In this ease, Hill and Orbison, the appellees, sued Babcock ‡ Go. and recovered a judgment on an account.
The only questions presented in the case, arise upon a set off pleaded by the appellants, and they are very clearly and *76fully stated in the special findings of the court below, which are as follows, viz:
“ There is due to the plaintiffs from the defendants on the account set up in the complaint the sum of $136 80 with interest, in all $150 80,-which the plaintiffs are entitled to l’ecover.”
“In reference to the set off of the defendants, the following facts are found:
“ The plaintiffs are, and at the time the matters in controversy arose were, produce dealers, doing business in the city of Fort Wayne, in the State of Indiana. The defendants at the same time were commission merchants in the city of New York.
“ Some time before the 3d day of December, 1860, the plaintiffs had forwarded to the defendants, to be by them sold on commission, clover seed to the amount of 82,822 pounds.
“ No specific instructions were given by the plaintiffs to the defendants-as to the manner of sale, as to cash or credit. The seed was forwarded simply for sale, and was received by the defendants at the city of New York on the 3d day of December, above mentioned. The defendants made a sale of the seed to one John F. Dustan, who was a produce shipper in good standing as to solvency, and in good repute. This sale was regarded as a cash sale, made in accordance with the usage of trade in the city of New York, by which usage the purchaser for cash of some kinds of produce, including clover seed, has from three to seven days, or perhaps longer, after the purchase and delivery of the property, to pay for the same.
“Prior to the sale, the defendants made reasonable inquiry as to the standing and solvency of Dustan, which appeared to be satisfactory.
“Thebulk of the seed was delivered on the 6th, 7th and 8th days of the month, but it was not all delivered until the 11th.
*77“ On, or about, tbe 8th of the month, the defendants made out a bill of the seed, and sent a clerk with it to Dustan for payment. Dustan did not decline to pay, either because the seed had not all been delivered, or because the usual time of payment had not expired, but simply because he had not the money. He told the clerk to call again in a day or two, when he expected to have the money. On the 10th or 12th of the month, Mr. Babcock, one of the defendants, called upon Dustan for payment, but the latter was unable to pay, saying, that he had made, and was making every effort to sell bills drawn on his produce. He was also unable to give any security, but proposed to give the defendants a bill of exchange drawn by him on his consignee in England.
“Thus matters stoodunt.il the 29th day of the samemonth, when the defendants took from Dustan a bill of exchange drawn by him on his consignee, James JI. Butler, of Liverpool, England, payable fifteen days after sight, for something over eleven hundred pounds sterling.
“ This bill covered other produce sold by the defendants to Dusian for other parties, as well as that sold for the plaintiffs. The bill was made payable to Messrs. Sehuhardt $ Gebbard, bankers, New York, and was so taken for convenience, and because the defendants thought it' would be more likely to be honored than if made payable to themselves. The bill was forwarded to the drawee, and returned dishonored, and the clover seed has not been paid for by Dustan, who is insolvent.
“ The defendants'did not advise the plaintiffs of the sale of the clover seed, or of the facts connected with it, until the 29th of the month, when they wrote the plaintiffs as follows: ‘We sold your seed at 9c. per pound on the 3d of the month. We shall not realize the money for it within 60 days, although sold for cash. It was sold to a shipper to Europe, and in consequence of his not being able to sell his exchange he could not pay us. The consequence was, we *78had to take a hill of exchange on London, and wait 60 days before it can be collected, or we can realize the money.’
“ The defendants did not know at the time they took the bill of exchange whether Lustan had shipped or disposed of the clover seed, nor had they made any investigation or effort to ascertain whether such was the case.
“ On the week succeeding that of the purchase, the seed was shipped by Lustan on board of the ship Constitution, consigned to .James II. Butler, of Liverpool, to be sold on Lustan’s account, and the bills of lading-forwarded.
“ What time the vessel sailed from New York does not appear. On the 7th of the month above mentioned, Lustan drew a bill of exchange on Butler, his consignee, for £700, in favor of John Stewart Co., and also drew what he calls a bill of lading for 251 bags of the clover seed, and attached it to the bill of exchange as collateral security. This bill of exchange, with the paper attached as collateral security, he sold to J. § J. Stewart Co., of New York, at the current rate of' exchange, realizing therefor something over $3,111. Oil the 14th of the same month, Lustan drew another bill of exchange on his consignee, in favor of L uncan, Sherman $ Co., of New York, for £398, and also drew another papei-, which he also called a bill of lading, for 138 bags, being the residue of the clover seed; which bill of exchange, with the paper attached, he sold at the current rate of exchange, for which he realized $1,772.
“ Other than the above, no interest had been acquired by any third person in the clover seed on the 12th day of Leeember, 1860, nor does it appear how soon thereafter any such interest was acquired.
“ The net proceeds of the clover seed, at the price for which it was sold by the defendants to Lustan, amounted to $2,585 81, for which amount the defendants, before the dishonor of the bill, had given the plaintiffs credit on their books, for convenience in keeping the accounts, but not for the purpose of charging themselves with it absolutely. And the defendants, also, in anticipation of the payment *79of the bill of exchange, or the collection of the claim from JDustan, accepted and paid bills drawn by the plaintiffs upon them, to the amount of the proceeds of the clover seed.
“ The plaintiffs have not by any positive act, or by their silence, released the defendants from any supposed liability for negligence in failing to notify them sooner of the sale of the clover seed, and Dustaris inability to pay for the same.
“ The bill of exchange taken by the defendants of JDustan has never been offered to, or received by, the plaintiffs.”
The court further found, as a conclusion of law, arising upoxx the facts so specially found, that the defendaxxts, the appellants in this court, could not maintaixx their set off.
The only error assigned is, that “ the court below ex’red in refusing a new trial, when the same should have been granted, for causes assigned in the written motion therefor, and in rendering judgment for the appellees, when it should have been for the appellants.”
The causes for a new trial are: •“ 1st. That the conclusion of law of the court, as above set out, is erroneous, in this: That it does not appear that the seed in question was, for a reasonable time after the delivery thereof to JDustan, within the juxisdiction of the United States, or any State thex’eofj so that the same might have been reclaimed by the plaintiffs if they had had notice. 2d. That the onus is upoxx the plaintiffs to show negligence on the part of the defendants, by which they were injured, which, from the .finding aforesaid, they have not done; wherefore said conclusion of law, upon said finding, is erroneous.”
The plaintiffs below sought to defeat the set off* of the defendants, by showing that the Joss of the clover seed resulted from their carelessness, and it is true that the onus of that fact was upon the plaintiffs. The evidence is not in the x’ecord, and we must take the facts to be as they are presented by the special finding of the court.
*80It is stated in the special finding that it does not appear at what time the vessel on which the clover seed was shipped sailed. The seed was shipped to the defendants, as commission merchants, for sale. They were the special agents of the plaintiffs, and, as such, it was their duty to observe toward their principals the utmost good faith, and to exercise all reasonable diligence in protecting their interests. It was their duty, in the absence of instructions to the contrary, to sell only for cash on delivery. The' sale was considered a cash sale, but by the custom of merchants, existing in the city of New York, Dustan, the purchaser was entitled to from three to seven days after the delivery of the seed, to pay for it.. Payment was demanded on the 8th, and again on the 10th or 12th of the month, and refused, not because the time allowed by the custom had not expired, but simply because he had not the money and could not raise it, and the defendants were then notified that Dustan could not give them any security for the amount.
It may be inferred that the ship had not sailed at that time, as the last of the seed was only delivered to Dustan on the 11th of the same month.
The refusal of Dustan to pay for the seed, and his inability to give any security for the money, was notice to the defendants of the danger that threatened its loss; yet they made no effort to secure it in any manner, nor did they give the plaintiffs any notice of its condition, or even of the sale, until the 29th of the month, when they received from Dustan the bill of exchange on Butler, the consignee in England, which also covered produce sold to Dustan for other parties. At the time they received this bill of exchange, the defendants “did not know whether Dustan had shipped or disposed of the clover seed, nor had they made any investigation or effort to ascertain whether such was the case.”
The reasons for the conclusion of law arrived at by the court below are fully and clearly stated in the record before. *81us, and contain, as we think, the law applicable to the case; we therefore adopt and copy them, substantially, as the opinion of this court.
Although the defendants may not have been guilty of negligence in selling the seed to a person who found himself unable to pay for it, according to the usage in such cases, still, when the defendants found; at least as early as the 12th of December, that Dustan was unable to pay, it was their duty to have again taken possession of the seed for the plaintiffs, which, for aught that appears, might have been done; orto have instituted legal proceedings for that purpose; or, at least, to have given the plaintiffs reasonable and prompt notice of the facts, so that they might have taken such steps as were necessary to protect their interest. A delay to give such notice until the 29th was unreasonable, under the circumstances, and amounted to such negligence as to make the defendants responsible for any damages sustained by the plaintiffs in consequence of the want of such notice.
. At the time the defendants were notified that Dustan could neither pay for the seed, nor secure the payment, there seems to have been no reason, in fact or in law, why the plaintiffs, if properly notified, could not have repossessed themselves of the property, and thereby saved the entire amount. By the sale to Dustan,.the title did not pass to him absolutely, but only conditionally until payment. Fleeman v. McKean, 25 Barb. 474; Dows v. Dennistoun, 28 id. 398. Nor had any title been acquired by any third person that could have prevailed against the plaintiffs. It may be conceded that had Dustan procured a proper bill of lading of the clover seed, and transferred it by assignment; the assignee "would have acquired a good title, even as against the plaintiffs. Blossom, v. Champion, 28 Barb. 217; Dows v. Green, 24 N. Y. 638. But nothing of the. kind transpired in this case.
, A bill of lading is to be signed by the master of the ship, and by it he agrees, as a common carrier, to deliver- the-*82goods to the consignee, or his order. 3 Kent 291,10th ed.; Covill v. Hill, 4 Denio 323. It is evident that the papers made out by Dustan on the 7th and 14th days of December, and attached to the bills of exchange then drawn, and sold by him, were not bills of lading, although he called them such. They do not appear to have been signed by any one, unless by Dustan himself. He drew them, and the inference is that he only signed them. That such papers are not bills of lading is fully established by the case of Covill v. Hill, supra. And not being bills of lading, they could vest in the purchaser no better right to the seed than Dustan himself had, and none that could prevail against the plaintiffs.
JR,. Brackenridge, for appellant.
W. JET. Coombs and J. Morris, for appellees.
Under these circumstances, we think the defendants, by failing to take any steps to repossess themselves of the seed, or to notify the plaintiffs of the facts, when they could, probably, have taken effective measures to protect their interests, took the risk of Dustan’s failure upon themselves, and must bear the loss.
The judgment is therefore affirmed, with five per cent, damages and costs.