195 Or. App. 72 96 P.3d 1251

Argued and submitted February 12,

reversed and remanded September 1, 2004

FABRICATION & TRUCK EQUIPMENT, INC., a Washington corporation, Appellant, v. Roger M. POWELL; TaskMaster Equipment, LLC, an Oregon limited liability company; and Liberties Unlimited, Inc., an Oregon corporation, both individually and as partners, Respondents.

990676; A120008

96 P3d 1251

*73Neil H. Robblee argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellant.

Claud Ingram argued the cause and filed the brief for respondents.

Before Haselton, Presiding Judge, and Linder and Ortega, Judges.

HASELTON, P. J.

*74HASELTON, P. J.

Plaintiff appeals, challenging the trial court’s allowance of motions for directed verdicts against plaintiffs claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, and violation of the Washington Farm Implements Act (WFIA), RCW 19.98.008-19.98.912. As described below, we conclude that the court erred in withdrawing the breach of contract and warranty claims from the jury based on alleged deficiencies in plaintiffs proof of lost profits. Regardless of any such deficiencies, plaintiff presented legally sufficient proof of other types of damages recoverable under those claims. We further conclude that the trial court erroneously applied choice of law principles in granting a directed verdict against plaintiffs statutory claim—and, particularly, in determining that plaintiffs proof of that claim, which alleged a violation of the WFIA, must meet the qualitatively different, and more rigorous, requisites for recovery under an analogous Oregon statutory scheme. See ORS 646.415-646.455 (2001), amended by Or Laws 2003, ch 466, § 1. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial on all claims.1

A directed verdict is appropriate if, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Rutter v. Neuman, 188 Or App 128, 133, 71 P3d 76 (2003). We recount and review the facts consistently with that standard.

Plaintiff operates an agricultural equipment sales business known as Washington Auto Carriage (WAC) in Spokane, Washington. WAC’s market extends to Washington, northern Idaho, and Montana. WAC has never engaged in business in Oregon.

*75In August 1997, defendant Roger Powell was forming Task Master Equipment, LLC (TME), a tractor wholesale business in Millersburg, Oregon, and he sent a letter to WAC’s president and general manager, Clifton King. In the letter, Powell invited WAC to become a dealer of Task Master brand tractors. Powell also sent a dealership application and a brochure describing the quality of the tractors. The brochure explained that the tractors were made in China but that final assembly and some modifications were performed in the United States; the tractors were described as “dependable,” “strong,” “trouble free,” and easily repaired “with simple hand tools.”

King was interested in Powell’s dealership offer and, after some preliminary communications, he traveled to Oregon to meet Powell and test the tractors. After that meeting, in December 1997, Powell sent another letter to King, again inviting WAC to become a Task Master dealer. The following month, King decided to purchase four tractors from TME with the understanding that, to do so, WAC would be required to become a Task Master dealer.

On January 15, 1998, WAC ordered two 30-horse-power tractors from TME, paying $20,002.50.2 On the same day, TME sent WAC a written dealership agreement. King refused to sign the agreement because he was concerned that the dealership territory established by the contract was too limited. He expressed his concerns to Powell, and, according to King, the two orally agreed to proceed with the dealership arrangement and to “work out” their remaining issues over time. King believed that WAC had become a Task Master dealer.

In February 1998, WAC received delivery of the two tractors that it had ordered, paying $430 in freight costs. Although the $20,002.50 purchase price included two loaders,3 when the two tractors were delivered, only one was pre-fitted with a loader.

*76Later in February 1998, King took one of the tractors to a “home and yard” show in Spokane, where it leaked oil. When King contacted Powell about the leak, Powell claimed that he was unable to send a service person to fix the problem and asked King to have his own employees work on the repairs. The problem was far from easily repaired “with simple hand tools.” Indeed, Powell could not supply a necessary replacement part, and WAC’s “ASE certified master mechanic” had to completely disassemble the tractor, expending 25 hours of labor, to fix the leak. Although WAC performed the repair work on the tractor, Powell assured King that TME would take overall responsibility for the problem. Despite the oil leak, WAC continued in its efforts to market the tractors, expending considerable money on advertisements and fliers directed to its customer base.

In July 1998, WAC sold that tractor to a customer for $13,500. Sometime after the sale, the purchaser called WAC to complain that the tractor had numerous problems, including an oil leak. King arranged to bring the tractor back, removed the loader, and placed it on the second tractor. He then delivered the second tractor to the customer. Soon after, the customer called to complain of numerous problems with the second tractor. In the meantime, King was in contact with Powell about the problems, and Powell arranged to bring a third tractor to the purchaser. That tractor, also, suffered from various mechanical defects and was inoperable. Ultimately WAC returned the purchaser’s money and lost the sale. Still, Powell told King that TME would address the problem. Despite Powell’s promises, however, King began to suspect that TME would never take responsibility for the defective tractors.

By March 1999, TME had not resolved the problems, replaced the tractors, or refunded WAC’s money. That month, Powell told King that TME would not, in fact, fix the tractors and, when King demanded that TME return the purchase price, Powell refused. King then wrote to TME revoking acceptance of the tractors.

In April 1999, plaintiff filed this action. The operative complaint at the time of trial, plaintiffs fourth amended *77complaint, alleged six claims for relief. The first claim, for breach of warranty, alleged that defendant sold WAC malfunctioning tractors knowing that WAC needed operable tractors to successfully market and sell ancillary agricultural products and implements and “was relying on it to provide farm tractors suitable for resale.” Plaintiff sought damages in excess of $50,000, including return of the purchase price, freight costs, accrued interest, and lost profits. The second claim, for breach of contract, sought the same relief. Plaintiffs third (“piercing the veil”), fourth (“agency”), and fifth (“partnership”) claims each alleged, with necessary variation, that each defendant shared the liability of any other defendant with respect to the underlying transactions. Plaintiffs sixth claim, brought under the WFIA, sought $27,000, representing the “fair market value of the [t]ractors,” as well as $150,000 in damages for “loss of business” and “lost sales.”4

The case was tried to a jury in September 2002. Kang was plaintiffs only witness. On the first day of trial, King testified to the facts recounted above and, as relevant to this appeal, also testified regarding several aspects of WAC’s alleged damages. King first testified that WAC paid $20,002.50 for the two tractors and spent $430 on freight, and exhibits were admitted supporting that testimony. Next, Kong stated that TME’s breach resulted in WAC’s inability to secure another tractor dealership agreement and harmed WAC “to the amount of $250,000” between March 1998 and March 2003. He then testified that “separate and apart from” those damages, WAC suffered losses amounting to $78,170, *78which represented combined losses attributable to not having attended two trade shows in 1999 and 2000. Finally, King testified that the $78,170 figure included $3,500 of net lost profits for each of the two tractors.5

During the presentation of plaintiffs case-in-chief, the court engaged in protracted colloquy with counsel on two matters. First, the trial court expressed considerable skepticism and concern as to whether plaintiff had sufficiently substantiated its claimed lost profits resulting from the lost sales of the two tractors, the lost future sales of tractors, and the lost sales of other items, e.g., snow plows, at trade shows.6 Second, the trial court expressed its belief that plaintiffs statutory claim, while alleging a violation of the WFIA, must, instead, satisfy the requirements of a claim under the analogous Oregon statutes—which, as noted, see 195 Or App at 77 n 4, required that the dealership agreement be in writing, unlike the WFIA, which provides that such an agreement may be either oral or written. Compare ORS 646.415(7) (2001) with ROW 19.98.010. That belief was, in turn, predicated on the court’s assumption that, under a choice of law *79analysis, Oregon had the “most significant relationship” with the transactions.

At the conclusion of plaintiffs case, defendants made a variety of interrelated motions directed against the claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, and violation of statutory protections for farm implement dealers. The procedural posture is convoluted, but, based on our review of the record, we understand that the trial court ultimately (1) dismissed plaintiffs breach of contract and breach of warranty claims based on its determination that plaintiffs proof of lost profits was so confusing as to be legally insufficient;7 and (2) dismissed plaintiffs statutory claim because plaintiff had proved only an oral dealership agreement, and not a written agreement as required under Oregon statutes.

On appeal, plaintiff challenges both of those bases for dismissal. Plaintiff argues that, contrary to the court’s determination, its evidence of lost profits was legally sufficient. Plaintiff further asserts that, in all events, the trial court erred in dismissing the breach of contract and breach of warranty claims in their entirety because plaintiff presented sufficient evidence substantiating other aspects of its claims, including the purchase price of the defective tractors and *80related freight costs. Finally, with respect to its statutory claim, plaintiff asserts that the court’s choice of law analysis was erroneous. In particular, plaintiff contends that, while the Washington and Oregon statutes are both designed to protect farm implement dealers from overreaching by suppliers, each state’s statutory protections are limited to its own resident dealers—that is, a Washington dealer cannot obtain relief under the Oregon statute. Consequently, the court erred in applying the requirements of Oregon law to plaintiffs Washington statutory claim.

For the reasons that follow, we agree that, even assuming that plaintiffs proof of lost profits was deficient, plaintiff presented sufficient evidence of other recoverable elements of damages, precluding dismissal of the breach of contract and breach of warranty claims in their entirety. We further conclude that the trial court erred in its application of choice of law principles in assessing the sufficiency of plaintiffs proof of its statutory claim.

Where, as here, the allowance of the motion for a directed verdict was based on the insufficiency of proof of damages, “we will review to see if there is a complete absence of proof of damages.” Springer v. Haugeberg, Rueter, Stone & Gowell, P.C., 124 Or App 2, 5, 860 P2d 912 (1993), rev den, 318 Or 582 (1994) (citation omitted; emphasis added). Here, there was no such “complete absence.” We understand—and, indeed, to some extent share—the trial court’s frustration with the imprecision of some aspects of plaintiffs proof of damages. Nevertheless, even assuming, without deciding, that plaintiffs proof of lost profits was insufficient, the fact remains that plaintiff did present proof of other recoverable components of damage. As noted, King’s testimony established that WAC paid $20,002.50 for the two tractors and an additional $430 in freight costs. That evidence would not have required the jury to engage in impermissible speculation or guesswork in awarding those items of damage. Consequently, regardless of the sufficiency of plaintiffs proof of lost profits, the court erred in granting directed verdicts against the claims for breach of contract and breach of warranty.

*81The trial court similarly erred in dismissing plaintiffs statutory claims under the WFIA. That error resulted from the trial court’s incorrect application of choice of law principles and, particularly, its resort to a “most significant relationship” analysis.

Whatever the applicability of choice of law principles when a plaintiff asserts a statutory claim under the law of a nonforum state, there was no cognizable conflict between Oregon law and Washington law in this case. That is so because, while the WFIA is designed as a sort of farm implement dealer “lemon law,” to protect Washington resident dealers of farm implements, see RCW 19.98.100 (describing statutory purpose); RCW 19.98.120 (prohibited conduct); RCW 19.98.140 (dealer remedies), the analogous Oregon provisions are designed to protect only Oregon resident dealers. See ORS 646.415(6) (2001) (defining “retailer” as “any person engaged in the business of retailing farm implements, machinery, attachments or repair parts within the State of Oregon”); ORS 646.415(7) (2001) (defining “retailer agreement” as, inter alia, a written contract between “a supplier and a retailer”); ORS 646.451 (2001) (describing remedies available to “[a]ny party to a retailer agreement”).

Thus, plaintiff was not within the class of persons protected under the Oregon statutes and could not have obtained relief under those statutes. Given that plaintiff could not have invoked the Oregon statutes and, concomitantly, that Oregon has no interest expressed in its farm implement dealer statutes or otherwise, in regulating remedies available to nonresident retailers against Oregon wholesalers of farm implements, the court erred in requiring plaintiff to prove the existence of a written dealership agreement under ORS 646.415(7) (2001). See generally Stubbs v. Weathersby, 126 Or App 596, 604, 869 P2d 893 (1994), aff'd, 320 Or 620, 892 P2d 991 (1995) (“There is no choice of law issue if, in a particular factual context, the interests and policies of one state are involved and those of the other are not or are involved in only minor ways. It is only if both states have substantial interests in having their law applied that we would determine which has the most ‘significant relationship.’ ” (citation omitted)).

*82Finally, we reject defendants’ alternative argument that, even if the WFIA controls, plaintiff failed to prove recoverable damages under that statute. RCW 19.98.140 provides that a dealer may

“bring an action against a supplier * * * for damages sustained by the equipment dealer as a consequence of the supplier’s violation including requiring the supplier to repurchase at fair market value any data processing hardware and specialized repair tools and equipment previously purchased pursuant to requirements of the supplier, compensation for any loss of business, and the actual costs of the action * *

Defendants suggest, almost parenthetically, that there is insufficient evidence of the “fair market value” of the tractors, as well as the extent, if any, of “any loss of business.”

We decline to consider those arguments. Before the trial court, defendants’ arguments were predicated on the assumption that Oregon law controlled. Consequently, for example, defendants did not advance at trial—and have not developed on appeal—any cogent argument as to the meaning of “fair market value” under the WFIA or whether the tractors at issue here qualified as “specialized repair tools and equipment previously purchased pursuant to requirements of the supplier.” Given the cursory nature of defendants’ present arguments and the lack of a record permitting us to meaningfully assess those arguments, we will not address them.8

Reversed and remanded.

Fabrication & Truck Equipment, Inc. v. Powell
195 Or. App. 72 96 P.3d 1251

Case Details

Name
Fabrication & Truck Equipment, Inc. v. Powell
Decision Date
Sep 1, 2004
Citations

195 Or. App. 72

96 P.3d 1251

Jurisdiction
Oregon

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