— There were horse races at Marion July 4 and 5, 1910, and plaintiff was in attendance. He shipped three buggies in the same car with his horses and placed in charge of them one Willard,who arranged for the storage of two of them in a shop -and; after obtaining permission of the city authorities, exhibited the other near the park. Willard had accompanied plaintiff from Des Moines, where the latter had bought the buggies, in order to carry out a scheme entered into at the suggestion of Willard, and which is best explained by plaintiff:
The method of handling the coupons was this: There was a book of coupons with five coupons in a book, and the book sold for . $20. A party purchasing one of the books would sell a coupon for $4, and the purchaser would send the coupon with $20 into the office, and his name was taken, and every coupon that came from his book was credited to the owner of the book, and when he had disposed of five books of coupons he had a buggy *25shipped to him from the factory. The coupons in all cases had to be sent in so that a record could be kept of them there.
A purchaser of coupons in this way could only get his buggy by sending his coupons in to the office and getting credit for them. The buggy of course, had to be shipped from the office. I had made arrangements with the Capital City Carriage Company to procure the buggies from them as I needed them. The three buggies were shipped to Marion, to be shown as samples of the buggies that would be received on the coupons. There were three kinds of buggies; the factory price on one was $60, one $48.75, and one $40. The best buggy was the sample of the buggy that would be sent out on the sale of the five coupon books. One selling four books of coupons got the second grade of buggy; and for the sale of three books the cheapest buggy was sent. If only two coupon books were sold, the seller would get a set of double harness. For disposing of one book he would get a single harness. Every coupon was redeemable in merchandise.
These coupons were to be redeemed by the Uncle Sam Buggy Company, which was plaintiff. Willard was to start the sale, and as his commission was to receive $4 for every book sold. A couple of days after the races, Willard sold the buggy to defendant for $50, and the parties have not been in communication with him since. The defendant, who had first seen Willard exhibiting the buggy near the park and at the fair ground, testified that it was customary.' for those exhibiting at the fair ground to sell what they could after the race meeting or fair was over, and further:
Four or five days after I bought the buggy, the plaintiff, Mr. Anderson, came to my barn, and we talked the matter over. He said Willard had no right to sell it, only on a coupon order or coupon book, or something of that nature. I didn’t understand the way they were selling the books. He told me he had entered into a contract with this man to sell these buggies; that he had bought the buggies himself and sent them here .with «Willard for him to dis*26pose of — he claimed strictly on some sort of a coupon order is the way they were to be disposed of — and said the buggies didn’t belong to Willard; that they belonged to him. He said Willard proposed the scheme to him in Des Moines. He said Willard put up collateral of some kind to make him safe in the buggy deal, and he had written,east to Washington to find out about the collateral, and it was a forgery, and he showed me a letter from Washington. I can’t remember the contents of the letter, only that Mr. Willard was a fraud. Anderson showed me the letter, which was directed to his father at Des Moines. Anderson told me his father was a salesman or something for the Capitol City Buggy Company, and the buggies were to go back to the factory if not sold. He said he got suspicious of these securities, and that, either he or his father wrote to Washington and received the letter back that Willard was a fraud, and that if he had telegraphed to Marion immediately on receipt of the letter Willard could have been detained before he got away from here. In that conversation with the plaintiff, he told me that Willard had entered into an agreement to. sell these buggies here at Marion, and was to have half the profits, and they had to account to the factory $60 for this buggy, and the sale price was $100. I told plaintiff that if Willard was in possession of these buggies as agent, and selling them, I didn’t see where he could come onto me for the buggy, or any damages whatever. He said they had lost enough money on Willard already, and they couldn’t afford to lose any more, and wanted to settle with me, and that rather than have any fuss they would rather lose part of it, and if I would pay part of what the buggy was worth I might keep it. I don’t know who he meant by ‘we.’ He said, ‘We have lost enough already,’ when speaking to me. He said Willard had authority to sell the buggy, the way I understood it for him.
On cross-examination he testified that plaintiff “told me that Willard was selling buggies for him on coupon orders, or something along that line, was selling coupon books, and something to the effect that Willard didn’t have authority to sell the buggy, but that it was his business to sell the coupons. Anderson claimed to me that he had no *27authority. He claimed, he had authority to sell the buggy on the coupon order. He did tell me, in effect, that Willard didn’t have any right to sell the buggy to me, but only had a right to sell coupons, and he demanded that I pay for the buggy; wanted to settle it. Said he was willing to lose some if we could get together and settle. Didn’t want any costs or trouble; didn’t want me to lose it all; and didn’t want to lose it all himself.”
He also swore that in buying he was not aware that plaintiff was interested in the buggy, but knew he was getting it for less than factory price.
The plaintiff’s version of the talk was that he explained to defendant the arrangement between himself and Willard as previously recited.
Two issues were submitted to the jury: (1) Whether Willard had actual authority to sell the buggy, and, if not, (2) whether he had ostensible authority so to do.
„ sfonNT0:fposses' fgehtfyauttority to sell. I. The scheme concocted seems. to have been in the nature of an endless chain as applied to customers, and, had it worked as well in fact as in theory, probably nearly every one by this time would have become a patron or victim of plaintiff, acting under a fictitious name. People did not seem to take kindly the net gprea(} for them, however, and Willard found it easier to sell buggies than books with which to procure them. Of course, the mere possession of the buggies by Willard was not alone enough to establish agency or authority to sell on his part. Baehr v. Clark, 83 Iowa, 313; Gilman Oil Co. v. Norton, 89 Iowa, 434; 1 Mechem on Sales, section 156; 31 Cyc. 1252. But the buggies were left with him by plaintiff after the races were over, under circumstances, in view of a custom, indicating that they were for sale. Moreover, according to defendant’s testimony, plaintiff admitted that Willard had them for disposition through selling books, although he testified seemingly to his own conclusion, that “the buggy, *28of course, had to be shipped from the office.” That the jury might have found he was authorized to dispose of the buggy through the scheme of first selling books and exchanging it for these can not be doubted; and, if he might do this indirectly, it was fairly to be implied that he might do so directly for cash. The- plaintiff had left him in charge of the buggies a long distance from his office without having disposed of the books entrusted to him, and we are of thei opinion that whether the sale for money was within the scope of his authority was for the jury to decide.
' apparent II. Apparent authority always must be determined by the acts of the principal, and not those of the agent. Wierman v. Bay City Sugar Co., 142 Mich. 422 (106 N. W. 75); Dispatch Printing Co. v. National Bank, 115 Minn. 157 (132 N. W. 2). “The authority must have been actually apparent to the third person, who, in order to avail himself of rights thereunder, must have dealt with agent in reliance thereon in good faith and in the exercise of reasonable prudence.” 31 Cyc. 1333. The defendant testified that in buying he relied solely on what Willard said and upon the fact that he was in possession of the buggy. Therein he did not exclude the circumstances of such possession, such as that Willard had been exhibiting it at the race track and at the park, that he had remained with the buggies after the races were over, and the custom of buggies being left for sale thereafter. These matters, in connection with Willard’s possession were enough to carry the issue to the jury as to whether he was clothed with such ostensible authority to sell as that the defendant was justified in relying thereon.
^ whenenot responsive. TTT, Byers after testifying to the storage of two crated buggies by Willard in his father’s wind' mill shop, and, on cross-examination, that Willard had paid nothing, was asked: “Of course, you didn’t know who Mr. Willard was working for, if anybody, did you? A. When he came there, he *29told me lie was interested in these buggies.” Plaintiff moved the answer be stricken as not responsive and as hearsay, and this motion was overruled. This was error. The answer was not responsive, and, for that reason, the party interrogating was entitled to haye it stricken and the witness required to respond to the question as propounded.
4 Principal and itTof agent1 to" sell: evidence. IV.' The defendant, after testifying to the exhibition of the buggy near the park and at the races by "Willard and the purchase of the buggy of him, was asked whether or not ^0"11 are acquainted- with the custom and usage of men exhibiting buggies at race meejqngg an¿ fairs a|)0Ut Linn county and in this part of the state, with reference to selling the same at the places they are exhibited after the race meeting is over?” This was objected to as incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial and not tending to support any issue in the case, and as calling for the opinion of the witness, and the objection overruled. “A. Tes; I am. Q. • What is the custom?” A like objection was overruled, and the witness answered: “It is the custom to sell what buggies they can after the fair is over, or during the fair.” The evidence was admissible as bearing on whether defendant in buying relied on Willard having authority to sell, and, if shown to have been general or known to plaintiff, would have borne on whether he had authorized Willard to sell. Kaufman v. Manufacturing Co., 78 Iowa, 679; Hichhorn v. Bradley, 117 Iowa, 130.
Y. Exception is taken to the fifth instruction, which reads:
5. Same: instructiotlA person dealing with an agent in regard to personal property intrusted to the latter by the principal, without knowledge that the property is not owned by the agent, but supposing him to be the owner thereof and the principal in the transaction with him, will possess all the fights he would have acquired had the transaction been with the real owner. If you find in this case that the plaintiff had committed the buggy in question *30to the hands of Willard for exhibition or sale in a particular manner, and that Willard took possession for that purpose, and as a reasonable man plaintiff knew, or should have known, that the possession and control over the property by Willard would lead a purchaser without knowledge of the true owner to buy from Willard in a manner different from that contemplated by him and Willard, and the defendant, without notice that the plaintiff was the real owner, purchased the buggy from Willard at a reasonable price, then he acquired title thereto, and you should find for him.
The thought sought to be conveyed in the first paragraph probably was that, though the purchaser may suppose the seller the owner, this will not obviate the application of the doctrine of ostensible authority; but, if so, the court was not happy in its expression, for the language employed in effect advises the jury that one purchasing property in good faith from a person intrusted therewith will acquire a good title as though he had dealt with the owner. Such is not the law, and the error is not obviated by what follows.
6. Same: authority of evidence. . The court told the jury in the second instruction, that “the statements or declarations of said Willard that he was such agent and had such authority to sell, or that he owned such buggy, or had an interest therein, if any such statements or declarations were made, are not alone competent to establish, and do not establish, such agency or authority.” From insertion of the word “alone,” the jury might have inferred that such declarations could be considered in connection with other evidence in determining agency on the part of Willard. For that, purpose, declarations of the agent are not to be considered by the jury. Hinkson v. Morrison, 47 Iowa, 167. — Reversed.