This is a proceeding by-the city of New York to acquire title to property along the Harlem river between Two Hundred and Fifth and Two Hundred and Sixth streets in the borough of Manhattan, for the uses of the department of street cleaning for the purposes of a housing station. The property in question is described and shown by the damage map as extending “ easterly along the southerly side of 206th Street one hundred, and fifty (150) feet, to the high water line of the Harlem River, as fixed, determined upon and established and duly approved by the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of the City of New York by resolution adopted October 19, 1916; thence southerly along said high water line to the northerly line of West 205th Street.” Notwithstanding this description of the premises as a water lot, it has been held that the property should be valued as an interior parcel having no connection with the water and not as a water front parcel with riparian rights. No compensation having been awarded for riparian rights, the question is whether claimant has any such rights, and, incidentally, if claimant has such rights, whether the value is more than nominal.
The city’s contention rests on the fact that on July 25, 1916, one Butterley, who was then the owner of a considerable tract of land fronting on the Harlem river, including the parcel in question, entered into an agreement with the city of New York fixing and determining the line of high water in front of the upland as a straight fine or lines in pursuance of the provisions of section 818a of the Greater New York charter, and that in pursuance of the provisions of section 205 of the charter of the city, the city sold and conveyed to the upland owner lands under water inside of the high-water line thus established; and purchased from the upland owner the lands owned by him outside of such line, thereby exchanging lands under water inside such line for lands outside of such line.. The result was that Butterley *72parted with °a portion of his lands not actually contiguous to the water in the sense that they were above the natural line of high water. The line thus established is conventional and artificial and has no immediate relation to the natural line.
By the deed of exchange made between the parties Butterley conveyed to the city “ All the right, title and interest of the parties hereto of the second part in and to all the land and land under water, situate, and being in the Borough of Manhattan, City of New "York, and lying easterly of the hereinbefore mentioned and described boundary line and between the northerly fine of West 202nd Street, and the southerly boundary line of West 206th Street.
“ Together with the appurtenances and all the estate and rights of the said party of the second part in and to said premises,-” and the city made a similar conveyance to Butterley of the premises lying west of the line.
A riparian owner is one who owns to the ripa or bank of a river; one who owns to high-water mark. Riparian rights are incident to such ownership, passing with the transfer of the land, 'although not designated as such in the conveyance. Title thereto may not be taken without compensation. In general terms they connote the right and profit to the owner of the upland arising from its connection with the water, such as the easements of passage and use, subject, however, to governmental regulation for the improvement of navigation. (Matter of City of New York, 168 N. Y. 134; Appleby v. City of New York, 235 N. Y. 351; Matter of Appleby v. Delaney, 235 N. Y. 364.) They are not dependent upon ownership of the shore and are the same whether or not the riparian owner owns the soil under water.
As between the parties, prior to the agreement and exchange of rights, ButterleyV upland extended to the natural high-water fine, while the city, subject to the power and control of the Federal government, owned the *73lands under water, the bed of the river, below high-water mark, in trust for the public for the purposes of navigation. By virtue of such agreement and exchange, his upland extended to and was limited by the agreed high-water line. The object of the statute and the transactions between the parties under it obviously was to establish a definite line of division between the upland, which might be devoted to any lawful use, and the lands under water which the city might improve for the benefit of navigation. Butterley remained a riparian owner. The parties, as appears by the terms of their agreement, had in contemplation the improvement of navigation which would again bring the lands of the riparian owner attingent on the water, so that the owner might construct bulkheads along the arbitrary lines of high water as thus fixed. Appurtenant to what Butterley conveyed to the city were all rights of riparian ownership incident to the lands conveyed. Appurtenant to what the city conveyed to Butterley were all rights of ownership incident to such lands. Butterley retained all his other riparian rights and they passed to claimant as his successor in title. An artificial boundary line between the riparian owner and.the city was substituted for the natural line. The effect doubtless was to make claimant’s access to the water of less value than it would be if the land inside the artificial line was actually rather than theoretically contiguous to the water. Without passing on the elements of damage involved in the taking of claimant’s riparian rights at this time, it is clear that they are of value even though such value might be destroyed by the improvement of navigation without compensation to abutting upland owners. They have not been so destroyed and, perhaps, never will be. The city is taking title to claimant’s lands for municipal purposes, not destroying their value incidentally and consequentially by exercising its dominant right to improve the adjacent waters for the purposes of navigation.
*74On the question of evidence of sales of neighboring lands with riparian rights,- after title to claimant’s land had vested in the city, we are of the opinion that such evidence might have been received but that no legal error was committed in excluding it.
Orders appealed from reversed, with costs in all courts, and proceeding remitted to the Special Term to consider and award compensation to claimant as a riparian owner.
Hiscock, Ch. J., Cardozo, Crane, Andrews and Lehman, JJ., concur; McLaughlin, J., absent.
Orders reversed, etc.