Except for certain purposes expressly named, tbe North Carolina Constitution prohibits counties and cities from contracting debts during any fiscal year “to an amount exceeding two-thirds of tbe amount by which tbe outstanding indebtedness of tbe particular county or municipality shall have been reduced during tbe next preceding fiscal year, unless tbe subject be submitted to a vote of tbe people of a particular county or municipality.” Constitution, Article V, section 4.
Tbe county of Sampson passed tbe necessary ordinances and proposes to issue and sell $49,500 bonds during tbe present fiscal year without submission to a vote of tbe people of tbe county, basing tbe right to do so upon tbe retirement by tbe county of $89,000 of its outstanding indebtedness during tbe fiscal year 1937-1938. Such retirement was accomplished by tbe application of appropriate tax revenues supplemented by a payment from sinking funds which were lawfully applicable to tbe debt, but in large part collected prior to tbe “preceding fiscal year.” Except for tbe application of these sinking funds, tbe reduction of indebtedness would be substantially insufficient to justify tbe bond issue, since such bond issue would be, in that case, more than two-thirds of tbe amount to which tbe indebtedness bad been reduced.
Furthermore, during tbe year 1937-1938, tbe county of Sampson undertook to refund an indebtedness of $99,000 by tbe issuing of a similar amount of bonds which bad been sold during tbe fiscal year, but tbe actual retirement of tbe bonds they were intended to refund did not take place until 1 July, 1938.
Contending (a) that an application of tbe sinking fund does not accomplish a reduction of tbe outstanding indebtedness within tbe meaning of tbe Constitution at tbe time of such application, but that reduction really occurs when tbe sinking fund is collected for tbe purpose, which occurred prior to tbe “preceding fiscal year,” and that tbe bond issue was, therefore, invalid, and (b) that tbe refunding bonds constituted an increase of indebtedness for tbe preceding fiscal year, tbe plaintiff taxpayer brought this action to enjoin tbe issue of tbe bonds, and, from an adverse judgment in tbe Superior Court, appealed.
*2611. Tbe “net debt” theory advanced by the plaintiff — -that is, that in considering the total indebtedness the sinking fund applicable to that debt must first be deducted, has some support. Briggs v. Greenville County, 137 S. C., 288, 135 S. E., 153; German Insurance Co. v. City of Manning (U. S.), 95 Fed., 597, 610; Levy v. McClellan, 196 N. Y., 178, 89 N. E., 569. The contrary is maintained by well reasoned authority. City of Chicago v. McDonald, 176 Ill., 404, 52 N. E., 982; Council Bluff v. Stewart, 51 Iowa, 385, 1 N. W., 628.
Most of the cases adopting the net debt theory are liberalizing, rather than restrictive, in their tendency to permit municipalities to incur debt beyond the apparent terms of the limiting provisions. They rationalize restrictions according to the prevailing conception of the purpose of the law. From certain points of view we can understand how the conclusion is reached that restrictions upon the power to incur a debt are reasonably satisfied when funds are in hand with which to pay it. German Insurance Co. v. City of Manning, supra.
What this Court might do if similar conditions were presented would certainly be obiter in this opinion. A conservative view might be that as a legal assumption the inevitability of the application of the sinking fund to the debt is too optimistic.
But these cases cannot be considered compelling authority as applied to the case at bar, since the constitutional and statutory restrictions considered in them are different in important respects from those with which we are dealing, and give rise to substantial differences in construction.
In so far as we have been able to ascertain, the particular form of debt restriction contained in Article Y, section 4, of the State Constitution, is peculiar to this State. One important distinction we find is the use of the term “outstanding” as qualifying the indebtedness required to be reduced; and we think this offers a serious obstacle to the adoption of the theory advanced by the plaintiff. The Century Dictionary defines “outstanding”: “3. To stand out, remain untouched, unimpaired, unsettled, uncollected, unpaid, or otherwise undetermined.” Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary defines it: “Undischarged, uncollected, or unpaid.” Black’s Law Dictionary — on authority of New York Trust Company v. Portland R. Co., 197 Appellate Division, 422, 189 N. Y. S., 346, 350— defines “outstanding” as “constituting an effective obligation.”
With the above definitions in mind, the propriety of applying the “net debt theory” to the constitutional provisions under consideration may be tested by shifting the period to be considered. If we select the “preceding fiscal year” as the period during which additions are made to the sinking fund, the rule would permit the county to count such *262increase in sinking funds as a debt reduction, although nothing had been paid and the debt had been left outstanding.
The language used in the Constitution seems to be plain and uninvolved and does not contemplate striking a balance between liabilities and assets, even though certain funds may be earmarked for application to the debt. The transaction to which it refers must be carried out actually rather than constructively.
Speaking strictly to the question presented under this head, we are of the opinion that no reduction of outstanding indebtedness occurs by the mere collection of a sinking fund, but does take place when actual payment is made to the creditor out of the sinking fund or other applicable revenues, which results in the extinction of the debt and leaves the creditor without further demands on the revenues or taxing powers of the county or municipality for its satisfaction.
It follows that the county may base its right to incur a new indebtedness upon an application of the sinking fund to.the debt when made within the preceding fiscal year, although such sinking fund was collected prior thereto.
2. On the second proposition, it is contended that since Sampson County had a road bond issue in the amount of $99,000 due on 1 July, 1938, and was in the process of refunding this issue by bonds in the same amount, issued on 14 June, 1938 (dated 1 June, 1938), and since both sets of bonds were outstanding on 1 July, 1938, both sets of bonds must be counted in the total indebtedness, which brought about an increase in the indebtedness for the year 1937-1938, rather than a reduction.
We are convinced that the failure to complete the refunding operation within the fiscal year has no material bearing adverse to the present bond issue. By express provision of the Constitution, the restriction placed upon the power of the county or municipality does not extend to the contracting of debts for the purpose of funding or refunding a valid existing debt; and we think the precise point at issue is covered in Hallyburton v. Board of Education, 213 N. C., 9, 15, as follows:
“In determining the total amount of bonds issued during any fiscal year all bonds so issued, whether approved by a vote of the people or not, must be included: except bonds issued to fund or refund a valid existing debt; tax anticipation notes issued in an amount not exceeding fifty per centum of the taxes for the fiscal year; bonds to supply a casual deficit; and bonds issued to suppress riots or insurrections, or to repel invasions; which need not be taken in consideration in arriving at such total.” Quoted and approved in Gill v. Charlotte, 213 N. C., 160, 162.
We regard this as authority for the position that the bonds in question should not be considered an increase of indebtedness because of the fact that the refunding process had not completely cleared during the fiscal year.
*2633. As we have decided the matter upon the merits of the controversy, we do not consider it necessary to go into the question whether the plaintiff brought his action within the statutory period.
The judgment of the court below is
Affirmed.