delivered the opinion of the Court.
In the bill of complaint filed in this case, the appellant asks for annulment of his marriage to. the appellee on the ground that he was forcibly and without his consent married to the appellee, and that at the time of the marriage appellant was in such a mental condition that he was. entirely unconscious of what was being done and was incapable of entering into a valid marriage contract. These allegations were denied hy the answer. It would serve no good purpose to recite in detail the testimony in the case. The preponderance of the testimony tends to show the following facts:
That appellant and .appellee became acquainted in December, 1920, while they were employed at Springfield Hospital, he as attendant and she as nurse. She left there about Easter of 1921 and word to her home near Westminster, and he, a little later, got a position as attendant at the Foster Clinic at Catonsville. They became attached to each other, and some time in March; and from that time on, they had illicit intercourse, and she became pregnant early in June, whereupon he promised to- marry her and appointed a day in June, hut gave some excuse for not keeping this appointment and suggested a postponement until July. On July 22nd, 1922, appellee and her mother went to- Catonsville to see appellant, to find out what he was going to do. He requested them to get a marriage license, saying he was busy and could not well leave his work, promising to come to appellee’s home to be married at five o’clock on the afternoon of Saturday, July 23rd. He did not come, so- the following eveningappellee set out with her brother, Peter Blum, and his wife, in his car, to go to. appellant’s home to find out. why he had not kept his appointment. Something happened to the car, so they stopped at Westminster and asked appellee’s brothers, Henry and Irvin Blum, who. had gone there in the Blum family car, to take them the rest of the way. In passing Mr. Shipley’s place they noticed appellant’s car in the yard, and correctly surmised that he was calling on Miss Iva Ship*418ley.- Stopping there, Peter Blum knocked at the door and Miss Shipley answered. He asked for George, and George went outside with him. There appears to have been quite a dispute and considerable of .a scrimmage, in the course of which George declined to go with them to bo married, and ran to his car on the side where there was no door, which, according to Peter, made him suspect that George wa's reaching over for his pistol, whereupon Peter drew his and flourished it in the air. Just what happened there it is difficult to figure out, but all the Blums deny George’s story that he was hit on the head and rendered unconscious, and that he was taken to Westminster in that condition of mind, and went through the ceremony oblivious to all that was going on. He is corroborated only by the testimony of his room-mate,. Zimmerman, that when he got back to Catonsville he had a knot on his head as big as a hen egg, and his trousers were torn and he had no hat. Bev. Mr. Edwards, the Methodist Protestant Minister at Westminster, who performed the marriage ceremony, testified that he saw nothing unusual about George; there was nothing about his clothes that indicated a struggle; that he answered the questions as rationally, promptly and intelligently as he had ever had people answer them; that after the ceremony they were leaving the parlor quietly and George reached in his pocket and pulled out a five dollar bill, “and placed it in my hand.”
There does not seem to be much doubt that at Shipley’s George protested against entering into the marriage state that night, and that he would have gotten away if some pressure had not accompanied the arguments that were used to make him see his duty. But when the dispute ended he got into the boys’ car, sat on the back seat with Miss Blum, and Irvin drove the car with Mrs. Peter Blum beside him. Peter and Henry went ahead in George’s car. Irvin, the only man. besides George in the bridal car, does not seem to have taken much, if any, part in the dispute before starting. Possibly he might have been willing to let George out if he had con-*419tinned to protest. But it does not appear that there was any unpleasantness or any objection made by George on the way. Again he might have made some effort to escape while Peter was going to look for a minister; or, if there was no chance then, he certainly could have protested when brought in the presence of the minister with only Peter and the two ladies present besides himself.
The cases hold that the duress must exist at the time of the actual ceremony, so as to disable tbe one interested from acting as a free agent, and protest must be made at that time. See Lawless v. Chamberlain, 18 Ont. 296, where plaintiff alleged that he was forced into the marriage by intimidation and threats, and it appeared that he at first protested, hut that hv his- subsequent conduct- he displayed a readiness to assist in the preliminary and final details, submitted to the proposed method of procedure, and intelligently forwarded its- accomplishment. See also Jackson v. Winne, 7 Wend. (N. Y.) 47; Schouler's Domestic Relations (5th ed.), sec. 23 and cases there cited; Wimbrough v. Wimbrough, 125 Md. 619; 14 Cyc. 596. The violence or threats- must he- of such a character as to- inspire a just fear of great bodily harm. 18 R. C. L. sec. 38; 43 L. R. A. 814; Wimbrough v. Wimbrough, supra.
The force or duress- must be also tbe directly inducing cause of entering into tbe marriage, and if a person, although threatened with violence, refuse to enter into the marriage by reason of such threats, and only consents to the marriage after an appeal has been made to bis honor, the marriage is valid. 18 R. C. L. sec. 38; 9 L. R. A. 505; 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 803.
Peter Blum’s testimony is that George said, “You can’t coax me or drive me, I am as stubborn as a mule, I will go of my own free will.”
All of those wdio were present except George say that he said ho was willing to go. George’s own testimony show’s that lie was not afraid of Peter and bis brothers, in fact, 1hat *420he Was able to take care of himself against all of them. He does not claim that he was induced to enter into the marriage by fear of bodily harm, but that at the time of the ceremony he was in such a mental state, resulting* from a blow on the head, that he was unconscious of what was g’oing on. As we have said, this contention is practically unsupported. Indeed, by the overwhelming weight of the evidence, he was fully capable of comprehending what he was doing.
In the case of Seyer v. Seyer, 37 N. J. Eq. 213, the Vice Chancellor said: “It may he said that when the Court is' satisfied that ante-nuptial incontinence has taken place, the charge of threat or menace unlawful, or fraud or duress, must be most fully and satisfactorily established before the Court will annul tire marriage.” (Appellant denies casual knowledge; but he also denies close relations, of any sort, or seeks to minimize them, contrary to all the other evidence including his own acknowledged letters). In Rooney v. Rooney, 54 N. J. Eq. 233, the Chancellor said: “It is hardly necessary to cite authority for the position that a complainant who comes into court under the circumstances above stated, and asks a decree of nullity, the result of which is to declare one whom he has sworn to love and cherish as a wife to be no more than a concubine, and her offspring, the fruit of the unlawful communion (born pending the suit), a bastard, must prove his case with the utmost strictness.” The above passages are quoted with approval in Wimbrough v. Wimbrough, supra. But even if it could be found from the evidence, either that the .marriage was contracted, as he contends, while appellant was not in a mental condition to give valid assent to it, or was. induced by fear of bodily harm — in neither event would such a finding avail him anything, because voluntary consummation is established by the overwhelming weight of the testimony. That he went with his wife to her home after the ceremony and spent the night with her in her room, is sworn to by six or seven witnesses and contradicted by no one except the appellant, and by the indi*421reel testimony of his room-mate, Zimmerman, that appellant returned to Catonsville at half past three o’clock the morning following the wedding. And there is the explicit testimony of the wife that they had intercourse that night.
A marriage contract which when entered into was voidable merely, may be ratified by the parties by cohabitation as husband and wife after the condition which made it voidable has ceased to exist. This rule has been applied in cases of duress. 18 R. C. L. section 78; 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 305, and note; L. R. A. 1916 C. 704; L. R. A. 1916 C. 706, note; Tiffany, Dom. Rel. 10, 14 & 15. Certainly there was no such restraint upon the appellant in this case as to compel him to consummate the marriage. He admits that consciousness returned before they left Westminster. This is entirely different from the ease of Avakian v. Avakian, 69 N. J. Eq. 89, cited by apellant, where the party submitting under duress was a girl fourteen years old.
The principle that application for nullification in case of duress must be made promptly, and before a consummation of the marriage by voluntary cohabitation, is recognized in Ridgely v. Ridgely, 79 Md. at p. 307.
The application was not made in this present case until after appellant had been indicted fox failure to support his wife.
Decree affirmed, with casts to appellee.