541 So. 2d 1027

George McGOWAN v. STATE of Mississippi.

No. 58409.

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

March 22, 1989.

John H. Anderson, Hattiesburg, for appellant.

Mike Moore, Atty. Gen. by Wayne Snuggs, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jackson, for ap-pellee.

Before HAWKINS, P.J., and PRATHER and ROBERTSON, JJ.

ROBERTSON, Justice,

for the Court:

I.

Today’s appellant, convicted of aggravated assault, argues that he was entitled to have the jury consider whether he should have been convicted of attempted murder, an offense carrying a maximum sentence ten years less than the principal charge laid in the indictment. To be sure, the evidence would have supported an attempted murder conviction. Because we perceive no scenario under which a rational jury may have found him guilty of attempted murder and at once not guilty of aggravated assault, his point fails.

We affirm.

II.

Howard Robertson owns Prentiss Amoco, Highways 84 and 13, in Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi. Early Saturday morning, March 22, 1986, he was already at work when Jethro Hooker pulled into the station to talk to him about fixing Hooker’s two rear tires, which had apparently been stabbed.

As Hooker and Robertson were talking, a pickup truck drove into the station. A gentleman got out, later identified as George McGowan, and approached Hooker’s car in which Hooker was sitting, at the wheel. Hooker said to Robertson “I believe this fellow is going to shoot me.” Hooker was right. McGowan began firing at the car, a white LeSabre Buick. Hooker started his car and fled north on Highway 13. The car was damaged to the tune of $602.08. McGowan and Hooker have known each other practically their entire lives.

George McGowan was indicted October 10,1986, for aggravated assault, Miss.Code Ann. § 97-3-7(2)(b) (1972). Tried on April 10, 1987, he was convicted and sentenced April 16, 1987, to serve fifteen years in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections.

McGowan now appeals to this Court.

III.

A.

McGowan argues that the Circuit Court erred when it refused to submit to the jury an instruction which would have allowed the jury to convict him of attempted murder rather than aggravated assault. His argument is pragmatic as well as legalistic. On the latter score, he suggests that the evidence before the jury was clearly such that a rational jury may well have found *1028him guilty of attempted murder. Pragmatically, he is attracted by the fact that attempted murder under our law carries a maximum sentence of ten years imprisonment. The points take on particular meaning in the present context where McGowan has been convicted of aggravated assault and sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment.

The Circuit Court refused McGowan’s requested instruction No. D-l, the attempted murder instruction.1 The Court acknowledged that the crimes of aggravated assault and attempted murder were very similar and stated that “the elements required to make up aggravated assault or attempted murder could very well be the same.” The Court reasoned further, however, that the State had the right to elect the charge upon which they would try the accused. Further, the Court reasoned that with the charge of attempted murder, the State was required to prove that the act was done with malice aforethought, while aggravated assault does not require such.2

We have repeatedly held that the accused is entitled to have the jury instructed that it may consider convicting him of a lesser offense only where there is in the record an evidentiary basis therefor. Lee v. State, 469 So.2d 1225, 1230 (Miss.1985); Ruffin v. State, 444 So.2d 839, 840 (Miss.1984); Colburn v. State, 431 So.2d 1111, 1114 (Miss.1983). Such instructions should not be granted indiscriminately, nor on the basis of pure speculation. Mease v. State, 539 So.2d 1324, 1329 (Miss.1989). Our evi-dentiary standard has been laid out in Harper v. State, 478 So.2d 1017, 1021 (Miss.1985):

A lesser-included offense instruction should be granted unless the trial judge and ultimately this Court can say, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the accused and considering all the reasonable inferences which may be drawn in favor of the accused from the evidence, that no reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty of a lesser-included offense (conversely, not guilty of at least one essential element of the principal charge).

Harper, 478 So.2d at 1021; Fairchild v. State, 459 So.2d 793, 800 (Miss.1984); Lee v. State, 469 So.2d at 1230-31. Harper elaborates further:

*1029Only if this Court can say, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the accused and considering all reasonable favorable inferences that can be drawn in favor of the accused from the evidence, and considering the evidence that the jury may not be required to believe any evidence offered by the State, that no hypothetical reasonable jury could convict [the defendant] of simple murder could it be said that the refusal of a lesser-included offense instruction was proper.

Harper, 478 So.2d at 1021; see most recently Mease v. State, supra; Rowland v. State, 581 So.2d 627, 681 (Miss.1988).

Several recent cases to the point have disclosed a nuance not previously noted. Griffin v. State, 533 So.2d 444 (Miss.1988) held that a defendant indicted for rape was entitled to have the jury instructed regarding the lesser offense of assault. Griffin, 533 So.2d at 447-48. Gangl v. State, 539 So.2d 132 (Miss.1989), correctly interpreted Griffin to hold that a “defendant may request an instruction regarding any offense carrying a lesser punishment if the lesser offense arises out of a nucleus of operative fact common with the factual scenario giving rise to the charge laid in the indictment.” Gangl v. State, at 136. See also Whitehurst v. State, 540 So.2d 1319 (Miss.1989) (reversing because of failure to grant lesser instruction of Section 63-11-30(4), manslaughter for a culpable negligence manslaughter charge under Section 97-3-47 (1972): “Any reasonable jury certainly could have found Whitehurst guilty only of the lesser charge under the evidence and inferences and, therefore, the trial court erred in refusing those instructions.” Whi-tehurst at 1327.)

The common thread in all of our cases reversing on the point is that, under the evidence, the jury may reasonably have found the defendant not guilty of the principal charge laid in the indictment and at once guilty of the lesser charge. Our law is clear, however, that the accused is not entitled to the lesser offense instruction where the evidence that proves his guilt of the lesser offense necessarily proves his guilt of the principal charge. Rowland v. State, 531 So.2d 627, 631-32 (Miss.1988); Cumbest v. State, 456 So.2d 209, 222-23 (Miss.1984); see also Weaver v. State, 497 So.2d 1089, 1092 (Miss.1986).

B.

We turn to the two offenses at issue. As the Circuit Court noted, there is a distinction between attempted murder and aggravated assault. See Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 904-05, 183 So. 523, 524 (1938).

Aggravated Assault3

The essence of aggravated assault in today’s context is that the accused has knowingly or recklessly attempted to cause serious bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon. There is apparently no specific intent requirement. Davis v. State, 476 So.2d 608, 610 (Miss.1985); Nelson v. State, 361 So.2d 343, 345 (Miss.1978). The following facts have resulted in convictions for aggravated assault: In Nelson, the defendant pulled a gun on another after a fight and shot; in Davis, the defendant pulled a gun from her purse and fired randomly, hitting a bystander. The facts in today’s case support an aggravated assault instruction and conviction. It should be noted that many cases focus on the *1030harm actually done, but this seems counter to the statute’s plain language which includes “attempts to cause ... injury to another with a deadly weapon.”

Attempted Murder 4

There are very few cases in Mississippi resting on an attempted murder charge. In general, Section 97-1-7 (1972) requires a showing of three elements: (1) an attempt to commit a particular crime, (2) a direct ineffectual act done toward its commission and (3) the failure to consummate its commission. Edwards v. State, 500 So.2d 967, 969 (Miss.1986); West v. State, 437 So.2d 1212, 1214 (Miss.1983); Bucklew v. State, 206 So.2d 200 (Miss.1968).

In affirming an attempted murder conviction, this Court found that the intent to murder an intended victim and overt acts in the form of attempting to forcibly enter the victim’s home after arming himself were sufficient to sustain the conviction. Peyton v. State, 286 So.2d 817, 820 (Miss.1973); see also Duke v. State, 340 So.2d 727 (Miss.1977) (affirming an attempted murder conviction under murder for hire facts). In today’s case, the intent requirement would be met with the assumption of malice inferred from use of a deadly weapon. Russell v. State, 497 So.2d 75 (Miss.1986); Riley v. State, 109 Miss. 286, 68 So. 250 (1915); Brown v. State, 98 Miss. 786, 54 So. 305 (1911).

In sum, the difference between attempted murder and aggravated assault is the specific intent requirement, for the former, and the element of deadly weapon use, for the latter. See Norwood v. State, 182 Miss. 898, 904-05, 183 So. 523, 524 (1938). In many fact scenarios, then, like today’s, both charges are established by the same evidence. A rational jury receiving today’s evidence may well have found that, when McGowan pulled up in his truck, got out and started shooting at Hooker, he was attempting to cause Hooker serious bodily injury purposely, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life. The evidence also supports a jury finding that McGowan attempted to cause Hooker bodily injury with a deadly weapon. The evidence thus supports the verdict of guilty of aggravated assault.

By the same token, the evidence was also such that a rational jury may have found that McGowan with deliberate design attempted to kill Hooker only to fail therein. Had McGowan been indicted and prosecuted for attempted murder, we would no doubt affirm.

The problem for McGowan and the point he presents today is that the same evidence that would otherwise have entitled him to an attempted murder instruction legally undergirds his conviction of aggravated assault. Because we perceive no view of the evidence under which McGowan may have been found guilty of attempted murder and not guilty of aggravated assault, the assignment of error fails. Rowland v. State, 531 So.2d 627, 632 (Miss.1988). The Circuit Court correctly refused McGowan’s requested Instruction No. D-l.

CONVICTION OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULT AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN *1031(15) YEARS IMPRISONMENT AFFIRMED.

ROY NOBLE LEE, C.J., HAWKINS and DAN M. LEE, P.JJ., and PRATHER, SULLIVAN, ANDERSON and BLASS, JJ., concur.

PITTMAN, J., not participating.

McGowan v. State
541 So. 2d 1027

Case Details

Name
McGowan v. State
Decision Date
Mar 22, 1989
Citations

541 So. 2d 1027

Jurisdiction
Mississippi

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