This case is brought into this court by writ of error to the judgment of the district court of Milwaukee county, at the June term, 1841. The suit in the district court was brought by Josiah S. Breese, defendant in error and plaintiff below, against Sylvester W. Dunbar, plaintiff in error and defendant below, on a promissory note, given by Dunbar to one James Sander-son, and by him indorsed to the plaintiff, Breese.
On the trial, the defendant, Dunbar, offered Sanderson, the indorser, as a witness to show the consideration of the note, and that it was void in its inception, who was rejected by the court. Exception is taken to this opinion, and the question in this court is, did the district court err in rejecting Sanderson as an incompetent witness ?
In Walton v. Shelly, 2 Term Rep. (opinion by Lord Mansfield), the court decided, that although, on the ground of direct interest in the result of a suit by the indorsee against the maker, the indorser of a note might be a witness, yet upon the ground of public policy he was incompetent and should not be admitted. And tbi,q was the rule -of decision for many years in England, until in Jordaine v. Lashbrooke, 7 Term Rep. 601, Lord Kenyon delivered the opinion of the court, reversing the doctrine in Walton v. Shelly, for the reason that a higher public policy authorized a different rule. What this paramount policy was, is not satisfactorily stated by the learned judge. The law, as settled in Jordaine v. Lashbrooke, is the rule of decision in England. In this country the decisions are conflicting. In New York, in Winton v. Laidler, 3 Johnson’s Cases, 185, the rule in Walton v. Shelly was adopted. Some years after, the rule was reversed, and the doctrine of Jordaine v. Lashbrooke adopted. But the rule, that a party to a negotiable instrument shall not be permitted to impeach it, is *111fully adopted in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and, it would seem, in Virginia and South Carolina. See Houghton v. Page, 1 N. H. 60; Warren v. Merry, 3 Mass. 27; Parker v. Lovejoy, id. 365; Churchill v. Suter, 4 id. 156; Barker v. Prentiss, 6 id. 430; Jones v. Coolidge, 7 id. 199; Manning v. Wheatland, 10 id. 506; Hartford Bank v. Barry, 17 id. 94; Packard v. Richardson, id. 122; Knight v. Putnam, 3 Pick. 184; Stills v. Lynch, 2 Dall. 194; Respublica v. Ross, id. 242; Shaw v. Wallis, 2 Yeates, 17; Hepburn v. Cassell, 6 Serg. & Rawle, 113; Bank of Montgomery v. Walker, 9 id. 229; Wilson v. Lennox, 1 Cranch, 194-202, n.
The true, meaning of the rule in Walton v. Shelly is that a party, after having given currency to negotiable paper, shall not be permitted to invalidate it, nor to impair it as a security, nor to change the liabilities of the parties respectively, contrary to the tenor and form of the paper and the indorsements thereon, to the prejudice of the holder. A party to such an instrument is not admitted to testify to facts which may show that the plaintiff is not such a holder as is protected, so as to let in his testimony afterward to invalidate the note. Gest v. Espy, 2 Watts, 265.
The weight of authorities, strengthened by the soundest reasoning, seems to sustain, fully, the true meaning of the rule in Walton v. Shelly; and this court is of opinion that the decision and judgment of the district court of Milwaukee county, rejecting Sanderson, the indorser, as an incompetent witness, be affirmed, with costs, in favor of Breese, the defendant in error and plaintiff below.