436 F. Supp. 939

Salvatore James RAFFONE v. Sgt. Daniel SULLIVAN, Milford Police Department, et al.

Civ. No. N-76-141.

United States District Court, D. Connecticut.

Sept. 8, 1977.

Bruce W. Thompson, New Haven, Conn., for plaintiff.

*940Robert E. Beach, Jr., Asst. State’s Atty., New Haven, Conn., Barney Lapp, and Daniel R. Schaefer, Asst. Attys. Gen., Hartford, Conn., for defendants.

RULING ON DEFENDANT GRASSO’S MOTION TO DISMISS

NEWMAN, District Judge.

In this civil action for damages brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 plaintiff, a state prisoner, claims that he was illegally abducted from the state of Florida and brought to Connecticut to stand trial while he was in the process of fighting extradition from Florida to Connecticut. He was subsequently convicted in Connecticut and is now incarcerated here. Defendant Ella Grasso, Governor of the State of Connecticut, moves to dismiss on several grounds. Since her argument that the complaint fails to state a cause of action is persuasive, there is no need to discuss the other grounds raised, and plaintiff’s discovery motions become moot.

Most of the cases that have discussed the issue have held that there is no cause of action under § 1983 for an improper or even illegal extradition,1 although there is some authority to the contrary.2 Since our Circuit has not ruled on the issue, a fresh look is in order.

The Constitution imposes upon each state an obligation to extradite a fugitive found within its borders to the state from which he has fled upon proper demand from that state. This constitutional provision, Art. 4, § 2, cl. 2,3 is implemented by 18 U.S.C. § 3182.4 Yet neither the constitutional provision nor the federal statute establishes the details of the procedure for effecting extradition. This task has been left to the states themselves. Almost all the states, including both Florida5 and Connecticut,6 have adopted the Uniform Crimin.1 Extradition Act. This statute sets up certain procedural safeguards for the benefit of the accused, including a requirement that he be

taken forthwith before a judge of a court [having criminal jurisdiction in this the sending] state, who shall inform him of the demand made for his surrender and of the crime with which he is charged, and that he has the right to demand and procure legal counsel; and if the prisoner or his counsel shall state that he or they desire to test the legality of his arrest, the judge of such court shall fix a reason*941able time to be allowed him within which to apply for a writ of habeas corpus.7

Violation of these safeguards may give rise to a cause of action for false arrest or false imprisonment in the asylum state, whose law was breached.8 But since the safeguards derive from state rather than federal law, § 1983 does not provide a remedy for their breach.

But wholly apart from whatever procedural protections a fugitive may have under the law of the state that gives him asylum, he has some degree of protection under the Fourteenth Amendment as well. The time-worn rule that illegality in bringing a defendant into a jurisdiction does not impair the power of that jurisdiction to prosecute him9 has given way in our Circuit to more modern conceptions of due process. United States v. Toscanino, 500 F.2d 267 (2d Cir. 1974). Toscanino applied the rule of Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S.Ct. 205, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952), to hold that due process would be violated if a defendant had been brought into the prosecuting jurisdiction “as the result of the government’s deliberate, unnecessary and unreasonable invasion of the accused’s constitutional rights.” 500 F.2d at 275. Conduct sufficiently “shocking to the conscience” to require invalidation of a conviction on due proces grounds also supports a cause of action under the Civil Rights Act. Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028 (2d Cir. 1973), cert. denied sub nom. Employee-Officer John v. Johnson, 414 U.S. 1033, 94 S.Ct. 462, 38 L.Ed.2d 32 (1973). If plaintiff had alleged brutal or outrageous conduct comparable to that alleged in Toscanino, he would have stated a cause of action.

But even on the most liberal reading of this pro se complaint, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), plaintiff has not alleged this type of conduct. The most the complaint alleges is that plaintiff was taken into custody on the extradition warrant and transferred to the custody of Connecticut officials before he had exhausted his statutory challenges to extradition. The proceedings, though irregular if the allegations of the complaint are accepted as true, lack “any allegation of that complex of shocking governmental conduct sufficient to convert, an abduction which is simply illegal into one which sinks to a violation of due process.” United States ex rel. Lujan v. Gengler, 510 F.2d 62, 66 (2d Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 1001, 95 S.Ct. 2400, 44 L.Ed.2d 668 (1975). As in Lujan, and in contrast to Toscanino, 10 “but for the charge that the law was violated during the process of transporting him” to Connecticut, plaintiff “charges no deprivation greater than that which he would have endured through lawful extradition.” 510 F.2d at 66. See also United States v. Lira, 515 F.2d 68 (2d Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 847, 96 S.Ct. 87, 46 L.Ed.2d 69 (1975).

It is conceivable that there are some circumstances short of outright governmental brutality that could give rise to a civil rights cause of action for illegal extradition. If plaintiff had been acquitted upon his rendition to Connecticut, and if he could show that he was removed from Florida to Connecticut without probable cause, he *942might have a Fourteenth Amendment claim for the deprivation of liberty he suffered from the illegal arrest, detention, and transportation to Connecticut. Cf. Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 18 L.Ed.2d 288 (1967). But wholly apart from the problems plaintiff would encounter if he attempted to challenge probable cause in the face of an unreversed judgment of conviction,11 he does not even allege that the arrest and subsequent extradition were effectuated without probable cause. Under these circumstances he has no claim for damages under the Civil Rights Act.

Accordingly, the complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a federal claim, without prejudice to whatever rights the plaintiff may have under Florida or Connecticut law in the courts of those states. Judgment may enter for all defendants.

Raffone v. Sullivan
436 F. Supp. 939

Case Details

Name
Raffone v. Sullivan
Decision Date
Sep 8, 1977
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436 F. Supp. 939

Jurisdiction
United States

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