The opinion of the court was delivered by
Grant and Ann Renfrow were colored persons living in the state of Missouri. They married each other in 1852 according to the ordinary form of marriage agreement and ceremony. This marriage did not confer upon them any legalized matrimonial status or relation. It was not deemed illegal or immoral by the law then obtaining, but it did not constitute them husband and wife. “It was an inflexible rule of the law of African slavery whérever *278it existed that the slave was incapable of entering into any contract, not excepting the contract of marriage.” (Hall v. United States, etc., 92 U. S. 27.) “Marriage is based upon contract; consequently the relation of man and wife cannot exist among slaves. It is excluded, both on account of their incapacity to contract, and of the paramount right of ownership in them as property.” (Howard v. Howard, 6 Jones [N. C.] 235.) To the same effect is Johnson v. Johnson, 45 Mo. 595. As presently more particularly stated, the persons named lived together as husband and wife until 1868. Missouri was not within the insurrectionary portions of slaveholding territory over which the emancipation proclamations of September 22, 1862, and January 1, 1863, operated. Slavery continued to exist there until abolished, January 11, 1865, by ordinance of the constitutional convention of that state. (Gen. Stat. of Missouri, 1889, p. 63.) After the passage of this ordinance, and on February 20, 1865, the legislature of Missouri enacted the following statute : .
“That in all cases where persons of color heretofore held as slaves in the state of Missouri have cohabited together as husband and wife, it shall be the duty of persons thus cohabiting to appear before a justice of the peace of the township where they reside, or before any other officer authorized to perform the ceremony of marriage, and it shall be the duty of such officer to join in marriage the persons thus applying, and to keep a record of the same.
“Free persons of color living or cohabiting together as husband and wife without being married according to the provisions of this act shall, after twelve months from its passage, be liable to criminal prosecution, and subject to same penalties as now provided by law: Provided, however, that this section shall not extend to colored persons who have enlisted in the service of the United States or state of Missouri, who shall not be subjected to any penalty for its violation until *279six monfhs' after their discharge from said service.” (Missouri Session Laws, 1865, p. 68.)
The Renfrows never complied with the provisions of this law. In disregard of it they continued to live together until 1868, in which year Grant abandoned Ann, declaring his intention no longer to recognize her as his wife. Thenceforth he never did recognize her as such, but several times thereafter married other women, by some of whom he had children. Throughout the time intervening between his emancipation from slavery and his separation from Ann they lived together in Missouri as husband and wife, mutually recognizing and holding each other out in the face of the world as such. Grant Renfrow moved to Kansas, accumulated here a small amount of property, and died. This action was instituted by his first wife, Ann, in assertion of her rights as his widow to a division of the property left by him. To this action his children and his last wife, Medora, were made defendants. Upon the facts above summarized judgment was rendered against them, and they prosecute error to this court.
It is admitted by counsel for plaintiffs in error that consensual or common-law marriages are and at the dates above mentioned were recognized as valid in the state of Missouri. It is, however, insisted that the above-quoted Missouri statute disqualified persons of color from contracting marriage according to the common law. It is insisted that the penal provisions of this statute excluded such class of persons from the operation of the common law of consensual marriage, and rendered ineffectual and void all agreements of marriage by such persons which were not solemnized according to its provisions. The plaintiffs in error are mistaken. The statute in question does not pretend to operate upon the marriage status. It *280does not pretend to annul or forbid the marriage relation because not entered into in accordance with prescribed forms. It only provides penalties for noncompliance with certain ceremonies of solemnization. It is in effect like the statute of this state discussed in The State v. Walker, 36 Kan. 297, 32 Pac. 279, in which it was held that “punishment may be inflicted upon those who enter the marriage relation in disregard of the prescribed statutory requirements without rendering the marriage itself void.” The general doctrine is that a marriage good at common law is good notwithstanding the neglect of statutory forms relating to the subject, unless the statute itself contains express words of nullity because of the failure to conform to its requirements. (1 Bishop, Marr. and Div. [5th ed.], § 283; Meister v. Moore, 96 U. S. 76.) The statute, it will be observed, makes it the “duty” of colored persons to solemnize their marriage agreement before an officer, but it does not abrogate the marital relation as a penalty for the violation of its provisions.
It is also insisted that the facts stated do not show the existence of a consensual or common-law marriage between Grant and Ann Renfrow, because no express agreement between them to take and live with each other as husband and wife was shown to have been made at any time between their emancipation from slavery and their separation three years later, without which agreement, it is contended that such kind of marriage cannot exist, or, to state the contention of the plaintiffs in error more accurately, cannot be proved. It is true the making of such agreement was not shown, but it does not follow that legal proof of the marriage was lacking. If a marriage contract need not be evidenced by writing, and of course it *281need not be, we can conceive of no reason why it may not, like many other civil'contracts, be evidenced by acts and conduct from which its making ore terms may be presumed. The acts and conduct of Grant and Ann Renfrow, after the removal of their disabilities, were in recognition of each other as husband and wife, and were continued for a sufficient length of time and with such openness to the world as to estop either from claiming to the contrary and to establish for themselves the marital status in the community where they resided. In the case of Francis v. Francis, 31 Gratt. 283, the same contention was made before the court of appeals of Virginia, in the case of a colored man and colored woman, as the plaintiffs in error make before us in this case. In the opinion of the court in that case it was said :
“It must appear that they have agreed to occupy that relation. The fact that they have so agreed is, however, not always susceptible to direct proof. The courts must, in many cases, infer it from the circumstances. It is not necessary that the parties shall have expressly agreed to live together as husband and wife. The agreement or understanding may be implied, as in other cases, from their conduct and declarations. In the present case there is no positive proof of an express agreement of the appellant and the appellee to occupy the relation to each other of husband and wife. But the circumstances tending to show an implied understanding of that sort are almost as satisfactory as the direct testimony of unimpeached witnesses to the fact.”
The facts involved in Solomon McReynolds v. The State, 5 Coldw. 18, were identical with those now under consideration, and in that case the court held that after the living together of a slave man and woman as husband and wife, a mutual recognition by them of each other in that relation, after the removal of *282their disabilities by emancipation, constituted a consensual marriage.
The plaintiffs in error urge some matters of conduct upon the part of Ann Renfrew toward her husband Grant as equitable reasons for refusing her recognition as his widow, and for disallowing her a share of his estate. They are not, however, sufficient to prevent the operation in her favor of the rules of law we have announced, and the judgment of the court below will be affirmed.