The following opinion was delivered by the vice chancellor, at the time of making the decretal order appealed from :
The execution of the mortgages is admitted in this case ; that is to say, the answer admits that Bailey, the president, affixed the seal of the corporation. This also appears by his deposition, taken on the part of the defendants, and he supposed that he acted under the proper authority in so doing. This is abundant proof that the mortgages were executed by the company. Proof that the common seal was affixed, by no matter whom, is enough; (1 Kyd on Corporations, 268; Brounker v. Atkyns, Skin. 2 ;) a fortiori where it is affixed by the head officer of the corporation. In neither case is it necessary to show that a majority of the corporation agreed to the act. Sealing a deed is enough, *57even without delivery, in the case of an aggregate corporation. (1 Kyd on Corp. 268. 1 Ventr. 257. 3 Keb. 307.) It is not necessary, therefore, to inquire whether a corporate deed can be acknowledged within the statutes of registry. The bonds are duly proved by W. F. Osgood ; and the mortgagees admit the consideration to have been the purchase money;
B. F. Butler, for the appellants.
There is no sufficient proof of the execution of the mortgages by the corporation, and the bill should therefore have been dismissed. And if the mortgages are considered as proved; the defendants, on the facts stated in their answer in response to the bill, and on the proofs, are entitled to reduce the principal to $7606, and to a correction of the conveyance in respect to the streets;
P. A. Cowdrey, for the respondent.
The bonds and mortgages, mentioned in the pleadings, were duly executed by the defendants, the Steam Saw Mill Association, under their corporate seal; and they cannot be impeached for the mere want of consideration i nor if they could, have they been so impeached;
The only defence which the association can set up, in avoidance of their bonds and mortgages, is, that the consideration upon which they were founded has failed, or that it was an illegal one, or that they were obtained by fraud, Neither of those defences can be sustained ; nor can the defendants avail themselves, by way of offset, of any alleged *58breach of the covenant to convey the demised premises, because, 1. A claim for these damages, if any such exist, must be presented by a cross-bill; 2. The damages for any supposed breach of this covenant are unliquidated and uncertain ; 3. The covenant to convey one-half of the street in front of the lots, was substantially performed by the conveyance of the lots bounded upon the streets, which gave to the grantees the right of way and left in the complainant a fee of mere nominal value; 4. The covenant to convey having been executory, and consummated by the deed subsequently given, the covenant was thereby virtually cancelled; and 5. The lease was actually cancelled by the authorized agent of the association.
*57Without inquiring whether the defence set üp by the answer, in avoidance, would be a valid one in equity, it is enough to say that the facts of the defence are altogether unsupported by proofs The answer is not under oath, and therefore is a mere pleading. It is not evidence, except where it makes against the defendants, even if in making the defence it could be taken as responsive to the bill.
It is unnecessary to detail the matters contained in the depositions. They do not establish a single fact set up in defence.
The first question presented in this case is as to the due execution of the mortgages. On the part of the appellants it is insisted, that the answer of the corporation, under the corporate seal, is evidence in their favor, so far as it is responsive to the bill; and that their denial of the authority of the president to affix the seal to these mortgages rendered it necessary for the complainant to show such authority. In the case of Haight v. The Proprietors of the Morris Aqueduct, (4 Wash. C. C. Rep. 601,) the late Judge Washington decided that the answer of a corporation, under its corporate seal, was sufficient to prevent the granting of an injunction, or to warrant a dissolution of the injunction if it had been granted; and he also intimates an opinion that such an answer would avail the corporation as evidence at the hearing, in the same manner as if put in by an individual under oath. The contrary, however, has been decided by this court, in the case of The Fulton Bank v. The New-York & Sharon Canal Company,(1 Paige’s Rep. 311,) and in several other cases; and the decisions of this court upon that point appear to be sustained by the opinion of the supreme court of the United States, in the case of The Union Bank of Georgetown v. Geary, (5 Peters’ Rep. 111,) although the question was not expressly decided there. Mr. Justice Thompson, in delivering the opinion of the court in that case, says, “ Although the reason of the rule *59which requires two witnesses, or circumstances to corroborate the testimony of one, to outweigh the answer, may be founded in a great measure upon the consideration that the complainant makes the answer evidence by calling for it; yet this is in reference to the ordinary practice of the court, requiring the answer to be on oath. But the weight of such answer is very much lessened, if not entirely destroyed as matter of evidence, when unaccompanied by an oath. And indeed we are inclined to adopt it as a general rule, that an answer not under oath is to be considered merely as a denial of the allegations in the bill, analogous to the general issue at law, so as to put the complainant to the proof of such allegations.” This is unquestionably the correct view of the matter. The answer of a corporation, without oath, where the complainant does not require it to be sworn to or supported by the sworn answer of the officers of the corporation, cannot be said to answer the double purpose of a pleading to put the material matters of the bill in issue, and of an examination of the defendant for the purpose of obtaining his evidence in support of the complainant’s allegations ; and it is for the latter purpose alone that the complainant makes a witness of his adversary in the cause.
Considering this answer then as a mere pleading, to put in issue the allegations in the bill and to set up new matters in defence of the suit, I think the complainant has proved all that was necessary to entitle him to a decree for the foreclosure of these mortgages; and the defendants have not established the defence of fraud, or of a want of consideration, which are set up in the answer.
The legislature never could have intended to require the deed or mortgage of a corporation to be recorded, as a necessary requisite to the preservation of the rights of the grantee or mortgagee against subsequent purchasers or incumbrancers, and at the same time to deny to him the power of having his deed or mortgage proved or acknowledged in such a manner as would authorize the same to be recorded. The act of April, 1813, under which these mortgages were acknowledged and proved, required that a deed of real estate, to entitle it to be recorded, should be duly ac*60knowledged by the party executing the same, or be proved by a subscribing witness thereto; and the same provision, substantially, is contained in the revised statutes. (1 R. L. 869, § 1. 1 R. S. 756, § 4.) And I think these mortgages were acknowledged by the party executing the same, and proved by a subscribing witness thereto, within the meaning of the statutory provisions on this subject. Where a deed is executed by the attorney of the grantor, lawfully authorized, he is the party executing the same, who may make the acknowledgment; and such has been the uniform construction of the statute. So also, the officer or agent of a corporation, who executes a deed in the name of the corporation by affixing thereto the impession of the common or corporate seal entrusted to his care, is the party executing the deed ; as it is impossible that a corporation aggregate should execute or acknowledge a deed in person. The officer of the corporation entrusted with its common seal, and who subscribes his name to the deed as the evidence that he is the person who has affixed the common seal to the same, stands also in the character of a subscribing witness to the execution of the deed by the corporation ; and may be examined by the commissioner of deeds to prove that the seal affixed by him is the common seal of the corporation, whose deed the conveyance or instrument to which it is affixed, purports to be. The seal of a corporation aggregate affixed to a deed, is of itself prima facie evidence that it was so affixed by the authority of the corporation ; especially if it is proved to have been put to the deed by an officer who was entrusted by the corporation with the custody of such seal. (See 1 Kyd on Corp. 268; and Angel & Ames on Corp. 115,) And it lies with the party objecting to the due execution of the deed, to show that the corporate seal was affixed to it surreptitiously or improperly; and that all the preliminary steps to authorize the officer having, the legal custody of the seal to affix it to the deed, had not been complied with. (Clarke v. The Imperial Gas Light & Coke Company, 4 Barn. & Ald. Rep. 315. 1 Nev. & Mann. Rep. 206, S. C.) In this case, therefore, the bonds and mortgages under the corporate seal of the company, which *61was affixed to them by the president who had the legal custody of such seal, were prima facie evidence that the whole amount secured thereby was justly due; and it lay with the defendants to establish the fact, by legal proof, that there was fraud in obtaining them, or that the seal was improperly placed upon the bonds and mortgages, and without authority.
There is no evidence that the right of the complainants to the half of the streets was omitted with any fraudulent intent; or that he agreed to sell the leasehold premises to the corporation, on a credit of five years, at the same price at which he had covenanted to sell them to the lessees, provided the money was paid within a few months thereafter; and for aught that appears in this case, the rent reserved in the lease, or something else, may have formed a part of the consideration of the mortgages. Since the decision of the court for the correction of errors, as to the equitable rights of the grantees of urban property, bounded upon streets, to have such streets kept open for their benefit, it is of but little consequence whether there was or was not an express grant of the complainant’s right to the half of the adjacent streets, contained in the deed.
So much of the decree of the vice chancellor as adjudges and decrees that the bonds and mortgages were duly executed by the appellants, upon full, adequate and legal consideration, must be affirmed with costs, to be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the mortgaged premises, if such proceeds shall be sufficient for that purpose after paying the complainant’s debt and costs in the suit; and if not, the balance of such costs are to be paid by the appellants.
It was out of the usual course to direct a reference in this stage of the suit, to ascertain the rights of the junior incumbrancers, who had not appeared and answered ; and it will subject the appellants to some extra costs to have the cause set down for hearing a second time, upon the equity reserved. The appellants may, therefore, if they desire it, have that part of the decree modified, so as to direct a reference merely to ascertain what is due upon the complainant’s bonds and mortgages, and for a sale in the usual way, *62upon the coming in and confirmation of the report; and to have the surplus proceeds of the sale brought into court and deposited in the trust company, after paying the complainant’s debt and costs, until the rights of the junior incumbrancers can be settled by a reference, under the 136th rule of the court. But if the appellants do not wish such a modification of the decree, the whole must be affirmed, and the proceedings remitted to the vice chancellor.