Paternal grandparents appeal from the trial court’s denial of their petition for an order granting them the right to visit their granddaughter.
Under ORS 109.123(1),
“[t]he power of a court under ORS 109.121 and this section to grant visitation rights to grandparents is discretionary and shall be exercised only when the court determines that it would be in the best interests and welfare of the minor children involved.”
On de novo review of the trial court’s order, ORS 19.415(3), we affirm.
The record shows1 that mother and father married in October 1991, and child was born in February 1992. The couple divorced in June 1993 but continued to live together until sometime in 1995. Their relationship was chaotic and abusive, and their dissolution judgment contains a restriction on father’s visitation with child until he produces “certification of rehabilitation from drug abuse[.]” At one point, mother worked as an “exotic dancer,” and, during at least one period, father was incarcerated. During a two-year period, mother, father and child lived in 12 different places, sometimes staying in shelters and, at times, staying with the paternal grandparents for brief periods, apparently for two or three weeks at a time.2 Grandmother occasionally babysat child, and child played in grandfather’s workshop. When the parents were not living with grandparents, they and child came to the home for family activities.
Grandparents’ home was tumultuous. Grandfather acknowledged that, while both were living at his home, *137mother and his daughter had had a “scuffle” in the driveway of his house and that his “daughter got the short end of it.” The last time mother stayed at grandparents’ home, mother slept in a tent in the backyard because, grandmother testified, mother and father’s fighting was driving her “crazy.” Grandmother told mother that someone had to leave, and “Joe’s my son. That leaves you.” Mother left, returned to stay in the tent, and child went back and forth between the tent and house. Grandparents characterized their family as one of “hollerers,” which grandmother attempted to explain was the result of having to speak loudly when their oldest son was going deaf: “[I]t did develop a bad habit of talking loud.”
Grandfather acknowledged that father and mother argued and fought and “weren’t any good for each other.” Grandmother admitted that mother and father “continually quarreled.” However, grandparents denied witnessing physical abuse between parents at their house. We find otherwise. Although the trial court did not enter specific findings of credibility, it based its denial of visitation, in part, on what child had experienced at her grandparents’ home. Implicit in that conclusion is that mother’s account of the abuse that occurred in grandparents’ home was more credible. On our review, we agree. Mother testified that father was mentally and physically abusive to her, that he “beat [her] all the time that she was pregnant,” and that he physically abused her in front of child and at grandparents’ house.3 She testified that, one time when father hit her, grandmother told her that she shouldn’t say something to father to make him “do that.” At one time, she was jailed after a physical altercation with father. Mother also testified that the “whole [Vegas] family situation” was “very abusive.” The evidence shows that there was violence in the household and that grandparents were aware of it.
Mother now has no contact with father. After she left father, she cut off all communication with grandparents as well and would not let them see child. When asked why she did not want grandparents to visit child, mother stated:
*138“Well, I don’t know what I would tell her if I said that they wanted to see her, that that’s her dad’s parents. Her dad doesn’t want to have anything to do with her. He — she knows that he’s been in and out of jail. She knows that she doesn’t get any support from him. She knows all the abuse. She remembers them yelling. She remembers all the chaos in their family. She’s going to remember that, and it’s going to mess her up. She’s not around that anymore.”4
Mother is now employed in an office and testified that she “turned her life around” after going to Womenspace and getting counseling:
“Since I stopped having contact with [grandparents] and their son, my life has turned around. And I have been working. I support my daughter without any help from anybody, without child support that I’ve never gotten, without state help. I’ve worked really hard to be in this position. It was really abusive, and it’s — I’m better now than I’ve ever been. And I don’t plan on going back to that kind of a situation, or letting my daughter be a part of it.
“Right now, she is doing so good. She is in a kindergarten. Her life is stable, and it never was before. But the last two years she has a stable life, and she is so happy. And she’s around the people that love her, and we’re never going back to that kind of [abusive] lifestyle.”5
The evidence does not show a corresponding change in father’s life since the couple separated. Grandfather testified that he understood that his son had completed a drug rehabilitation program and could “pursue” visitation with child but that his son “chooses not to because of his lifestyle.” Mother testified that she believed father still lives with his *139parents and that grandparents were seeking visitation only so that father could see child. Grandparents denied that, but grandfather acknowledged that father comes and goes at their house, although grandfather claimed that father sleeps in the barn, not the house, when he is at his parents’ home.
In denying visitation, the court issued a letter opinion that stated, in its entirety:
“I have given the evidence presented in this case a lot of thought, and have come somewhat reluctantly to the conclusion that the Petition for Grandparent Visitation of the paternal grandparents should be denied.
“The bottom line here is what is in the best interest of the child. Given what she has been exposed to in the past in and around the grandparents’ house through the actions of her father, her current apparent ongoing progress at putting that behind her, and that stability is understandably a very important component of her life at this time, it is better that the Petition be denied at this time. Grandparents are important, and I certainly hope that at some point in the future they can reenter her life, and I would encourage all concerned to work toward that at the appropriate time.”
Grandparents first argue that the court erred in denying visitation based on the actions of father in his relationship to mother. They contend that the fact that mother and father had an acrimonious marriage and divorce should not be a reason to deny visitation to grandparents. The dissent agrees that the court erred in “focusing” on father’s relationship to mother instead of on the relationship between child and her grandparents. However, both grandparents and the dissent ignore that the standard to apply in the determination of visitation is what is in the best interests of the child.
Under ORS 109.121(l)(a), grandparent visitation may be ordered if the grandparent has established or has attempted to establish ongoing personal contact with the child, and the custodian of the child has denied the grandparent a reasonable opportunity of visitation. There is no question here that grandparents made the required showing: They had an ongoing relationship with child, and mother denied any opportunity to visit child. However, that showing, *140by itself, does not mandate visitation. ORS 109.121(5) provides:
“Any order creating visitation rights under this section shall be according to the court’s best judgment of the facts of the case and shall include such conditions and limitations as it deems reasonable. In making or modifying such an order, the court shall be guided by the best interests and welfare of the child.” (Emphasis added.)
Moreover, as noted above, under ORS 109.123(1), the court’s authority to grant visitation “shall be exercised only when the court determines that it would be in the best interests and welfare” of the child.
The court did not err here in considering what occurred between parents in grandparents’ house in determining what was in child’s best interests. Grandparents refuse to acknowledge child’s exposure to the abusive environment or to address the importance of protecting child from any continuing consequences of that environment. Under the circumstances here, it is not possible to separate grandparents’ relationship to child from the violence that occurred in their home, and grandparents’ response to the abuse and to father’s actions show that it would not be in child’s best interests to order visitation.
Grandparents point to no circumstances that show that it would be in child’s best interests to order visitation in light of the turbulence of child’s early years at their home. They assume, as does the dissent, that maintaining a grandparent-grandchild relationship is always in the best interest of the child. Grandparents point to legislative history showing that the legislature viewed such relationships at beneficial. Clearly, ORS 109.121 is a recognition of the importance of that relationship. However, just as clearly, the statute recognizes that ordering that relationship is not always in the child’s best interests. The purpose of ORS 109.121 is “to give the courts the authority to evaluate individual circumstances and, in appropriate cases, to ensure that grandchildren would not be denied a relationship with their grandparents.” Pointer and Pointer, 112 Or App 511, 515, 829 P2d 1016, rev den 313 Or 627 (1992) (emphasis added). This is not such an appropriate case. Unlike in Pointer, where experts for both *141parties testified that relationship with grandparents was beneficial to the child, this record shows the continued presence of father in grandparent’s home and gives no basis on which to believe that grandparents would assert themselves to intervene in father’s conduct.
Grandparents next argue, however, that the court erred in not ordering visitation because they were agreeable to limited visitation with conditions so that father would not see child. The dissent again agrees, apparently believing that the court should fashion a visitation order to prevent unauthorized contact with father. ORS 109.121(5) authorizes conditions and limitations on visitation. Here, however, Mother’s stated concern that visitation may lead to visits with father is justified. Grandparents continue to support and sympathize with father, who had stayed with them as recently as a month before the hearing. Grandparents’ past relationship with mother has been acrimonious. Grandparents ask for visitation one weekend a month,6 but they offer no plan or suggestion for the court’s consideration as to how they will ensure that father would not see child while at grandparents’ home, which he visits as he chooses.7 Moreover, adverse effects of child’s visitation in grandparents’ home go beyond the possibility of visitation with father; they encompass grandparent’s inability to see the tumultuous atmosphere of their home. Grandparents’ willingness to accept limited visitation does not alter the instability to child of visitation in that environment.
The trial court’s letter shows that it found that child was progressing in putting behind her what she had experienced at grandparents’ house and that threatening child’s present stability was not in child’s best interest. Having so concluded, the court denied grandparents’ petition for visita1 tion. The trial court did not err in denying grandparents’ petition.
Affirmed.