Under the proofs in this case, I think it was a •question for the jury whether there was not an implied invitation, to travelers along the old highway to pass around the obstruction therein •over the narrow roadway constructed by defendant for its own convenience; and the rule which measures liability in cases where such •invitation is given must apply if the jury should find that there was *44the implied invitation. That rule is reasonable prudence and care.. Larkin v. O’Neill, 119 N. Y. 221, 23 N. E. 563; Flynn v. Railroad Co., 142 N. Y. 439, 37 N. E. 514; Hart v. Grennell, 122 N. Y. 371, 25, N. E. 354. What is reasonable prudence and care is to be determined by the facts and circumstances of each separate case. In the case before us, it was obvious to every one approaching to pass over the roadway that the passage was unsafe. It was obvious that it was not a highway; that it was narrow, and ran through defendant’s works;, that heaps of earth existed there; derricks and steam engines were in use in close proximity to this road; that there was more or less noise and confusion all about,—the necessary accompaniment of the employment of a large number of men and teams, steam engines, and machinery. All these obstructions and obvious perils were a part of' the surroundings, and the defendant could not be held to be negligent in any duty towards a traveler by not removing these obstructions to-safe travel and making the perils less. The defendant was prosecuting-its work as it had a right- to do. The traveler must surmount the difficulties if he would pass that way. The risk from things obvious, and the dangers to himself, his team, or horse which might be reasonably anticipated in passing over this road, were all assumed by the traveler. The plaintiff, familiar with these surroundings, obstacles and dangers, attempted to pass along this road on horseback in the daytime, when the works were in full operation. As he came along in the vicinity of the spot where the steam pipe from one of the engines-crossed under the road he says:
“I believe at the time I was working for defendant. I went by this building, and the boiler and bolster were in operation, and this pipe laid across-the road as it did when I was hurt. * * * There was no more than one-traveled track where I fell off. There was only room enough for one team. Just one track of a wagon there. That track was pretty close to the building. * * * I was in the track at the time. I was in the road. I suppose that is what you call the track. * * * This steam enveloped me; it came-from the pipe. * * * I know what part of the pipe it came from. It came out from the pipe in the track,—in the. road. I saw it when it eameup; it came in a gush in my face; right between the tracks in the highway. There is only one track there. There is a track for each wheel. I will swear the steam came out of the pipe right up in the road. This was a pipe they used for a siphon pipe to force the water up in the barrel for the injector-to take it.”
The steam so coming from the pipe plaintiff says frightened his horse, and he fell off. The plaintiff is the only witness of the accident ; and, as he states here just how it happened, it would seem that the sole cause of the horse’s fright was a jet of steam from a steam, pipe buried out of sight in the road. There is no explanation, in the testimony as to how this steam jet found its way up through between the wagon tracks in the center of the road. The only theory possible-is that there was a break in the pipe under the road. It was not shown that steam was ever known to come from that spot before. The pipe was subsequently uncovered and found to be unbroken and-’ perfect. The jury was instructed that defendant had a right to run its pipe across the road in this way, and had a right also to use it in the-manner it was used. Without doubt this was a correct instruction,, for this was not a highway, and defendant was not a trespasser in-*45using its own property for its own purposes. There was no evidence •of any fault in construction or any knowledge in defendant of any defect in the pipe from which at this point in the center of the road a Jet of steam might have been foreseen or danger therefrom apprehended. This, therefore, disposes of the charge of negligence on defendant’s part. There is no proof of failure on the part of defendant in •the exercise of reasonable prudence and care. One witness (a brother of plaintiff) testified to having seen steam escaping from some leaky unions on the pipe outside of the road, both before and after the •accident. It was proven that the nearest of these unions was some •eight feet beyond the outer side of the road, and the same witness says, “I never saw any horses get frightened at this steam escaping.” The court instructed the jury that they had no right to charge defendant with negligence in this case because of any escaping steam outside of the road, and in this we think the learned trial court was ;right. He says, in explanation of his general charge, “I told the jury, if the beaten track was substituted, and if the escape was at the side, defendant is not liable for it.” So it remained only for the jury to predicate negligence upon the fact that a jet of steam came up from between the wheel tracks in the road; and, as we have seen that there was no proof that steam ever came up in that way before, and there was no proof of defect either in construction or in the pipe known to the defendant, and no proof of'knowledge of any danger of this nature to be apprehended, it was error to submit the case to the jury with instruction that they had a right to find defendant negligent in not forestalling accident from a jet of steam rising for the first time between the wagon tracks.
The court was asked to charge the jury as follows: “That the pipe, not being in or across a public highway, the defendant was prosecuting its work upon its own premises in the exercise of a legal right.” This request the court refused. This, we think, was error. The converse of that proposition carries the implication to the jury that defendant was a trespasser in running this pipe across this road, as, no doubt, it would have been had the road been a public highway; and, being a trespasser, it would have been unnecessary to prove negligence. That the jury might have so understood the rule of liability to be is apparent from the request which followed, viz.:
“That defendant had a right to use the premises for the purposes which it was doing. The property being in such condition as to plainly indicate that the public right of use was interrupted, the obligation of defendant was different from what it would have been had the pipe been in a public street”
This request was refused. This refusal plainly declared to the jury that this road was, so far as plaintiff was concerned, to be deemed a public highway, and the defendant was a trespasser in running a steam pipe under and across it, and therefore liable for any injury to plaintiff resulting therefrom. That this was error is too plain for argument.
We think, aside from these errors in the charge, that there was no evidence whatever presented from which a jury had a right to find a lack of reasonable prudence and care on the part of defendant; and a verdict should have been directed dismissing the action on the merits.
*46The judgment should be reversed upon the law and the facts, and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide the event. All concur ; SMITH, J., in result.