The plaintiff claims of the defendant-one hundred and eighty dollars damages for wrongfully taking possession of, and selling under a chattel mortgage, before the debt secured thereby was due, one mare and certain corn; also for breach of warranty of a horse sold to him. It is also alleged that the sale under the mortgage on the horse was had without notice, that there was no competition, and that the. defendant bid in' the property. The defendant admits the sale of the mare and corn under his mortgages, but says he sold in accordance with the provisions of the-mortgages; denies that he warranted the mare sold plaintiff; denies all other allegations in the petition; avers that there is due him from plaintiff on two notes ninety-two dollars. In a reply plaintiff- denies alL affirmative allegations in the answer.
*123i. warranty: breach: pleading- and proot. I. The plaintiff averred in his petition that the mare purchased by him of the defendant was warranted tobe “sound in every particular;” that , , , n ,. , s|ie proved to he unsound and diseased, and he sustained damages thereby. The plaintiff testified touching this matter as follows: “I asked him if the horse would stand up and work, and was sound and solid, and I asked him if the mare was with foal; and he said she was, and he said that she would stand the workl had to do.” Now the plaintiff’s only claim is that the mare was in fact diseased, and would not do his work. No claim is made that the mare was not with foal. The jury found a warranty. It will be observed that there is no claim in the petition that the plaintiff relied on the warranty, if one was made. Nor does the testimony show that the plaintiff was misled into relying on any statement of the defendant’s which would amount to a warranty. It is only by inference that such a thing can be gathered from the pleading or testimony. We do not see how the statement that the mare would stand the work of the plaintiff can be construed to be a warranty. It was, at most, a mere expression of opinion, and not a representation or affirmation amounting to a warranty. To constitute a warranty, there must not. only be “an assertion or affirmation of quality made by the owner during a negotiation for the sale” of the mare, “which it may be supposed was intended to cause the sale,” but it must also appear that it “was operative in causing it.” Now the petition should allege, not only the warranty, and. its breach, but also the fact that the purchaser bought relying upon it, and the testimony should establish the same facts to authorize a recovery thereon. It seems to. us that reliance upon the warranty is neither pleaded nor proved, even if it be conceded that one was made. Tewkesbury v. Bennett, 31 Iowa, 83; McGrew v. Forsythe, 31 Iowa, 179, 181; Jackson v. Mott, 76 Iowa, *124263, 265; McDonald Manufacturing Co. v. Thomas, 53 Iowa, 558, 560; Figge v. Hill, 61 Iowa, 430. We think there was no evidence justifying this finding by the jury.
2. chattel mort-Sraotion?right ?oIseSciefóre ' default. II. Two counts of the petition are based on a wrongful sale of the mortgaged property before thematu-rity the debt secured by the mortgages. It is also alleged that the sale was had without notice, and that there was no competition. Neither of these allegations was established. In fact the evidence conclusively shows that the notices required by the mortgages were given; that the sale was a public one; that many people attended it, and in all respects it was fairly conducted. The court submitted to the jury the following, among other special interrogations: “Do you find from the evidence that the defendant, deeming himself unsafe, took possession of the mortgaged.property, by his agent, about October 31,1890?77 The jury answered, “Nod7 Error is assigned on the submission of the interrogatory ; also because the court permitted the plaintiff to testify as to the value and amount of the property on which the mortgages were given, and which had been foreclosed; also that the court failed to instruct the jury as to the law touching the alleged wrongful sale of the mortgaged property. Complaint is also made of the refusal to give instructions 1, 2 and 4, asked by the defendant. The first instruction, in effect, told the jury, if the plaintiff was about to dispose of any of the mortgaged property, that defendant had a right to take immediate possession of the property, and sell it, as provided by the terms of the mortgage. The second, in substance, was that, under the terms of the mortgages, the defendant had the light to take possession of the mortgaged property whenever he deemed himself unsafe, and elected so to do, and sell it, as provided by the mortgages, and, if he did so, such sale was valid and ' *125binding on the plaintiff, and he could not recover damages by reason of such sale of the property. The fourth told the jury that the plaintiff could not recover, as no evidence had been offered to show compliance on his part with the terms of the mortgages, and other facts which need not be stated. We will consider all these assignments of error in one division of the opinion, as they all relate to, or present, the same legal question.
The right of the defendant, by virtue of the condition of the mortgages, to take possession of and sell the property embraced therein before the debt became due, should have been clearly stated to the jury. It was .a material question. The court, for some reason not disclosed by the record, gave no instructions to the jury touching this matter, but left them to grope their way in the dark, or to speculate as to the legal effect of the mortgages. It was not only the right, but the duty, of the court to have construed the contract of the parties, and have given that construction to the jury, to aid them in reaching a proper verdict. Owen v. Owen, 22 Iowa, 270, 274; Little v. McGuire, 43 Iowa, 447, 450; Hill v. Aultman, 68 Iowa, 630. In failing to instruct the jury on a material issue in the case, the court erred.
The other assignments of error mentioned present the question as to the right of a mortgagee, under the stipulation of these mortgages, to take possession of the mortgaged property before the maturity of the debt. That part of the mortgages material to' this inquiry is as follows: “And I, the said Alonzo Richardson, do hereby covenant and agree to and with, the said C. E. Coffman, that in case of default made in the payment-of the above mentioned promissory note, or in case of my attempting to dispose of, or remove from said county of Harrison, the aforesaid goods and chattels, or any part thereof, or whenever the said mortgagee shall choose so to do, then and in that case it shall be *126lawful for the said mortgagee or assigns, by himself or agent, to take immediate possession of said goods and chattels, wherever found, — the possession of these presents being his sufficient authority, — and to sell the same at public auction, or so much thereof as shall be sufficient to pay the amount due, or to become due, as the case may be, with all reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees pertaining to the taking, keeping, advertising, and selling of said property.”
Under our statute, in the absence of stipulations to the contrary, the mortgagee of personal property is entitled to its possession. Code, section 1927. Clauses in chattel mortgages are frequently found providing that the mortgagee may take possession “whenever he may feel insecure” or'“unsafe.” There is much disagreement in the adjudicated cases as to under what circumstances, under such provisions, the mortgagee is justified in taking the property. Jones, Chat. Mortg., section 429; Hall v. Sampson, 35 N. Y. 274; Woods v. Gaar, Scott & Co., 53 N. W. Rep. (Mich.) 14; Deal v. D. M. Osborne & Co., 43 N. W. Rep. (Minn.) 835; Newlean v. Olson, 22 Neb. 717, 36 N. W. Rep. 155; Lichtenberger v. Johnson, 49 N. W. Rep. (Neb.) 336; Humpfner v. H. M. Osborne & Co., 50 N. W. Rep. (S. D.) 88, 90; J. I. Case Plow Works v. Marr, 49 N. W. Rep. (Neb.) 1119; Gage v. Wayland, 67 Wis. 566, 31 N. W. Rep. 108; Huebner v. Koebke, 42 Wis. 319; Cline v. Libby, 49 N. W. Rep. (Wis.) 832; Werner v. Bergman, 28 Kan. 60; 3 Amer. and Eng. Enc. Law, 205. Thus it is held in Michigan that the mortgagee must have good reason to believe, and in fact believe, in good faith, that he is insecure, although as a matter of fact he may be mistaken. Woods v. Gaar, Scott & Co., supra. The rule in Nebraska, as stated in the cases cited above, is that the mortgagor must be about to do, or has done, some act which tends to impair the security of the mortgage; and the same doctrine is adhered to *127in South Dakota. Humpfner v. D. M. Osborne & Co., 50 N. W. Rep. 90. In Minnesota, under their statute, it is held that the right can only be exercised by the mortgagee for a just cause, based upon the actual existence of facts constituting a reasonable ground for believing himself insecure. Deal v. D. M. Osborne & Co., 43 N. W. Rep. 835. Other states hold that such a claim authorizes the mortgagee to take possession, at his election, whenever he chooses so to do; that he can determine absolutely when he will act, or, at least, if he says he deems himself insecure; and there is apparent reason therefor, it is sufficient. Gage v. Wayland, 67 Wis. 566, 31 N. W. Rep. 108; Huebner v. Koebke, 42 Wis. 319; Cline v. Libby, 49 N. W. Rep. (Wis.) 832; Werner v. Bergman, 28 Kan. 60; Jones, Chat. Mortg., section 431; 3 Am. and Eng. Encyclopedia of Law; p. 205.
In Wells v. Chapman, 59 Iowa, 658, 660, the only case we have been able to find where the provision in the mortgage for taking possession is like that in the case at bar, it was held that the mortgagee might seize the property whenever he elected so to do, whether the debt was due or not. That case is decisive of this question. The contract of the parties leaves the mortgagee free to determine when he will take the property. Being the contract of the parties, legal and fairly entered into, it is not for us, in the absence of fraud, or perhaps other peculiar circumstances which might show that the seizure of the property was made in bad faith, and for the express purpose of oppressing the mortgagor, to change the obligations of the parties, which they have thus voluntarily entered into. There is no fraud claimed or shown in this case. There is nothing to show that the defendant was not acting in the best of faith in taking the property. On the contrary, the evidence, without conflict, shows that the mortgagor had been endeavoring to sell the mortgaged *128property prior to the time the defendant took possession of it. The submission of the interrogatory by the court was error, as the defendant’s right to take possession was not to be measured or determined by the fact that he deemed himself unsafe, but was, as we have said, absolute. For the reasons given, the court would, at the end of the plaintiff’s case, have been justified in taking the case from the jury, so far as the counts touching the chattel mortgages were concerned, as, under the evidence, there could be no recovery on those counts. In any event, when the entire case was submitted to the jury, the instructions asked by the defendant relating to the issues raised by these two counts should have been given.
3. -: ure: purchase' III. The plaintiff seems to claim that the sale was void because the mortgaged property was bid in by the mortgagee. We know that it has been held by some courts that a purchase by the mortgagee under such circumstances renders the sale void, but the better law, as well as the weight of authority, is to the contrary. Bean v. Barney, 10 Iowa, 498; Syfers v. Bradley, 115 Ind. 345; 16 N. E. Rep. 805, and 17 N. E. Rep. 619; Emmons v. Hawn, 75 Ind. 356; Lee v. Fox, 14 N. E. Rep. (Ind. Sup.) 889; Olcott v. Tioga R'y Co., 27 N. Y. 546; Maxwell v. Newton, 65 Wis. 261; 27 N. W. Rep. 31; French v. Powers, 24 N. E. Rep. (N. Y. App.) 296.
4. — :forecios-fenceof ¿ort-íoppei'. . IV. Error is assigned on the refusal of the court to give the jury instruction 3 asked by defendant. It reads: “If, from the evidence, you find that the plaintiff had knowledge that the defendant was about to sell the mortgaged property, and that he was present at the time of sale, and stood by, and saw the same sold, and possession taken thereunder, and made no objections thereto, then he is estopped from claiming damages by reason of said sale, and can not recover by reason of the *129alleged wrongful conversion of the mortgaged property so sold.”, In support of the above proposition, we are cited to authorities which hold that one who “negligently or culpably stands by, and allows another to contract on the faith and understanding of a fact which he can contradict, can not afterwards dispute that fact in an action against the person whom he has himself assisted in deceiving.” Gregg v. Wells, 10 Adol. & E. 90; Miles v. Left, 60 Iowa, 168. The case at bar does not come within the rule established by these authorities. Here most of the property was purchased by the mortgagee. It can not be claimed that he purchased the property on the faith of the acts or silence of the plaintiff. The defendant, if there were any acts of his which would invalidate the sale, must, of necessity, have known them. He was not in a situation to be in any wise prejudiced by the fact that the plaintiff was a silent attendant at a sale of chattels on a mortgage which the plaintiff had executed to the defendant, and in pursuance of the provisions of which the defendant was selling the property. The rule is intended for the protection of innocent third persons who purchase at such sales in the presence of the mortgagor, and as to them the mortgagor’s silence precludes him from disputing facts which he did not disclose, and on the faith of which the purchaser actecLj This instruction was properly refused.
6. verdict: im-3ai“¿dings! setting-aside. V. Error is assigned on the refusal of the court to set aside special findings 1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and to grant a new trial. Special finding 1 relates to the breach of warranty, which wQ kave a¡rea¿[y referred to. Number 2 was the finding that defendant did not deem himself unsafe, which was improperly submitted, for reasons heretofore stated. The balance of the special findings objected to, except number 7, relate to the market value of the mortgaged property sold. Each and all *130of them should have been set aside. The answers to other special interrogatories showed that the sale was made on due notice, publicly, at the time fixed in the notice; that the amounts bid, less costs and expenses of sale, were indorsed on the plaintiff’s note. It thus appearing from the findings of the jury that in all respects the mortgagee had complied with the terms of his contract, the findings referred to were as to matters which were wholly immaterial, and could not be made the basis for the judgment against the defendant which the court rendered.
6. -: mstruc-S?jeotíon»y: VI. No general verdict was returned, and it is urged in argument that the court erred in instructing the jury that they need not return a J J general verdict unless tliev chose so to do; but we are unable to discover that this instruction was excepted to, and hence can not consider the question.
For the reasons heretofore stated the judgment below ÍS BEVEBSED.