Rubber Trading Company, Respondent, v. Manhattan Rubber Manufacturing Company, Appellant.
First Department,
November 20, 1914.
Sale — anticipatory breach — refusal of vendee to complete contract, except upon new terms — waiver of breach.
The refusal of a vendee to complete a contract of sale, except upon new terms not included in the original contract, is equivalent to a refusal to complete at all, and constitutes an anticipatory breach.
Although a party suing upon an anticipatory breach must elect to consider the contract as terminated thereby, there is no particular time within which he must make that election, and an offer or repeated offers to complete on the contract terms or on modified terms, unless accepted by the vendee, does not constitute a waiver of the breach.
Inubaham, P. J., dissented, with opinion.
*478Appeal by the defendant, Manhattan Rubber Manufacturing Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 9th day of December, 1913, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 15th day of December, 1913, denying defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
Louis W. Stotesbury, for the appellant.
Harry D. Nims, for the respondent.
Scott, J.:
Plaintiff- is an importer of crude rubber. Defendant is a manufacturer. July 19, 1912, plaintiff and defendant entered into an agreement for the sale and purchase of “ about 15 tons prime thin disc Manicoba rubber at $1.00 per pound.” The rubber was to be delivered about five tons each month, in September, October and November. To meet this contract plaintiff bought the necessary amount of rubber “ to arrive.” The parties had dealt for several years under similar contracts. In August plaintiff delivered about five tons of rubber under this contract, and defendant paid $11,120, the full price. After this lot had been delivered and paid for, defendant objected to the quality of a portion of it, and plaintiff took back 7,964 pounds. It delivered in place thereof 6,204 pounds, which defendant accepted, but refused to accept 1,768 pounds which plaintiff offered to deliver to make up the amount which had been taken back.
Plaintiff had imported and held in warehouse a sufficient quantity of rubber, claimed to be of the proper quality, to complete the contract. The price of this grade of rubber began to fall after September first, and defendant began to interpose difficulties as to the acceptance of rubber. I think that it is fairly established by the evidence that the custom between the parties on the delivery of rubber under similar contracts was, that a broker should examine the rubber on dock or in warehouse and, 'if he found it of the proper quality, defendant accepted warehouse receipts, subject apparently to the right to reject or claim allowance if when rubber arrived in the factory it failed to come up to sample.
*479The complaint was originally framed on the theory that plaintiff had tendered full performance, which defendant had refused. It was amended, however, so as also to allege an anticipatory breach on defendant’s part, and it is upon this theory that plaintiff has recovered. The difficulty with standing upon tender of performance was that while plaintiff had made several written tenders, it had so qualified them that an acceptance of warehouse receipts would have precluded defendant from making any claim if, on examination in the factory, the rubber had proven to be deficient in quality.
The anticipatory breach was founded upon the claim that defendant had insisted upon importing two new terms into the contract and refused to fulfill unless these were- complied with. One was that there should be a laboratory test before delivery, and the other that the rubber delivered should be “ round thin discs. ”
The court left it to the jury to say whether the defendant had so insisted, and if so whether it was a refusal to fulfill the contract according to its terms. No fault is found with the charge, and there is evidence to sustain the jury’s finding on these questions in favor of plaintiff.
Assuming the facts to be rightly found, there was a clear anticipatory breach, for the refusal of a party to complete a contract, except upon new terms not included in the original contract, is equivalent to a refusal to complete at all.
The defendant, however, invokes the rule that while an anticipatory breach will entitle the party against whom it is made to sue at once for damages without tendering performance, still, in order to do so he must elect to consider the contract as broken; and it urges that plaintiff’s repeated tenders of performance are conclusive evidence that it did not so elect.
We do not so understand the rule. It is true that in order to sue upon an anticipatory breach, the party suing must elect to consider the contract as terminated by the breach, but there is no particular time within which he must make that election; and an offer, or repeated offers, to complete on the contract terms, or on modified terms, unless accepted by the vendee, does not constitute a waiver of the breach. (Canda v.
*480Wick, 100 N. Y. 127; Poel v. Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., 159 App. Div. 365.)
The judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Laughlin, Dowling and Hotchkiss, JJ., concurred; Ingraham, P. J., dissented.
Ingraham, P. J. (dissenting):
I do not concur in the affirmance of this judgment. The action was to recover on a contract whereby the plaintiff agreed to sell and deliver to the defendant about fifteen tons of prime thin disc Manicoba rubber to be delivered about five tons each month during September, October and November, 1912. The complaint alleges that on or about the 16th day of August, 1912, the plaintiff delivered to the defendant about 11,120 pounds of said rubber, for which the defendant paid the contract price, and that thereafter at various times in October and November, 1912, the plaintiff tendered to defendant certain quantities of rubber under the terms of the said contract but that the defendant wrongfully refused to accept it or to pay for the same, and that thereafter on notice to defendant the plaintiff sold the rubber at a price less than the contract price and that there was justly due and owing to the plaintiff from defendant the amount which the defendant promised and agreed to pay for the rubber delivered under said contract and the amount expended by plaintiff for the account of the defendant, less the amount received for the rubber, and for that sum the plaintiff demanded judgment.
The answer denied the allegations of tender. The issue presented, therefore, was whether defendant had committed a breach of the contract in refusing to accept the rubber tendered to the defendant, in October and November. By an amendment to the pleadings on the trial the plaintiff further alleged that on or about the 9 th day of October, 1909, the defendant wrongfully repudiated the said contract and definitely notified the plaintiff that it would not thereafter perform the same. At the trial considerable testimony • was taken as to these various tenders and as to the alleged repudiation of the contract. When the court came to submit the case to the jury it *481was submitted wholly on the theory of the repudiation of the contract by the defendant or what may be called an anticipatory breach of the contract in October. The court said to the jury: “The insistence upon such demand invalidated the tender. There has been no tender of performance by the plaintiff in this case, nor is there one claimed. The plaintiff has withdrawn any claim that it did make a valid tender in this action, and the plaintiff could not then recover in this action unless it be shown that the defendant positively refused to carry out the contract, in which case the law makes an exception, so that where one party to a contract positively refused to perform his part of a contract, the law does not require the other party to go through the idle form of offering to perform his part. An absolute refusal upon the part of one party to carry out the contract is termed a repudiation.” The court further charged the jury: “Ifthe jury believe that there was nó positive refusal by the defendant to carry out the contract, the verdict must be for the defendant. If, on the other hand, the jury believe that there was a positive refusal to carry out the contract by the defendant, it shall then consider whether the plaintiff so regarded it and acted upon it or whether it treated the contract as still in force.” So the recovery of the plaintiff depends upon this anticipatory breach of the contract by the defendant.
At the end of the case counsel for the defendant moved to dismiss the complaint upon the ground that there was not evidence to sustain a finding of repudiation which would be clear and unmistakable. He also moved for the direction of a verdict on the ground that there were no facts which would sustain a finding of repudiation or excuse a tender of performance on the part of the plaintiff. I think the motion to direct a verdict for the defendant should have been granted on the ground that there was no express repudiation of the contract, and that plaintiff was not relieved from the necessity of making a tender as provided for in the contract to recover for a breach thereof. The evidence showed that there was objection made by the defendant to certain of the rubber included in the first delivery under the contract, and that plaintiff received back a portion of *482the rubber so delivered and submitted in its place other rubber, which apparently was accepted by the defendant. There was then some correspondence between the defendant and plaintiff and also various negotiations. The defendant insisted at one time upon its right to test the rubber in its laboratory before accepting it, and plaintiff insisted, on the other hand, that defendant was obliged either to accept or reject the rubber in the warehouse where it was stored. • But, as I read this record, there was no evidence to show that at any time the defendant refused to accept the rubber which complied with the contract, and, after the so-called refusal, the defendant again and again offered to receive any rubber that the plaintiff would tender and accept it if it complied with the contract. None of these acts,which are now relied upon to sustain the claim of an anticipatory breach by the defendant, was relied upon by the plaintiff, for it afterwards made abortive tenders of the rubber, treated the contract as in full force and effect, and never prior to the time that the amendment was made to the complaint treated the acts of the defendant prior to the time of the refusal as an absolute and unequivocal breach of the contract. It is settled in this State that, for a party to such a contract to avail himself of such a repudiation, it must be adopted by the other party and acted upon by him. ,(Becker v. Seggie, 139 App. Div. 463; Ga Nun v. Palmer, 202 N. Y. 483.)
It seems to me that, upon the whole evidence, the parties clearly understood the situation, and at no time was it claimed that the acts of the defendant constituted a breach of the contract, and, as I understand this record, there was no testimony that the defendant ever placed itself in the position of refusing to perform the contz'act or to accept any rubber offered to it that complied with the terms of the contract.
Therefore, I think the verdict of the jury was not sustained by the evidence, and that the judgment and order should be reversed.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.