The action was brought against Wallace W„ Weston, Orren'Weston and Abijah Weston, as makers, and George E. Ramsey, as indorser, of three promissory notes, all bearing date December 21st, 1891, and payable respectively at twenty, twenty-one and twenty-four months after date, at the First Rational Bank of Olean, Rew York. The plaintiff is a national bank located at Morgantown, West Virginia about four hundred miles from Olean. The defendants Weston were, up to the 5th day of January, 1892, copartners carrying on a very large lumber business at Weston Mills near Olean, under the firm name of Weston Brothers. On that day the firm was dissolved but no notice of the dissolution was given in any other manner than by communication to two commercial agencies, and the plaintiff liad no knowledge of the fact until Rovember, 1893. In September, 1891, application was made by the payee, Ramsey, through the law firm of Oox & Baker, of Morgantown, to the plaintiff for the discount of certain notes of Weston Brothers held by him. On such application being made the plaintiff wrote to the First Rational Bank of Olean and received a letter from its cashier, stating the wealth of the makers, that the notes would be promptly paid and that the Olean bank would itself have discounted the notes but it did not have the available funds. The plaintiff wrote to the makers, Weston Brothers, and received an answer from that firm saying that the notes held by Ramsey were given for the purchase of real estate and were all right. It also wrote to several parties in Olean, ivith whom it had acquaintance, and was informed of the excellent business standing of the makers and that they were regarded as millionaires. On these reports the notés were discounted at the rate of eight per cent per annum, and the proceeds placed to the credit of Ramsey and paid out on his order. The notes were paid at maturity. •
In May, 1892, other notes of the same character and apparently of the same date were discounted for Ramsey. On this occasion the plaintiff received another letter from Weston Brothers saying that “ the paper that Ramsey had, *253made by that firm, was some of the same realty transaction which it (the plaintiff) had already discounted” and as to which the firm had written to it, and that they would be paid as usual. These notes were also paid in due course. Finally, in June, 1893, the plaintiff discounted the three notes in suit.
On the trial it was proved by the defendant that the notes were not given for any consideration, but were made by Wallace W. Weston, one of the members of the firm, simply for the accommodation of the payee, Ramsey, and that though they bore date December 21st, 1891, they were not actually made until a year after the firm had been dissolved. It further appeared that Abijah Weston, the respondent’s testator, had, for some time prior to the dissolution of the firm, been aware that Wallace W. Weston was giving firm notes for his personal transactions and for the accommodation of others, and had remonstrated with him on his action. For this reason the firm was dissolved and the business turned over to a corporation, but, as° stated, no' proper notice was given of such dissolution, nor of the fact that Wallace W. Weston had improperly used the firm paper.
We have decided in Bank of Monongahela Valley v. Weston (159 N. Y. 201) that the notice of dissolution given by communication to the commercial agencies was insufficient. The proof for the respondent established that the notes were fraudulently issued by the defendant Wallace W. Weston as against his former copartners. It thereupon was incumbent upon the plaintiff to show that it was a hona fide holder of the notes for value, and the only question to be considered on this appeal is whether it so conclusively established that fact as to be entitled to the direction of a verdict in its favor.
Before a discussion of that question is had there is to be considered a claim made by respondent, that we are concluded by the unanimous decision of the Appellate Division. It is said that where each party requests the direction of a verdict, and neither asks to go to the jury, the case presented on appeal is the same in effect as if the case had been duly submitted to the jury and they had found a verdict for the *254party in whose favor the court directs a verdict. It is then contended that such being the effect of a directed verdict, a unanimous affirmance is conclusive upon us that there was evidence to justify' the direction of a verdict to the same extent as if the affirmance was of a judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury. The first proposition is true, however, only to a limited extent. A directed verdict, when no-request is made to go to the jury, is the same in effect as the verdict of a jury only when the disposition of the cause depends upon the determination of some question of fact. In that case it may be that a unanimous affirmance is conclusive. But in such a case it is never necessary for the respondent to invoke the rale of a unanimous affirmance,-for this court is precluded from examining any question of fact, whether the affirmance is unanimous or not. But tlie right of a party to have a verdict directed in liis favor on uncontroverted evidence presents merely a question of law, and that question of law is expressly reserved for our consideration, both by the Constitution and by the provisions of the Code, except in the single case where the cause is submitted to the jury and the verdict rendered by it unanimously upheld by the Appellate Division.
While, after'proof had been given on behalf of the defendants that the notes were fraudulently and illegally issued, it became incumbent upon the plaintiff, in order to succeed, to establish that it had acquired the notes in good faith for value, still the question ivas solely one of good faith. “ The rights of a holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by a speculative issue as to his diligence or negligence.” (Magee v. Badger, 34 N. Y. 247 ; Canajoharie Nat. Bank v. Diefendorf, 123 N. Y. 202 ; Am. Ex. Nat. Bank v. N. Y. Belting & P. Co., 148 N. Y. 698.) Negligence of the holder is simply material so far as it goes to show lack of good faith. “ The holder’s rights cannot be defeated without proof of actual notice of the defect in title or bad faith on his part evidenced by circumstances. Though he may have been negligent in taking tlie paper, and omitted *255precautions which a prudent man would have taken, nevertheless, unless he acted mala fide, his title, according to settled doctrine, will prevail.” (Cheever v. Pittsburgh, S. & L. E. R. R. Co., 150 N. Y. 59, 66.)
Assuming the truth of the evidence given on behalf of the plaintiff, there is no circumstance disclosed by the record from which there can be imputed to it negligence, much less bad faith ; on the contrary, it seems to have acted with great caution and care. We shall not elaborate the discussion, but simply say we do not see what more the plaintiff could have done if it was to discount the notes at all. The respondent insists that the discount of the notes at eight per cent per annum (the legal rate in West Virginia, as in this state, being six per cent) was evidence of bad faith. There is one authority in this state that justifies the .claim, the case of Hall v. Wilson (16 Barb. 548). Before considering that case it is necessary to note two earlier decisions. In Ramsdell v. Morgan (16 Wend. 574) Judge Cowen declared it to be a solecism to say “ a bona fide purchaser on usury.” In Keutgen v. Parks (2 Sandf. 60) Judge Sandfokd said (p. 64): “ Can that be said to have been done in good faith, or in the usual course of trade, which is done contrary to the positive prohibition of a statute, and which the statute declares to be void? We are satisfied that it cannot.” In each of those cases the contract, under which were delivered in the first case chattels and in the second a note, was usurious on its face and known to be so to the plaintiff. In Hall v. Wilson (supra) the Supreme Court went one step farther. There the action was on a promissory note payable to a named payee, or bearer, and given for the purpose of taking up another note for the same amount. A third party abstracted the note and sold it at a discount to the plaintiff. Usury was not pleaded, but it was held that as the note was in fact usurious because it had no lawful inception until its transfer to the plaintiff, the usury destroyed the bona fides of the transaction. I doubt if .any of these cases remain authorities on the proposition for which they have been citedi
*256In Williams v. Tilt (36 N. Y. 319) it was held by this court that the T)ona fides of a holder or purchaser depends upon his knowledge of or privity with the fraud by which the property has been obtained from the original owner, and not on the existence of usury in the contract between him arid the person from whom he acquires- it. The case of Hall v. Wilson (supra) is not referred to in the opinion, but the cases of Ramsdell v. Morgan (supra) and Keutgen v. Parks (supra) are practically overruled. On the authority of Williams v. Tilt it was held by the Supreme Court in the fourth department that usury did not necessarily destroy the l>ona fidesof a holder of a promissory note. (Miller v. Crayton, 3 Thompson & Cook, 360.) The argument of the learned judge who wrote in Hall v. Wilson (supra), that because the note in that case was usurious and void, had usury been pleaded, the plaintiff could not have acquired it in good faith, seems to me essentially unsound. It proves too much. Had the plaintiff Hall transferred the note before maturity to another person for the legal discount or less, the note under our statute would have been equally void in the hands of such purchaser as in the hands of Hall. It would be idle, however, to suggest that such a purchaser had not taken the note in absolute good faith. It is clear, therefore, that the question of usury does not necessarily determine the question of good faith. Whatever force there may be in the argument of the Pamsdell and Keutgen cases, that a person cannot be deemed to acquire a note in good faith when he receives it through a transaction which is made criminal, that argument can have no application to the case of one who has taken a note on a purchase which, if the circumstances represented to him were true, was entirely legal.
The notes in suit were discounted by the plaintiff on the representation of Ramsey that they had been given to him for value, in which representation as to the first notes of the series discounted the makers joined. By reason of those representations as to the earlier notes the plaintiff could have recovered against both parties, and as to the notes in suit as *257against tlie payee, even though it were not a national bank bnt a natural person. (Payne v. Burnham, 62 N. Y. 69.) It is the right of a person to refuse to loan money at the legal interest and to require a valid security to be given, which he can purchase at any rate of discount agreed upon. (Union Dime Savings Inst'n v. Wilmot, 94 N. Y. 221.) The fact, therefore, that a negotiable security is purchased at a discount exceeding the legal rate has no effect on the question of the •Iona fides of the purchaser except in one respect which does not exist in the present case.
The discount taken may be so great as to impeach the good faith of the purchaser, the same as a. chattel maybe bought at so much under its true value as to justify the inference that the purchaser knew or suspected that it had been dishonestly acquired by his vendor. Hall v. Wilson has been cited in several later cases, but an examination of those cases will show that there the rate of discount was so excessive as to warrant the inference of bad faith. In Canajoharie Nat. Bank v. Diefendovf (supra) the notes of a perfectly responsible maker were purchased at a discount of from fifteen to eighteen per cent- from their face value. In Vosburgh v. Diefendorf (119 N. Y. 357) the notes of the same maker were .purchased for fifty per cent of their face'value. In the present case the rate of discount, eight per cent per annum, is not sufficiently great to predicate upon it any inference of bad faith. On the contrary, it would be unreasonable to suppose that the plaintiff knowingly took a doubtful security for an excess of interest amounting to about one per cent on the face value of the notes. I think the true rule is stated in Gould v. Segee (5 Duer, 260) : “ Hence, when usury is not set up as a separate defense, unless it is so gross as to raise the presumption of fraud, the proof of its existence may be justly disregarded. Where an accommodation note is purchased at a rate of discount exceeding that of lawful interest, the transaction, in judgment of law, is usurious, but the mere fact that it is so is no evidence of the bad faith of the purchaser; is no evidence that he knew, or suspected, *258that the holder of the note, from whom he derived' his title, had no right or authority to transfer it.”
The further contention is made by the respondent that as the circumstances attending the discount of the note were proved by the testimony of the cashier, who was also a stockholder in the plaintiff; he was an interested witness and his credibility presented a question of fact for the jury, or in this case as there ivas no request to go to the jury, for the court to pass upon. The rule invoked" by the respondent is not of universal application. “ Generally, the credibility of a witness, who is a party to the action and, therefore, interested in its result, is for the jury; but this rule, being founded in reason, is not an absolute and inflexible one. * * * Where, however, the evidence of a party to the action is not contradicted by direct evidence, nor by any legitimate inferences from the evidence, and it is not opposed to the probabilities; nor, in its nature, surprising or suspicious, there is no reason for denying to it conclusiveness.” (Hull v. Littauer, 162 N. Y. 569, 572.) In that case the direction of a verdict on the testimony of a party to the action was upheld. In the present action it is not true that the plaintiff’s case is based entirely on the testimony of its cashier. The genuineness of the letters of Weston Brothers, the makers, to the plaintiff is admitted. They are in the record; also the letters of Ramsey, the payee. The conduct of the plaintiff was natural, and the story told by the cashier reasonable and probable. The plaintiff’s business was the discount of paper. The evidence suggests no way in which there was any likelihood of information reaching the plaintiff of the dissolution of the Weston firm or of the notes having been issued for improper purposes. The cashier testified that the proceeds of the notes were drawn out by the checks of Ramsey, who was a witness and evidently not hostile to the defendants. No attempt Avas made to prove that Ramsey did not receive the amount of the notes. What then Avas to bo left to the jury? — to arbitrarily find, Avithout any evidence, that the plaintiff did not discount, the notes, or that in some unexplained Avay it had acquired *259knowledge of their character ? We think not. The plaintiff on' the evidence was entitled to a direction in its favor. •
The judgment appealed from should he reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
Barker, Oh. J., Gray, O’Brien, Bartlett, Martin and Vann, JJ., concur.
Judgment reversed, etc.