Petitioners, Maziar Mirjafari and Seyed Mehran Mirjafari (“the Mirjafaris”), owners of the investment property at issue in this case, noted exceptions to a foreclosure sale of the property, instituted by Respondents/Trustees (“the Trustees”),1 to a third-party purchaser, Respondent/Intervenor, JSG Campus Hills LLC (“JSG”). The Mirjafaris’ exceptions found no favor in the Circuit Court for Harford County and they appealed. The Court of Special Appeals dismissed as moot the Mirjafaris’ appeal based on their failure to file a *478supersedeas bond.2 See Maryland Rules 8-4223 and 8-4284 (2009). The Mirjafaris contend here that no supersedeas bond or alternative security was required in this case because, as they allege, JSG was not a bona fide purchaser as of the date it paid the full purchase price. For reasons we shall explain *479and on the facts of this case, we hold that JSG was a bona fide purchaser, as of the date of its successful bid at the foreclosure sale, and, thus, the Mirjafaris’ failure to file a supersede-as bond rendered moot their subsequent appeal of the overruling of their exceptions and ratification of the report of sale.
Facts
The Mirjafaris owned investment property located at 1700 Melrose Lane in Forest Hill, Maryland. The property consists of 2.728 acres, zoned R-3, and is improved by two separate buildings containing a total of six rental units. The property was purchased by the Mirjafaris’ uncle, Mansour, in 2002 for $245,000, but was titled in the Mirjafaris’ name.
In 2006, the Mirjafaris received the proceeds of a $75,000 loan from Home Equity Mortgage, repayment of which was secured by a note and deed of trust on the property. The note required monthly payments of $1050.75, beginning on 1 June 2006. The Mirjafaris made the initial monthly payment on time, but failed to pay the 1 July 2006 payment until 8 August 2006. A pattern of falling behind in their monthly payments ensued.5 On 17 January 2007, the Trastees instituted, in the Circuit Court for Harford County, foreclosure proceedings. At the time of the foreclosure sale, the Mirjafaris were seven months in arrears.
Advertisement of the sale of the property ran once a week for three successive weeks at the end of January and early February. On 15 February 2007, Alex Cooper Auctioneers conducted the foreclosure auction. JSG was the high bidder at $250,000. In accordance with the advertised terms of sale, JSG delivered an $8,000 deposit to secure its bid. A report of the sale was filed with the Circuit Court on 22 February 2007.
On 15 March 2007, the Mirjafaris, through counsel, filed in the Circuit Court exceptions to the sale, contending that the *480sale should be set aside because the advertisements for the sale of the property violated the time requirements in Maryland Rule 14-206(b)6 and contained certain inaccuracies in their description of the property7 that affected adversely the amount of the bids received. The Trustees opposed the exceptions, arguing that the advertising, description of the property, and sale price were adequate. On 11 June 2007, JSG, as the foreclosure purchaser, moved to intervene in the action. The Circuit Court granted the motion to intervene.
The first round of hearings on the Mirjafaris’ exceptions were held on 17 and 20 September 2007. On 16 October 2007, the Mirjafaris’ initial attorney filed a motion to withdraw his appearance, which the Circuit Court granted. At the resumption of the hearings on 12 December 2007, the Mirjafaris *481requested a continuance because they had retained new counsel only ten days prior. The Court denied the motion for continuance. The hearings proceeded, with the Mirjafaris’ new counsel, and concluded the next day.
On 13 December 2007, the Circuit Court entered an order overruling the Mirjafaris’ exceptions and ratifying the 15 February 2007 sale of the property to JSG. At the close of the Circuit Court’s oral ruling, counsel for JSG inquired of the Circuit Court whether it would “[imjpose a requirement for an appeal bond.” The judge asked counsel for the Mirjafaris if he wished to address the matter, but he declined. Our search of the record did not disclose any subsequent requests by the Mirjafaris or their counsel to the Circuit Court to determine the amount of a bond, consider alternative security, or stay ratification of the sale. On 21 December 2007, the Mirjafaris moved to alter or amend the judgment and for a new trial. The motions were denied.
The Mirjafaris, with yet again new (present) counsel in tow, noted timely an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, presenting the following issues for consideration:
(1) Did the [Cjircuit [Cjourt err in permitting the [Mirjafaris’] former counsel to withdraw from the case and in denying a motion for a continuance?
(2) Did the [Cjircuit [Cjourt err in considering [JSG’sj appraisal and in concluding that the sale price was fair?
(3) Did the [Cjircuit [Cjourt err in concluding that the description of the property in the advertisement was adequate?
(4) Did the [Cjircuit [Cjourt err in finding that there was no tender or other payment sufficient to stop the sale?
While the appeal was pending in the Court of Special Appeals, on 19 June 2008, JSG settled on the sale of the property, paid the balance of the auction purchase price, and recorded its new deed. As of that date, the Mirjafaris still had not posted a supersedeas bond or alternative security in any amount.
On 25 June 2008, JSG moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the Mirjafaris had not posted a supersedeas bond *482or alternative security. The Court of Special Appeals denied the motion to dismiss, without prejudice, permitting JSG to renew its motion for dismissal in its brief. JSG, filing a joint brief with the Trustees, accepted the invitation and included there a motion to dismiss the appeal as moot based on the Mirjafaris’ failure to post a supersedeas bond. The Mirjafaris opposed dismissal, contending that the appeal was not moot as no bond was required because JSG was not a bona fide purchaser. Specifically, the Mirjafaris argued that bona fide purchaser status is determined at the time the purchase money is paid and the deed is conveyed, rather than at the time of the foreclosure sale, and that, through its participation as intervenor in the Circuit Court exceptions hearings conducted subsequent to the sale, JSG acquired notice of the alleged defects in the foreclosure proceedings before it settled on the sale.
The intermediate appellate court heard oral argument on the appeal on 4 December 2008. On 5 January 2009, the panel of the Court of Special Appeals issued its reported opinion in which it granted JSG’s motion to dismiss the Mirjafaris’ appeal as moot based on their failure to post a supersedeas bond or other security. Mirjafari v. Cohn, 183 Md.App. 701, 963 A.2d 247 (2009). The intermediate appellate court held explicitly that “the status of a foreclosure purchaser, as bona fide or not, is determined as of the time of the auction sale, not at the time of the exceptions hearing or ratification by the circuit court, or when legal title passes to the foreclosure purchaser.” Id. at 709, 963 A.2d at 252. The court noted that, if the rule were otherwise, lenders would be discouraged from foreclosing on delinquent mortgages. Id. Likewise, bidders would be discouraged from participating in foreclosure actions and, subsequently, from protecting their bid by participating in exceptions hearings before the circuit court. Id.
On 19 February 2009, the Mirjafaris filed with this Court a petition for writ of certiorari, which we granted, see Mirjafari v. Cohn, 408 Md. 487, 970 A.2d 892 (2009), to consider potentially two issues:
*483(1) Whether the time of determining bona fide purchaser status is to be determined at the time of the successful bid at a foreclosure sale or at the time the foreclosure purchase price is paid?
(2) Whether a foreclosure purchaser who does not settle on his purchase until fourteen months after the foreclosure sale, long after an appeal has been noted and long after the date required by the Terms of Sale, and by the time of settlement has notice of the defects in the sale and the judicial proceedings, is a bona fide purchaser?
The Mirjafaris contend that the Court of Special Appeals erred in dismissing as moot their appeal because JSG was not a bona fide purchaser, thus excusing the normal requirement of posting a supersedeas bond. They urge further that we consider the merits of their contentions below and reverse the Circuit Court’s ratification of the foreclosure sale.8 As it had in the Court of Special Appeals, JSG filed with this Court, on 14 May 2009, a motion to dismiss the case as moot based on the Mirjafaris’ failure to file a supersedeas bond or other security. We deferred action on the motion to dismiss pending oral argument. We now affirm the Court of Special Appeals’s grant of JSG’s motion to dismiss the Mirjafaris’ appeal for failure to file a supersedeas bond or other security.
Analysis
In Baltrotsky v. Kugler, 395 Md. 468, 910 A.2d 1089 (2006), we noted that “Maryland decisional law speaks clearly on the question of the mootness of appellate challenges to ratified foreclosure sales in the absence of a supersedeas bond to stay the judgment of a trial court.” Id. at 474, 910 A.2d at 1093. The general rule is that “the rights of a bona fide purchaser of mortgaged property would not be affected by a reversal of the order of ratification in the absence of a bond *484having been filed.”9 Id.; Pizza v. Walter, 345 Md. 664, 674, 694 A.2d 93, 97 (1997), mandate withdrawn, 346 Md. 315, 697 A.2d 82 (1997) (withdrawing by joint motion pursuant to settlement agreement); Lowe v. Lowe, 219 Md. 365, 368, 149 A.2d 382, 384 (1959); see also Leisure Campground & Country Club Ltd. P’ship v. Leisure Estates, 280 Md. 220, 223, 372 A.2d 595, 598 (1977). As a consequence, “an appeal becomes moot if the property is sold to a bona fide purchaser in the absence of a supersedeas bond because a reversal on appeal would have no effect.” Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 474, 910 A.2d at 1093; Pizza, 345 Md. at 674, 694 A.2d at 97; see also Lowe, 219 Md. at 369, 149 A.2d at 384-85. The rule operates “even though the purchaser may know that a claim is being asserted against ratification.” Leisure Campground, 280 Md. at 223, 372 A.2d at 598; see also City of Hagerstown v. Long Meadow Shopping Center, 264 Md. 481, 497, 287 A.2d 242, 250 (1972).
The rule is intended to encourage non-party individuals or entities to bid on foreclosure sale properties, as bidders “justifiably would be reluctant to purchase a foreclosure property without assurance in the form of some security that their investments will be protected from subsequent litigation by recalcitrant mortgagors seeking to retain their property.” Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475, 910 A.2d at 1094; see also Leisure Campground, 280 Md. at 223, 372 A.2d at 598. Likewise, the rule protects lenders who have succeeded in foreclosure but who, without operation of the rule, “could not enjoy [their] success until the new action was fully litigated, all the while bearing the lost interest income.” Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 476, 910 A.2d at 1094. Thus, “[t]he law is clear that [mortgagors] may not litigate the validity of the foreclosure at the expense of others; the posting of security is required on [the mortgagor’s] part to protect the purchasers and lender alike.” Id. Summarizing recently the dangers of permitting extended *485litigation without requiring the filing of a supersedeas bond, in Poku v. Friedman, 403 Md. 47, 939 A.2d 185 (2008), we stated:
If ratified foreclosure sales could be overturned long after the ratification in the absence of the filing of a supersedeas bond and the granting of a stay, the title to any property where any prior conveyance in the chain of title came out of a mortgage foreclosure sale could be questioned even if the foreclosure sale occurred a year in the past, or ten years, or fifty years. In such a scenario, lenders would become reluctant to lend money secured by such properties, buyers might become reluctant to buy such properties, and title insurers reluctant to insure title to such properties. The general marketability of title to property could be severely affected.
Id. at 54 n. 7, 939 A.2d at 188-89.
The general rule requiring the filing of a supersedeas bond or alternative security has but two exceptions: (1) the occasion of unfairness or collusion between the purchaser and the trustee, and (2) when a mortgagee or its affiliate purchases the disputed property at the foreclosure sale. Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475, 910 A.2d at 1093; Pizza, 345 Md. at 674, 694 A.2d at 98; Leisure Campground, 280 Md. at 223, 372 A.2d at 598; see also Sawyer v. Novak, 206 Md. 80, 88, 110 A.2d 517, 521 (1955).
The Mirjafaris do not contend that JSG and the Trustees engaged in collusion10 or that JSG was an affiliate of the mortgagee, Home Equity Mortgage. Thus, they do not maintain that the filing of a supersedeas bond was excused under the exceptions noted in the cases. Rather, they argue that JSG is not a bona fide purchaser entitled to the protection afforded by a supersedeas bond or other security in the present case because it had notice of the alleged defects in the *486foreclosure sale (due to its presence and participation in the exceptions hearing) prior to settling on the property and paying the purchase price in full, the point at which, according to the Mirjafaris, bona fide purchaser status is determined properly. If JSG is not a bona fide purchaser, as the Mirjafaris allege, it is not protected by the requirement of a supersedeas bond, and, therefore, the Mirjafaris’ appeal should not have been dismissed as moot. JSG counters, and the Court of Special Appeals held, that bona fide purchaser status is determined based on the relevant facts known (or which should have been known) as of the date the successful bid is made, and that JSG did not have notice of any alleged defects prior to making its successful bid.
We have stated previously that “[b]ona fide purchaser status extends only to those purchasers without notice of defects in title, or in this case, defects in the foreclosure sale.” Pizza, 345 Md. at 674, 694 A.2d at 98 (emphasis added); see also Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 474-75, 910 A.2d at 1093. Likewise, in Poku, we noted that “[a]t present, title in the bona fide purchaser at a foreclosure sale at least is protected partially by the necessity for the filing of a supersedeas bond in order for a mortgagor to stay the proceedings subsequent to the ratification of a foreclosure sale.” Poku, 403 Md. at 54 n. 7, 939 A.2d at 188-89 (emphasis added). In addition, in describing the exceptions to the supersedeas bond requirement, we have noted that the exceptions concern actions or statuses of the parties at the foreclosure sale. Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475, 910 A.2d at 1093; Pizza, 345 Md. at 674, 694 A.2d at 98. Thus, as noted by the Court of Special Appeals here, see Mirjafari, 183 Md.App. at 709, 963 A.2d at 252, our prior decisions imply that the status of a foreclosure purchaser, as bona fide (or not) based on knowledge of defects in the foreclosure sale, is determined as of the time of the successful foreclosure sale, not at the time of the exceptions hearing or ratification by the circuit court, or when legal title passes to the foreclosure purchaser upon payment of the full purchase price. As long as the foreclosure purchaser is unaware of defects in the foreclosure proceedings at the time of its *487successful bid and provides valuable consideration at that time, it is protected as a bona fide purchaser. Despite the Mirjafaris’ contentions to the contrary, a foreclosure purchaser’s status as bona fide does not depend necessarily (and especially in the present case) on the timing of payment of the balance of the purchase price.11 See Sawyer, 206 Md. at 89, 110 A.2d at 521 (noting that the “mere fact that the deed was not executed until after the appeal was taken would not show collusion, or reflect upon the bona fide character of [the foreclosure purchaser’s] purchase”).
*488Adopting the Mirjafaris’ contention that bona fide purchaser status, for determination of whether an appeal bond or security is required to stay the effect of the judgment ratifying the report of sale, is determined at the time of settlement would undercut the purpose of the supersedeas bond requirement, namely, to encourage bidding at foreclosure sales. See Poku, 403 Md. at 54 n. 7, 939 A.2d at 188-89; Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475-76, 910 A.2d at 1094. If a bidder could bid successfully at a foreclosure sale and submit oftentimes a relatively significant deposit, only to lose their bona fide purchaser status because the mortgagor files exceptions to the foreclosure sale prior to settlement, bidding would be discouraged significantly. See Poku, 403 Md. at 54 n. 7, 939 A.2d at 188-89; Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475-76, 910 A.2d at 1094. In addition, bidders would be hesitant understandably to participate in exceptions hearings and protect their bids if newly alleged flaws in the foreclosure process (or subsequent flaws in the judicial process) adduced in the hearings could strip away their bona fide purchaser status. See Poku, 403 Md. at 54 n. 7, 939 A.2d at 188-89; Baltrotsky, 395 Md. at 475-76, 910 A.2d at 1094. Thus, in order to further the policy behind the supersedeas bond stay requirement to promote bids at foreclosure sales and protect bidders from prolonged litigation at their risk and expense, we hold that bona fide purchaser status for this purpose is determined based on what is known, or reasonably knowable, by the bidder as of the date of the successful bid at the foreclosure sale.
Any knowledge of relevant facts on the part of JSG as of the time of its successful bid, and the giving of valuable consideration, namely, the $8000 deposit,12 could have been *489proved at the exceptions hearings. Because nothing was found by the Circuit Court to disqualify JSG,13 it is a bona fide purchaser for purposes of determining applicability of the supersedeas bond requirement to stay the ratification of the foreclosure sale. As such, under the Poku, Baltrotsky, and Pizza line of cases, the Mirjafaris were required under Rules 8-422 and 8-423 to post a supersedeas bond in order to secure their right to pursue appellate review.14 Their failure to do so rendered their appeal moot.
*490JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED; COSTS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONERS.
MURPHY, J., files concurring opinion in which ADKINS, J., joins.
Chief Judge BELL joins the judgment only.