus Jenisoii’s return from Cincinnati, he fraudulently sold all his personal property to his son Samuel, taking from him a lease for the same property, and for the land conveyed by Wade on which they resided, at the annual rent of 150 dollars.
The bill states that, in October 1827, Thomas Buckner recovered judgment for 187 dollars, and Bar.tlett Graves recovered judgment for 433 dollars with interest, against Rufus Jenison, in the Marion Circuit Court; that Graves also, about the same time, recovered judgment against him before a justice of the peace for 164 dollars; that an execution issued on the judgment of the justice in the same month of October, and was levied on a variety of personal property in the possession of Rufus Jenison; that this property was claimed by Samuel Jenison, the right thereto tried by a jury, and, with the exception of a brown mare, found to belong to the execution-debtor, Rufus Jenison; that the property, the mare excepted, was then sold by virtue of the execution to Samuel Jenison, and the amount of the sale paid over by the constable to Samuel Jenison, as *443landlord of the premises, in part discharge of two quarters’ rent alleged to be due him from his father; .that the brown mare, found by the jury to belong to Samuel Jenison and which had been delivered to him by the constable, was in reality the property of Rufus Jenison, and liable to. the payment of his debts. The bill states that the judgment obtained by Buckner against Rufus Jenison, is, by assignment, the property of Gregg} one of the complainants; that, in 1828, the complainants, Graves and Gregg, took out executions on their judgments rendered in the Marion Circuit Court against Rufús Jenison; and, there being no goods and chattels, the executions were levied on the real estate on which Rufus Jenison resided, and which had been conveyed to his son by Wade; and that the rents and profits being first offered and not selling, the fee-simple in the land' was sold by -the sheriff to the complainants for the sum of' 200. dollars.
The bill further states, .that, in the spring of 1826, Samuel Jenison, at the request and as the agent of his father, Rufus Jenison, purchased of George Dolbaiv a, tract of land in Marion county for 125 dollars; that the payment was made with the property, the money, and the labour of Rufus Jenison, whilst Samuel vras a minor, living with his father;,and that the deed was taken in Samuel's name, to evade the payment of the debts due from Rufus Jenison to the complainants; .The bill further states, that Samuel Jenison.has converted to his own use the personal property which he fraudulently bought- of and leased to his father; that he has concealed other.personal property of Rufiis Jenison's from his creditors; and that he has been in the possession, and enjoyed the rents and profits, of the land purchased in the name of Wade, since Wade conveyed the same to him. The bill further states, that, in November, 1826, Rufus Jenison purchased from the United Slates, and paid for, two other tracts of land situated in Marion county; but, to defraud his creditors, took the title in. the name of Stephen Brown; that these lands arc the bona fide • property of Rufus Jenison, and in his possession; and that Stephen Brown' has, since the date of the complainants’ judgments, kept concealed in his possession personal- property belonging to Rufus Jenison, for the purpose of fraudulently protecting it from the complainants’ executions. .
*444The prayer of the bill is, 1st, That the land purchased by Rufus Jenison of the United Stales, in the name of Wade, may be adjudged to have been Rufus Jenison's at the time of the sheriff’s sale to the complainants; that that sale by the sheriff may be confirmed, and the complainants put into possession of the land; and that Samuel Jenison may be obliged to account for the rents and profits. 2dly, That the land bought by Samuel Jenison of George Dolbair, and that bought by Rufus Jenison of the United States in the name of Stephen Brown, may be adjudged to be the property of Rufus Jenison, and made subject to the judgments of the complainants. 3dly, That Samuel Jenison and Stephen Brown may be compelled to account for the personal property of Rufus Jenison, fraudulently protected by them from the complainants’ executions.
To this bill of complaint, the defendants have all filed their answers.
The answer of Rufus Jenison is as follows. Ho admits that he gave the notes to the complainants, and that judgments were obtained upon them, as set out in the bill. He states that he formerly owned a farm in Kentucky, which, in 1816, he mortgaged to David E. Wade, one of the defendants, to secure the payment of 1,100 or 1,299 dollars, borrowed money; that in 1.819, he sold the farm to Wade for 600 dollars, besides tbe mortgage money; that he then leased the farm of Wade for four years at 240 dollars per annum, which was to be re-conveyed to him, should he, at the end of the term, pay Wade 1,700 dollars besides the rent; that, in 1823, being unable to redeem the land, he gave up the possession to Wade, and cancelled the agreement to re-convey, in consideration of Wade's releasing certain rents and other demands due to him. He says that, at tbe time he was coming to Indiana, he received from Wade 100 dollars, with a request to purchase for Wade 80 acres of land; that he bought the land accordingly, and afterwards came and occupied it with the permission of Wade as a tenant at will; that he had no knowledge at the time he received the money, or at the time he took possession of the land, as to what disposition Wade intended to make of the property. He says that his son Samuel Jenison, one of the defendants, was 21 years of age on the 25th of September, 1826; that he had certain perquisites arising from the defendant’s farm in Kentucky, and that *445when he came to this state, the defendant gave him his time, and the privilege of transacting business for himself. He says that, in the spring of 1827, he applied to Wade, at Cincinnati, to ascertain whether he would not sell the land occupied by the defendant to his son Samuel; that Wade refused to sell it to Samuel, but said he would give it to him; and that Wade, accordingly, executed a deed for the land to Samuel Jenison, and delivered the same to the defendant, who afterwards delivered it to the grantee.
This defendant, Rufus Jenison, denies that he either purchased, or requested his son Samuel to purchase, any land of George Dolbair. On the contrary, he avers that the purchase was made against his advice and consent; that he furnished no part of the consideration, and has no interest in the property. He denies all knowledge of one of the tracts of land, charged to have been bought by h'im in the name of Stephen Brown, one of the defendants; but he admits that he did purchase, in Brown’s name, the other tract described in the bill.' He says, however, that he purchased it merely as the agent of Brown, and paid for it with Brown’s money; that he has no, interest in it, and never had it in possession. He denies that any of his personal property was ever concealed by Brown, for the purpose of securing it from execution. This defendant admits, that, in April, 1827, he leased of his son Samuel the land conveyed by Wade, and also the personal property mentioned in the bill; that Samuel had previously, on the same day, bought this personal property of him; and that it remained in the defendant’s possession, until it was levied on and sold by virtue of an execution in favour of one of the complainants. He admits, also, that, in 1825, he sold the most of his personal properly to Daniel Pattingall; and,, at the same time, kept it in his own possession; and that afterwards, when an execution against the defendant in favour of one of the complainants, was levied on this property, Benjamin Atherton, with the defendant’s money and at his request, bought it in for him.
The answer of David E. Wade is as follows. This defendant makes the same answer with Rufus Jenison, as to the debt due to him from Jenison, as to the mortgage given to him for its security, and as to his subsequent purchase of Jenison’s farm. He says that he would have rather had a return of the money *446lent to Jenison, than a conveyance of the farm; but that it was impossible for Jenison to make payment. He states that he furnished Rufus Jenison 100 dollars, to buy for- him, this defendant, thelandmentioned in the bill; that Jenison made the purchase for him as his agent; and that the purchase-money for this land was all paid by him, this defendant, without any contract with Jenison, and without Jenison's paying or agreeing to pay any part.of it. He states further, that he intended, at the time of the purchase, to make a present of the land in question to Samuel Jenison? that he'has since executed and delivered a deed to him for it; and that neither Rufus Jenison, nor Samuel Jenison, ever-paid him o'r contracted', to; pay him one cent for this land'.. ’' ; •
The following is the answer of Samuel Jenison. This defendant’s statement,is the same with Rufus Jenison’s respecting-his ago, his privileges in Kentucky, and his right to receive the, profits of his labour and' trade for himself, given to him by his father since their removal to this' state. He makes a similar statement, also, lo that of his father, relative to Wade’s, execution of a deed to him for the land mentioned in the bill, without his.paying any consideration for the same. He says that, in October, 1828, he purchased of George Dolbair the tract .of land mentioned in the bill, for the sum of 125 dollars, and has since paid for it with his own labour and funds. He sets out particularly the various items of payment, and, among other things, the payment of 50 dollars by clearing land for 'Dolbair. He says that he was 21 years of age before he made this purchase; that it wus not made at,-the instance, of his father, but in opposition to,his advice; and that his father paid ho part of the consideration. This defendant admits, that the, personal property mentioned in the lease to his father, except a brown-mare, was purchased by him of his father on' the same day on which the lease is dáted; that this property, the mare excepted, was in possession of his father, both before and after the purchase and lease; that the same .continued in his father’s possession until it was levied on and sold by virtue of an execution, in favour of one of the .complainants, against his father; and that the constable paid over the proceeds of thé sale to the defendant as landlord of the premises. He says that the *447brown mare, alleged in the hill to he his father’s, belongs to himself, and was bought by him of John S. Moultin.
The answer of Stephen Brown as to the purchase of land for him by Rufus Jenison, and as to his concealment .of Jenison's goods, is the same with the answer of Rufus Jenison. - He denies that Rufus Jenison, or any of his family, ever had any interest, legal or equitable, in the land bought by him for this’ defendant; and he denies, also, that he ever- concealed any of Rufus Jenison1 s property from his creditors.
After-the filing of these answers, the complainants filed an amendment.to their bill, which was-answered by three of the defendant's, Ifis unnecessary, however, to notice particularly these latter proceedings, as they furnish no additional matter material to .-the decision of -the cause.'
The first question which this case presents for our consideration is,—Whether the. land purchased in the name of Wade, and conveyed by him to Samuel Jenison, is subject to the judgments of the complainants against Rufus Jenison?
The bill admits, that the legal title to this land was vested in Wade by a patent from the United States. The complainants contend, however, that the land was paid for with the money of Rufus Jefiisort; and that; therefore, the beneficial interest and real ownership are in him. The law -is admitted, that where one man buys land-with his own money,-and takes the deed in the name of another, -a trust results by implication in favour of him who paid the jnoney. Boyd v. M'Lean, 1 Johns. C. R. 582; It is only the question of fact, in this case, as to whose, money was paid,‘that is in dispute between these parties. The . answers of Wade . and Rufus Jenison deny the trust.,- and aver the land to have been bought with the money of Wade. The answer of Wade. placeé the case on very strong ground against the complainants. Tt is even said by , a respectable writer to be doubtful, whether the answer of the trustee, denying such a trust, can be contradicted by parol testimony.- Sugden on Vendors, p. 415. It is-decided in New-York, however,, that parol evidence is admissible -under these circqmstanccs; but the Chancellor says, that if the point were res integra, he would not admit-the evidence. Boyd v. M'Lean, 1 Johns. C. R. 582. The claim, in this case, is opposed'by the face of the patent, and by the answer-of the trustee.-' These,, we-agree, *448may be contradicted by parol evidence, but to succeed against them, the clearest and the strongest testimony must be produced.
The defendants’ counsel inquired, in the argument, whether Rufus Jenison could have established a trust, in this case, against Wade? and contended, that if he could not, his creditors cannot. We have looked into the record before us, with a view of finding an answer.to this question; but our search has been in'vain. The complainants say, that the purchase-money belonged to Rufus Jenison. Where, we ask, is the evidence of that assertion? The onus probandi lies on the complainants. There have been, to be sure, a great number of witnesses examined; but there is not one of them, who pretends to any direct knowledge on the subject. The complainants rely entirely on presumptive proof. They show that Rufus Jenison was .the actor in delivering the money to the receiver of the land-office; that he settled on the land with his family soon after the purchase; that he made considerable improvements, as if the land were his own. They show that - Wade, three years after the purchase, conveyed the land, without consideration, to the son of Rufus Jenison; and that Rufus Jenison, after this, executed a relinquishment of ground for a road through the land. They show, also, several fraudulent attempts of Rufus Jenison, whilst living on the premises, to secure his personal property from his creditors. From these circumstances we are called on to presume, that Rufus Jenison paid his-own money for this land, and that it therefore is his property.
In opposition to this circumstantial proof, Wade relies on his patent from the United States for the land; and also upon his answer, in which he expressly denies the trust, and avers that he bought-the land with his own money, through the agency of Rufus Jenison.
With this statement of the principal grounds relied on by the parties, we refer again to the question,—Could Rufus Jenison, under these circumstances, have established a trust-estate in the premises against Wade? We certainly think not. Even in ordinary cases, where the material allegation of the bill is denied, circumstances like those herd relied on, would of themselves be of no benefit to the complainant. A bill, when denied, must be proved by at least two witnesses, or by one witness *449and corroborating circumstances. Smith v. Brush, 1 Johns. C. R. 459.—Stat. 1824, p. 285.—Green et al. v. Vardiman et al. Nov. term, 1830. There is not, in the present case, a single witness directly proving the material allegation in the bill; and it is impossible, therefore, that the circumstantial proof relied on, could have shaken the legal title of Wade, and the positive denial of the trust contained in his answer. If, then, the testimony be not sufficient to enable Rufus Jenison to establish the trust in question, a fortiori, it cannot enable the complainants, his creditors, to do so. In deciding the title of Wade to be valid, we put an end to the complainants’ claim to the land under consideration. Wade, as the legal and beneficial owner, had a right to make a present of the land to Samuel' Jenison, and the latter has a right to hold it, without either of them being accountable to the creditors of Rufus Jenison.
The next question to be examined is,—Whether the land purchased by Samuel Jenison from George Dolbair, is subject to the judgments against Rufus Jenison?
The charge is, that this land was bought by Samuel Jenison, a minor, for his father Rufus Jenison; and that the latter paid for it, and is the real owner. This is opposed, 1st, by the deed from Dolbair to Samuel Jenison, in which the purchase-money is stated to have been paid by the grantee; and 2dly, by the express denial of these defendants. The answer of Samuel Jenison avers, that he bought the land for himself, after he became of lawful age, in opposition to his father’s advice; and that he paid for it with, his own labour and funds. The complainants produce no evidence that can, in the slightest degree, affect this defence. They principally rely upon some work, done by two of Rufus Jenison’s minor sons in aid’ of Samuel Jenison, whilst he was clearing land for Dolbair, in part payment for the land previously purchased. These young men who thus assisted their brother, it is proved, had the permission of their father to work and trade for themselves; and they were employed by their brother Samuel to assist him in the performance of this work, and were paid for their labour by him. No title, surely, can be claimed for Rufus Jenison to any part of this land, on the ground of his having paid a part of the consideration by this labour of his minor sons.
The father, it is true, may claim the services of his children, *450whilst they are under lawful age, and are supported by bim. 1 Bl. Comm. 453. But, we conceive, he may relinquish that claim at any time, and when he does, the profits of his children’s labour belong to themselves. The property acquired by a minor son, in such case, is as much his own, as if it were a legacy bequeathed to him; and it cannot be seized by the creditors of the father. Besides, these young men were employed by their brother Samuel Jenison, and performed the labour for him; and even if the father were entitled to the profits of their work, still he could have no claim for the same, but on the person who had employed them. It would have been the same case, had Rufus Jenison himself been hired by his son Samuel to do this work, in part payment for the land; or had he even, bona fide, lent Samuel a sum of money to assist him in the payment. In neither of these cases, would the father be considered as paying part of the purchase-money, from which a trust pro tanto could result to him. His claim would be alone on his son for the work done or the money lent.
We conclude, therefore, that the complainants have no claim on the land purchased of Dolbair by Samuel Jenison.
The third question in this cause is,—Have the complainants any claim on the laud bought in the name of Stephen Brown?
There are two tracts of land, charged in the bill to have been purchased by Rufus Jenison with his own money, and the titles to have been fraudulently taken by him in the name of Brown. This charge is denied by the answers of these defendants, Rufus Jenison and Brown. Of one of the tracts of land, they have no knowledge. The other was bought for Brown, according to the answers, in the name and with the money of Brown, by his agent Rufus Jenison. To avoid the statement in the answers,—viz. that Brown furnished the purchase-money,— the complainants say, the money was lent by him to Rufus Jenison, and has been re-paid to him by the labour, for a year, of one of the minor sons of Rufus Jenison. The only proof on this subject is, that, Soon after the purchase, Rufus Jenison, junior, a minor son of Rufus Jenison, did work a year for Brown. But it is also in evidence, that this labour was for the young man’s own benefit; he having, at the time, a general permission from his father to work for himself. The contract between young Jenison and Brown was, that the former should receive *451from the latter 100 dollars for the year’s work, to be paid in land or money. Brown, afterwards, paid the young man in money for the work he had done, who gave about one-half of the amount to his father, Rufus Jenison, and expended the other half for clothes and other necessaries for himself. This transaction is, therefore, very satisfactorily explained; and the inference which the complainants would draw from it,—viz. that the money was Rufus Jenison’s which paid for the land bought in Brown’s name,—has no foundation in the facts of the case.
We come now to the last point in this tedious cause. The bill charges Samuel Jenison and Stephen Brown with concealing, or converting to their own use, the personal property of Rufus Jenison, for the purpose of defrauding his creditors. There is no doubt, that if these defendants have fraudulently-placed any of the goods of Rufus Jenison out of the reach of the complainants’ executions, they may be compelled to account for the property in a Court of chancery. Hendricks v. Robinson, 2 Johns. C. R. 283, 296. This part of the bill, however, like the other parts of it already noticed, is not sustained by the evidence. The charge is denied, in their answers, by these defendants, Brown and Samuel Jenison. There is no evidence whatever, on this subject, against Brown. It appears, with respect to Samuel Jenison, that, about the time he became of age, he bought a mare of Moultin, which he kept on the farm occupied by his father. An execution in favour of one of the complainants was levied on this mare, butj ori a trial of the right of property, she was adjudged to be Samuel Jenison’s. The answer also of Samuel Jenison, avers the mare to be his own, and to have been paid for by himself; and there is no proof to the contrary. It further appears that Samuel Jenison did, at one time, buy the personal property belonging to his father, and then lease it to him, with the fraudulent intent of placing the same beyond the reach of executions against his father. The scheme, however, did not succeed. The property was afterwards levied on and sold, by virtue of an execution in favour of one of the complainants against Rufus Jenison. The contemplated fraud, therefore, failed in its purpose; and, of course, the complainants sustained no injury by it. It is true, the proceeds of this sale appear to have been afterwards paid over by *452the officer to Samuel Jenison, for rent due to him as landlord of the premises on which the debtor lived. But as to that, no fraud was proved. Samuel Jenison was, as has been already shown, the bona fide owner of the farm on which his father lived, and had a right to claim the proceeds of the execution-sale, in payment of the rent due to him.
Brown, Morrison, and Caswell, for the appellants.
Fletcher and Gregg, for the appellees.
There is clear proof of fraudulent purchases of Rufus Jettisons personal property by Pattengall and Atherton, as charged in the bill; but it is not shown that these fraudulent transactions benefited any of the defendants, or injured either of the complainants. The property, after these purchases, continued, as before, in Rufus Jenison's possession; and was subsequently sold, on an execution against him, issued by one of the complainants.
We have now gone through the whole of this cause, and are satisfied that neither the land purchased for Wade by Rufus Jenison,—nor the land purchased for himself by Samuel Jenison,—nor the land purchased for Brown by Rufus Jenison,—is subject to the judgments of the complainants against Rufus Jenison. Wo are also satisfied, that no personal property has been fraudulently protected from the complainants’ executions against Rufus Jenison, either by Samuel Jenison or by Brown. The opinion of this Court, therefore, is,—that the complainants have no foundation for tbéir hill; and that the same should have been dismissed by the Circuit Court, at the costs of the complainants.
The decree is reversed with costs. Cause remanded to the Circuit Court, with directions to dismiss the bill, &c.