ORDER ADOPTING FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO GRANT IN PART AND DENY IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR REMAND AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STAY AS MOOT
Pursuant to Local Rule 7.2(d), the Court finds this matter suitable for disposition without a hearing. After reviewing Defendants’ objections (Doc. # 24) and the response and reply thereto, the Court ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation Granting in Part and Denying in Part Plaintiffs Motion for Remand and Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Stay as Moot (Doc. #23). This Court hereby remands this case to State court.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs1 filed the instant class action lawsuit in State court based upon Defendants’ manufacturing of allegedly contaminated and adulterated dog and cat food between approximately November 2006 and March 2007. Defendants’ product was sold in stores throughout Hawaii. The food allegedly caused illness, injury, and/or death to cats and dogs. Defendants recalled approximately 220 different products. Plaintiffs seek relief for Hawaii consumers who purchased the contaminated food for their dogs and cats. Plaintiffs estimate that the class includes several thousand potential members.
Plaintiffs seek to recover the cost of the food purchased, the cost of veterinary screening to determine if pets were injured, treble damages pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 480, statutory damages of $5,000 per elder plaintiff, punitive damages in the event treble and elder damages are not awarded, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive relief. Plaintiffs state in their Complaint that the total amount in controversy does not exceed $5 million.
Defendants removed the case to this Court. Plaintiffs filed a motion for remand and Defendants filed a motion to stay proceedings pending a transfer decision by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. Defendants assert that there are over 100 federal actions involving the allegedly contaminated pet food. On August 21, 2007, the Magistrate Judge issued a Findings and Recommendation to Grant in Part and Deny in Part Plaintiffs Motion for Remand and Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Stay as Moot (“F & R”) *1222(Doc. # 23). The Magistrate Judge found that Defendants failed to prove by a legal certainty that they have met the $5 million amount in controversy requirement for this Court to have jurisdiction over this action pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) (“CAFA”).
On September 4, 2007, Defendants filed objections to the F & R (Doc. # 24). Defendants argue that the Magistrate Judge improperly considered the likelihood that Plaintiffs would not prevail in recovering damages for elders, and that the Magistrate Judge imposed a greater burden on Defendants than required by expecting them to provide data that they do not maintain as part of their own records. Plaintiffs filed a response on September 14, 2007. Defendants requested permission to file a reply, which this Court granted. After stipulating to a stay of the case for several weeks, the stay was automatically lifted and on October 30, 2007, Defendants filed a reply.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Defendants assert that this court should apply a de novo standard of review applicable to objections of findings and recommendations of a magistrate judge. Plaintiff argues that this Court should apply the clearly erroneous standard of review applicable to non-dispositive orders and appeals thereof.
Pursuant to Local Rule 74.2, when a party objects to a magistrate judge’s dis-positive order, findings, or recommendations, the district court must make a de novo determination. Under a de novo standard, this court reviews “the matter anew, the same as if it had not been heard before, and as if no decision previously had been rendered.” Freeman v. DirecTV, Inc., 457 F.3d 1001, 1004 (9th Cir.2006). “The court may ‘accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate.’ The court also may receive further evidence or recommit the matter to the magistrate with instructions.” McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Commodore Bus. Machs., Inc., 656 F.2d 1309, 1313 (9th Cir.1981) (citation omitted); LR 74.2.
Pursuant to Local Rule 74.1, a party may appeal any pretrial, nondispositive matter determined by a Magistrate Judge. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(a); LR 74.1. A district court “shall set aside any portion of the magistrate judge’s order found to be clearly erroneous or contrary to law.” LR 74.1. To find a magistrate judge’s decision “clearly erroneous,” the district court must have a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Burdick v. Comm’r Internal Revenue Serv., 979 F.2d 1369, 1370 (9th Cir.1992) (“A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if we have a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”). “The reviewing court may not simply substitute its judgment for that of the deciding court.” Grimes v. City and County of San Francisco, 951 F.2d 236, 241 (9th Cir.1991). “A decision is ‘contrary to law” if it applies an incorrect legal standard or fails to consider an element of the applicable standard.” Conant v. McCaffrey, No. C 97-0139, 1998 WL 164946, at *2 (N.D.Cal. March 16, 1998).
“Although not considered by the Ninth Circuit, several circuits have held that a motion to remand is to be treated as a dispositive motion.” McClelland v. Merck & Co., CIV. No. 06-00543, 2007 WL 178293, *1 (D.Haw. Jan. 19, 2007) (citing cases); see also Thorp v. Kepoo, 100 F.Supp.2d 1258, 1260 (D.Haw.2000) (applying de novo standard of review to objections of a magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation regarding remand).
Because a motion to remand effectively removes the case from this Court, because the Magistrate Judge determined that her decision should be a findings and recom*1223mendation, rather than an order, and because a de novo review is more favorable to Defendants in this case, this Court will apply the de novo standard of review.
DISCUSSION
This Court has original jurisdiction “of any civil action in which the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $5,000,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is a class action in which — (A) any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from any defendant.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(1). It is undisputed that the requirements of diversity and the minimal number of class members have been met in the instant case. The issue in this case is whether the amount in controversy requirement has been met. Plaintiffs assert that they were careful to specifically allege in their Complaint that the amount in controversy does not exceed $5 million, inclusive of attorneys fees. Defendants argue that despite Plaintiffs’ disclaimer, they are able to establish with a legal certainty that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million.
There are several burdens of proof that this Court must adhere to in determining the instant objections, all of which work in favor of the Plaintiffs and against Defendants. First, it is well settled that removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441 is “to be strictly construed, and any doubts as to the right of removal must be resolved in favor of remanding to state court.” Durham v. Lockheed Martin Corp. 445 F.3d 1247, 1252 (9th Cir.2006); Opuna, LLC v. Sabbagh, Civil No. 05-00488, 2006 WL 2374750, at *1 (D.Haw. Aug.15, 2006) (“When a case is removed to federal court, there is a strong presumption against federal court jurisdiction,” and any doubts regarding subject matter jurisdiction should be resolved n favor of remand).
Second, Defendants, as the removing party, bear the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction. Lowdermilk v. U.S. Bank National Ass’n, 479 F.3d 994, 997(9th Cir.2007); Serrano v. 180 Connect, Inc., 478 F.3d 1018, 1024 (9th Cir.2007) (“the removing party bears the initial burden of establishing federal jurisdiction under § 1332(d)(2)”); see Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chemical Co., 443 F.3d 676, 682-83 (9th Cir.2006).
Third, Plaintiffs are the master of their complaint and may plead that the damages at issue are less than that required for diversity jurisdiction in federal court in order to avoid federal jurisdiction. Lowder-milk, 479 F.3d at 998-99. Where a plaintiff does so, the court “need not look beyond the four corners of the complaint to determine whether the CAFA jurisdictional amount is met[.]” Id. at 998. Furthermore, where “there is no evidence of bad faith, the defendant must not only contradict the plaintiffs own assessment of damages, but must overcome the presumption against federal jurisdiction” and show with a “legal certainty” that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. Id. at 999. Although not insurmountable, the legal certainty standard sets a high bar for Defendants. Id. at 1000.
Defendants assert that the $5 million minimum is met by adding together the categories of damages. Defendants estimate the veterinary costs sought by Plaintiffs by multiplying a cost of $217 per veterinary screening examination by the total number of cats and dogs potentially affected by the recalled food. Defendants calculate the total number of pets affected through extrapolations from statistics from the Census Bureau, the Humane Society and the American Veterinary Medical Association (“AVMA”). Defendants start with the percentage of households in the entire nation that own at least one dog or cat. Defendants then apply that percentage to the number of households in Hawaii *1224to determine how many households in Hawaii own cats or dogs. Defendants then take the national statistic for the average number of dogs and cats owned per household and apply it the number of households in Hawaii that own cats or dogs to determine how many cats and dogs are in Hawaii. Defendants conclude that there were 325,580 cats and 726,694 dogs in Hawaii in 2006. Defendants then state that the recalled pet food represented 1% of the total pet food sold. Applying that percentage to the number of dogs and cats estimated to be in Hawaii, Defendants state that 7,262 pets were potentially affected by the pet food recall.
These calculations, however, do not take into account several factors that could reduce the total number of pets affected. First, the calculations do not account for the fact that Hawaii may have a smaller percentage of households owning cats and dogs compared to the rest of the nation since Hawaii is a unique island State, which imposes quarantine on cats and dogs brought into the State. Accordingly, many people who move here may not bring their pets with them because of the quarantine. In addition, the calculations do not account for the possibility that some number less than 1% of the pet population may have been affected by the recalled food. Indeed, the fact that the recalled food represented 1% of the total pet food sold, does not necessarily mean that 1% of the pet population of Hawaii consumed that food. It could very well be that fewer pets ate more of the recalled food, or that people purchased the recalled food but threw it away upon notice of the recall, having never fed it to their pet. Finally, the calculations do not address the fact that some pets may have been affected by the food, but the owners did not take that pet to the veterinarian and therefore, did not incur a screening cost, or the fact that some pets may have consumed the food but did not fall ill. Accordingly, not all members of the class necessarily incurred veterinary screening costs. Therefore, although these statistics come from publicly available information, Defendants’ calculations call for too much extrapolation and speculation for this Court to determine by a legal certainty the number of pets affected.
Contrary to Defendants’ argument, the instant case is not similar to the cases cited by Defendants in their brief. For example, although the court in Espinosa v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., No. 07 C 231, 2007 WL 917383, at *2 (N.D.Ill. March 26, 2007) considered statistics from the United States government, the defendants presented evidence of the purchase price of the product and were required to prove the amount in controversy by only a preponderance of the evidence, rather than the higher standard of a “legal certainty.” Similarly, in Johnson v. Transamerica Occidental Life Ins. Co., No. 04-C-1205, 2005 WL 1138648, at * 1 (E.D.Wis. May 13, 2005), the removing party was only required to meet its burden “by showing proof to a reasonable probability,” something less than the legal certainty burden required here. In In re Intel Corp. Microprocessor Antitrust Litigation, No. MDL 05-1717-JJF, Civ.A. 05-485-JJF, 2006 WL 1431214, at *2 (D.Del. May 22, 2006), the court was presented with more than U.S. Census data on the respective populations, computer ownership and purchases. The court also received evidence of the average cost of personal computers containing microprocessors, and the complaint contained information regarding Intel’s share of the microprocessor market.
Defendants next claim that the Magistrate Judge erred by creating a standard requiring them to use their own data to meet the legal certainty test. Defendants are mistaken. The Magistrate Judge did not create such a standard. Instead, as is clear in the F & R, the Magistrate Judge *1225noted that Defendants did not satisfy the legal certainty test and that they were in the best position to know how many pets might have been affected. (F & R at 21.) This by no means requires the Defendants to present evidence based on only their own records. Indeed, Defendants, knowing that they must meet the legal certainty burden, could have provided data which would help determine their market share. For example, Defendants could have provided information from their customers regarding the sales price of the pet food and how much pet food was sold during the time period at issue. Certainly, Defendants are in a better position than Plaintiffs to make such a request of their customers, gather such information, and present it to the Court. Not only are Defendants in a better position, but they are the party that must meet the legal certainty test. Furthermore, although not required, Defendants could have presented evidence from their own records of the number of units of products they sold to Hawaii retailers, Defendants’ wholesale price, and the number of units of product recalled. It is possible that this number may have been enough to meet the statutory minimum, without taking into account any profit margin imposed by the retailers. Nonetheless, this type of evidence would certainly be more reliable than the extrapolations and calculations from statistics from the Census Bureau, the Humane Society, and the AVMA, that Defendants presented to this Court.
Defendants also assert that the Magistrate Judge erred by holding that the mere fact that elders are a part of the class is by no means a guarantee that they will be entitled to the higher damages amount of $5,000 each and noting that Defendants failed to present evidence to support this proposition.2 Defendants contend that this language in the F & R placed an unfair burden upon them to prove that they targeted elders. Defendants assert that the Magistrate Judge should have accepted instead the request in the complaint that the Court award the $5,000 minimum damages to each elder.
Defendants are correct that in order to establish the amount in controversy, they are not required to prove that they targeted elders and attempt to establish what Plaintiffs may actually recover. Instead, the Court should assume liability and recovery of the amount alleged in the Complaint. Indeed, the question is not what damages the plaintiff may actually recover, but what amount is in controversy between the parties. See Budget Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Higashiguchi 109 F.3d 1471, 1473 (9th Cir.1997) (“Events occurring after the filing of the complaint that reduce the amount recoverable below the requisite *1226amount do not oust the court from jurisdiction.”)-
Defendants, however, have not proven by a legal certainty the amount of damages sought by the elders because they cannot prove how many elders are part of the class. Defendants contend that 418 members of the proposed class are elders. Defendants reach this number by taking the percentage of the 2006 Hawaii population that was over age 65 and applying it to Plaintiffs allegation that the class is “several thousand” members. Defendants state that 13.95% of the 2006 Hawaii population is over age 65. Defendants state that because the Complaint alleges that the class is “several” thousand and several means more than two, the class at a minimum must be 3,000. 13.95% of 3,000 class members is 418.
Again, Defendants’ calculations fail to take into account a factor that could reduce the number of elder class members. Specifically, there is no indication that all elders in the population own pets and/or purchase pet food. Indeed, although 13.95% of Hawaii’s population is over 65 years of age, Defendants presented no evidence of what percentage of elders own pets. Thus, this Court cannot determine with legal certainty that 13.95% of the class would be elders.
The only damages that can be calculated by a legal certainty at this time for purposes of the amount in controversy are the cost of pet food based on Plaintiffs’ assertion that the cost would total approximately $295,601, or $886,803, if trebled, and the possible Attorneys’ Fees recoverable at $201,500. However, together those categories of damages total only $1,088,803, far from the $5 million that must be established for jurisdiction under CAFA. Therefore, because Defendants did not prove the veterinary screening costs and elders’ damages by a legal certainty or otherwise establish by a legal certainty that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million, their objections are denied and the F & R is adopted.
Since the objections were filed by Defendants, but before their reply brief was due, the Ninth Circuit held that where the complaint specifically states that damages are less than the jurisdiction threshold for diversity cases, but does not specify a total amount in controversy, and the complaint is unclear or ambiguous as to the amount pled, a preponderance of the evidence standard applies. Guglielmino v. McKee Foods Corp., 506 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir.2007) (because the “complaint is unclear and does not specify ‘a total amount in controversy,’ the proper burden of proof in this case is proof by a preponderance of the evidence.”).
In Guglielmino, the court found that the complaint was not a model of clarity and failed to allege a sufficiently specific total amount in controversy because the allegation in the Jurisdiction and Venue that stated that damages are less than $75,000, was not repeated in the Prayer for Relief section, and did not take account of attorneys’ fees, accounting of moneys, or payment of back taxes and benefits. Here, however, Plaintiffs made clear in their Complaint that the amount in controversy does not exceed $5 million, inclusive of attorneys’ fees. Furthermore, Plaintiffs specified their monetary damages by category to include the cost of food purchased, the veterinary screening examinations, treble damages pursuant to a specific Hawaii Revised Statute, and damages for elder plaintiffs pursuant to a specific Hawaii Revised Statute. Moreover, Plaintiffs have clarified that this case is not similar to the other pending lawsuits against Defendants nationwide, because Plaintiffs are not seeking damages for illness or death of pets and have specifically excluded those claims for the class definition.
*1227As Plaintiffs’ Complaint is not ambiguous regarding the amount in controversy and as Plaintiffs specifically stated that the amount in controversy is less than the jurisdictional amount required, the legal certainty standard applies. See Lowder-milk, 479 F.3d at 998-99. Notwithstanding that the legal certainty standard is the correct standard to apply and both parties agreed to such, this Court finds that even if the preponderance of the evidence standard applied, Defendants cannot meet their burden for the same reasons discussed above.
Because this Court is adopting the Magistrate Judge’s F & R and remanding this case to State court, Defendants’ Motion to Stay and objections thereto are moot.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendation Granting in Part and Denying in Part Plaintiffs Motion for Remand and Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Stay as Moot (Doc. #23). This case is HEREBY REMANDED to State court.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION TO GRANT IN PART AND DENY IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR REMAND AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STAY AS MOOT
Before the Court is the Motion for Remand (“Remand Motion”), filed by Plaintiff Yvonne Ortiz (“Plaintiff’) on July 12, 2007. Also before the Court is Defendant Menu Foods Holdings, Inc.’s (“MFH”) Motion to Stay All Proceedings (“Stay Motion”), filed June 15, 2007. The Court finds these matters suitable for disposition without a hearing pursuant to Rule 7.2(d) of the Local Rules for the District of Hawaii (“Local Rules”). Upon careful consideration of the Motion, supporting and opposing memo-randa, and the relevant legal authority, this Court HEREBY FINDS and RECOMMENDS that Plaintiffs Motion be GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART and HEREBY DENIES as moot Defendants’ Motion-to Stay for the reasons set forth below.
BACKGROUND
The instant action arises out of the manufacture and sale by Defendants Menu Foods, Inc. (“MF”), Menu Foods Holdings, Inc. (“MFH”), and Menu Foods Income Fund (“MFIF”) (collectively “Defendants”) of contaminated and adulterated dog and cat food. The food, which contained melamine, an industrial chemical, and ami-nopterin, a type of rat poison, purportedly caused illness, injury, and/or death to dogs and cats. On May 11, 2007, Plaintiff, individually and on behalf of all other similarly situated persons (collectively “Plaintiffs”), filed a Complaint in the Circuit Court of the First Circuit, State of Hawaii, alleging violations of Hawaii Revised Statutes chapters 328 (Hawaii food, drug and cosmetic act) and 480 (unfair or deceptive acts or practices); negligence/gross negligence; strict products ' liability; breach of express/implied warranties; unjust enrichment/disgorgement; and non-disclosure. On May-15, 2007, Plaintiff filed a motion for class certification. MFH removed the action to the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii on June 12, 2007.
I. Motion to Stay All Proceedings
On June 15, 2007, MFH filed the Stay Motion. MFH asks the Court to stay all proceedings in the instant case pending a transfer decision by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (“JPML”) and pending a determination of class certifica*1228tion by the transferee court. MFH represents that there are over 100 federal actions involving allegedly contaminated pet food from Defendants that resulted in injuries and/or death to pets. MFH claims that none of the pending cases are advanced and discovery has yet to be conducted. According to MFH, the JPML held oral arguments for four motions for transfer and coordination or consolidation on May 31, 2007, and it expects the JPML to issue an order in early July.
MFH maintains that a stay is necessary to promote judicial economy and avoid undue prejudice to the parties. MFH points out that it would not make sense for the Court to supervise pre-trial proceedings when the case could be transferred because issues such as class certification are best decided by a single court. In addition, MFH proffers that no prejudice will result to Plaintiff if the Court stays the action because the JPML decision is pending and the case is in its early stages. Absent a stay, however, MFH explains that it will suffer substantial prejudice if it must defend multiple cases in multiple jurisdictions.
On July 13, 2007, Plaintiff filed her Opposition. She seeks a denial of MFH’s Motion because jurisdiction is at issue and will be determined in Plaintiffs motion for remand. Second, there is no transfer pending to the MDL so an issuance of a stay would be premature. According to Plaintiff, Defendants erroneously analogize this case to those federal actions claiming injuries an damages resulting from illness and/or death of pets that consumed tainted food. Because Plaintiff disputes MFH’s removal of the case, she submits that the Court should not consider this Motion until the remand issue is determined.
Plaintiff additionally emphasizes that this case is not one of the series of cases currently under consideration for consolidation before the MDL. As such, it is a potential “tagalong action,” which would require the Panel, prior to transfer, to serve a conditional transfer order on each party. Each party would then have fifteen days to oppose the order. [Mem. in Supp. of Mot. at 5-6 (citing Rules of Procedure of the Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation, Rule 7.4(a)).] Plaintiff again notes, however, that because no transfer is pending in the instant case, it would be premature to stay the case.
Plaintiff lastly argues that the Court should not issue a stay because this action raises issues unique to Hawaii law and is thus distinct from the other pending federal cases. For this reason, Plaintiff insists that judicial economy will not be served, as the MDL does not have experience with Hawai'i’s consumer protection and food safety laws.
On July 20, 2007, Defendants filed their Reply.1 Initially, Defendants note that they expect the Court to first address Plaintiffs motion to remand. Defendants then reiterate that because they anticipate that the JPML will issue a conditional transfer order for the instant case, a stay pending a final decision on the transfer will promote judicial economy and avoid undue hardship. Defendants claim that subsequent to the issuance of the Transfer Order, they notified the JPML of this and other potentially-related actions. [Reply at 6 (citing Ex. B at 6-7).] On June 28, 2007, the JPML issued a conditional transfer order for sixty-six potential tag-along actions, not including this action, and all but one were transferred on July 6, 2007. [Id. (citing Ex. C).] Defendants cite a *1229number of cases for the proposition that district courts have stayed actions pending final disposition of objections to a conditional transfer order.
Next, Defendants contest Plaintiffs argument that the Court should not grant a stay because her claims are distinct from all others in the MDL and are unique to Hawafi. They counter that Plaintiffs position is without support and incorrect given the JPML’s role in determining whether a case is properly included in MDL. In addition, Defendants explain that the other cases are not limited to pet death or injury, but rather, involve exposure only claims. [Id. at 9 (citing Exs. D, E, & F).] Defendants also accuse Plaintiff of conflating the prerequisite for transfer of a case to a MDL, which is common question(s) of fact, not law. Highlighting the MDL process, Defendants represent that if transferred, discovery and pretrial proceedings for the instant action would be conducted before the transferee court, but the case could subsequently be remanded to this district. Defendants contend that Plaintiff fails to articulate how discovery here is different from that in other cases involving the same or similar causes of action. [Id. at 10 (citing Exs. E, G, H, I & J).] Because factual issues are similar even with respect to Plaintiffs Hawafi statutory claims, Defendants submit that discovery or motion practice in this Court would duplicate the efforts in the MDL proceeding and possibly risk inconsistent rulings.
II. Motion to Remand
On July 12, 2007, Plaintiff filed the Remand Motion. She seeks remand based on MFH’s failure to prove to a legal certainty that the requirements for original jurisdiction in federal court have been met, namely the class size and an amount in controversy exceeding $5 million. Plaintiff argues that MFH misrepresents the allegations in the Complaint and clarifies that she seeks only a recovery of costs associated with the purchase of defective, toxic, recalled food products manufactured by Defendants and sold in Hawafi to Hawafi pet owners. Additionally, Plaintiff contends that MFH engages in speculation and conjecture in establishing that the Court has original jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”).
With respect to the number of class members, Plaintiff notes that MFH has failed to offer any affidavit or admissible evidence of the number of consumers who purchased its tainted food. Rather, MFH postulated that based on Plaintiffs estimation that there are several thousand class members, there are approximately 3,000 class members because “several” is greater than two. Plaintiff presumes that MFH has possession of information concerning the number of consumers who purchased the tainted food.
Plaintiff also contests MFH’s estimates of damages, charging that the estimations are speculative and erroneous. In particular, Plaintiff disputes MFH’s estimate of $2,000 in damages per class member and MFH’s estimation that one-third of the class members are “elders” who would be entitled to $5,000 each. Plaintiff contends that these estimates are the result of a misreading of the facts of the case and again highlights MFH’s lack of evidence to support its assertions.
Lastly, Plaintiff seeks attorneys’ fees and costs due to MFH’s complete lack of factual authority for its position.
On July 27, 2007, MFH filed its Opposition. MFH contends that the only issue in dispute is the amount in controversy, as Plaintiff has admitted that the aggregate number of class members is greater than 100 (the Complaint estimates the class size as several thousand) and that diversity exists. According to MFH, a calculation of even part of Plaintiffs damages claims (statutory damages, veterinary screening, *1230and attorneys’ fees) demonstrates that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. MFH relies on statistics from the Census Bureau, Humane Society of the United States (“Humane Society”), and the American Veterinary Medical Association (“AVMA”) for its estimate that 4,007 cats and 3,255 dogs were potentially affected by the recall. Based on its estimate of $217 per pet for veterinary screening examinations, MFH submits that the total cost of screenings is $1,575,854. MFH next applies treble damages sought by Plaintiff to this calculation for a damages total of $4,727,562. Finally, MFH argues that damages for elders in the putative class total $2,090,000. MFH arrives at this figure by relying on a class size of 3,000, 13.95% of which are elders multiplied by $5,000, the amount of damages an elder may be entitled to under Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 480. In excluding the elders from the damages total of $4,727,562 and adding the elders’ damages total of $2,090,000, MFH asserts that the total damages are $6,158,067.
As part of the calculus, MFH also discusses attorneys’ fees, which it estimates to be $201,500. MFH thus concludes that the damages claims plus the attorneys fees results in an amount in controversy totaling $6,359,567. MFH contends that Plaintiff should not be awarded fees and costs associated with the removal of the action, as it acted in good faith.
On August 9, 2007, Plaintiff filed a Reply. She reiterates that MFH has failed to prove, with legal certainty, that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. Plaintiff argues that although satisfaction of the legal certainty standard requires MFH to offer proof from its own files, MFH only offered speculative third-party information. In particular, Plaintiff charges that MFH has access to its sales data for Hawaii, which would assist in estimating class size, but relied instead upon Plaintiffs estimation of a class of “several thousand.” Using sales data from the Menu Foods Income Fund website, as well as statistics from the Census Bureau, Plaintiff estimates damages for the recalled pet food to total $295,601, or $886,803, if trebeled.
Plaintiff next relies upon statements made at a FDA Press Conference for the claim that Defendants have recalled 60 million cans and pouches of pet food over a three month period. In Plaintiffs estimation then, approximately 80 million pouches and containers were recalled over the course of the recall period (November 8, 2006 to March 6, 2007). Adjusting this figure based on 1) Hawaii’s population relative to the continental United States; 2) the number of days in the recall (119); and 3) the assumption that each pet consumes two cans/pouches of food per day, and multiplying it by MFH’s $217 estimate for veterinary screening, Plaintiff arrives at a total cost for veterinary screening of $306,187, which if trebled, totals $918,561.
Plaintiff further argues that punitive damages are not awarded with treble damages. As such, she has not included puni-tives in the calculations. With respect to the elder damages, Plaintiff postulates that there is no evidence suggesting that such damages would be awarded. A court considers specified factors (i.e. whether the conduct was in willful disregard of rights of elder, whether a person knew or should have known that his/her conduct was directed toward or targeted an elder, etc.) when determining if these statutory damages are appropriate and Plaintiff points out that MFH has not offered evidence that it targeted elders in the sale of the tainted food. Plaintiff therefore contends that it is inappropriate for MFD to include these damages in its calculation because by doing so, MFD assumes that all elders would be entitled to the maximum dam*1231ages. Accepting MFH’s estimation of attorneys’ fees for the purposes of the Remand Motion, Plaintiffs calculation of the amount in controversy is $2,006,864.
On August 1, 2007, the JPML issued a condition transfer order for the instant case, which is not effective until filed with the Clerk of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. In light of Plaintiffs opposition to the conditional transfer order, filed August 15, 2007, the order will not be transmitted to the Clerk in New Jersey and the case will be stayed until further order of the JPML.
DISCUSSION
I. Stays
District courts have “broad discretion to stay proceedings as an incident to its power to control its own docket.” Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706-07, 117 S.Ct. 1636, 137 L.Ed.2d 945 (1997) (citation omitted). In deciding a motion to stay a case, the court must weigh the competing interests that the ruling will affect. See Malama Makua v. Rumsfeld, 136 F.Supp.2d 1155, 1165 (D.Haw.2001); see also Yong v. INS, 208 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir.2000) (stating that the court must balance the hardship of proceeding against “the ossification of rights which attends inordinate delay”). The competing interests include, but are not limited to: “hardship or inequity that a party may suffer in being required to go forward, and the orderly course of justice measured in terms of the simplifying or complicating of issues, proof, and questions of law that could be expected to result from a stay.” Id. (citing Filtrol Corp. v. Kelleher, 467 F.2d 242, 244 (9th Cir.1972)) (some citations omitted). The court should also balance the length of the stay against the strength of the reason for the stay. Id. A party requesting an especially long or an indefinite stay must make a greater showing of justification. See id.
A. Multidistrict Litigation
Because this case is one of many brought against Defendants, multidistrict litigation is implicated. Coordination of multidistrict litigation is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1407. Section 1407(a) provides, in pertinent part:
When civil actions involving one or more common questions of fact are pending in different districts, such actions may be transferred to any district for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. Such transfers shall be made by the judicial panel on multidistrict litigation authorized by this section upon its determination that transfers for such proceedings will be for the convenience of parties and witnesses and will promote the just and efficient conduct of such actions....
28 U.S.C. § 1407(a). The JPML’s Rules of Procedure provide that:
The pendency of a motion, order to show cause, conditional transfer order or conditional remand order before the Panel concerning transfer or remand of an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 does not affect or suspend orders and pretrial proceedings in the district court in which the action is pending and does not in any way limit the pretrial jurisdiction of that court. A transfer or remand pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407 shall be effective when the transfer or remand order is filed in the office of the clerk of the district court of the transferee district.
R. Proc. Jud. Panel Multi. Litig. 1.5. In other words, a district court need not automatically stay a case when there is something pending before the MDL Panel. Rather, the court has the discretion to grant a stay when it is in the interests of judicial economy and efficiency. See Rivers v. Walt Disney Co., 980 F.Supp. 1358, 1360 (C.D.Cal.1997).
*1232When considering a motion to stay, district courts in the Ninth Circuit consider the following factors: “(1) potential prejudice to the non-moving party; (2) hardship and inequity to the moving party if the action is not stayed; and (3) the judicial resources that would be saved by avoiding duplicative litigation if the cases are in fact consolidated.” Id. (citing Am. Seafood, Inc. v. Magnolia Processing, Inc., Civ. A. Nos. 92-1030, 92-1086, 1992 WL 102762, at *1-2 (E.D.Pa. May 7, 1992)); see also Martin v. Merck & Co., Inc., No. S-05-750 LKK/PAN, 2005 WL 1984483, at *5 (E.D.Cal. Aug.15, 2005) (quoting Quincy Cmty. Servs. Dist. v. Atlantic Richfield, No. CIV. S-03-2582, at *7 (E.D.Cal.2004), for factors identical to those in Rivers); Dix v. ICT Group, Inc., No. CS-03-0315-LRS, 2003 WL 22852135, at *7 (E.D.Wash. Oct.20, 2003) (citing Rivers, 980 F.Supp. at 1360).
II. Order of Determining Motions to Remand and Motions to Stay
In this case, not only is the issue of whether to grant a stay before this Court, however, but also the issue of whether to remand the action to state court. Courts have held that when jurisdictional issues are in dispute, a motion to remand should be resolved prior to the determination of whether a stay is appropriate. Smith v. Mail Boxes, Etc., 191 F.Supp.2d 1155, 1157 (E.D.Cal.2002) (citing Good v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 5 F.Supp.2d 804, 809 (N.D.Cal.1998) (granting stay pending MDL transfer decision after considering jurisdictional issues in remand motion); Tortola Rest., L.P. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 987 F.Supp. 1186, 1188-89 (N.D.Cal.1997) (denying stay motion and addressing merits of motion to remand); Kohl v. Am. Home Products Corp., 78 F.Supp.2d 885, 888 (W.D.Ark.1999) (granting stay following determination that removal was proper and denial of remand was warranted); Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc. v. Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, 54 F.Supp.2d 1042, 1047 (D.Kan.1999) (reasoning that preliminary jurisdictional issue should be determined on motion to remand before court considers staying the action)). “However, the calculus changes somewhat when deference to a MDL court will further ‘the uniformity, consistency, and predictability in litigation that underlies the MDL system.’” McClelland v. Merck & Co., CIV. No. 06-00543 JMS/BMK, 2007 WL 178293, *2 (D.Haw. Jan.19, 2007) (quoting Leeson v. Merck & Co., Inc., No. S-05-2240 WBS PAN, 2006 WL 3230047 (E.D.Ca. Jan.27, 2006)) (citation omitted).
When considering simultaneous motions to remand and motions to stay the proceedings, district courts employ a three-step methodology. First, “a court should ... give preliminary scrutiny to the merits of the motion to remand. If this preliminary assessment suggests that removal was improper, the court should promptly complete its consideration and remand the case to state court.” Id. (quoting Meyers v. Bayer AG, 143 F.Supp.2d 1044, 1049 (E.D.Wis.2001)); Conroy v. Fresh Del Monte Produce, Inc., 325 F.Supp.2d 1049, 1053 (N.D.Cal.2004). If “the jurisdictional issue appears factually or legally difficult, [however,] the court’s second step should be to determine whether identical or similar jurisdictional issues have been raised in other cases that have been or may be transferred to the MDL proceeding.”2 Id. (quoting Meyers, 143 F.Supp.2d at 1049); Conroy, 325 F.Supp.2d at 1053. A court should only proceed to the third step and consider the motion to stay “if the jurisdic*1233tional issue is both difficult and similar or identical to those in cases transferred or likely to be transferred.” Meyers, 143 F.Supp.2d at 1049; McClelland, 2007 WL 178293, at *2; Conroy, 325 F.Supp.2d at 1053.
Here, a preliminary assessment of the Remand Motion indicates that remand is appropriate because MFH has not established, with legal certainty, that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. Consequently, the Court will address the Remand Motion and recommend that the district court remand the action to state court. The Court acknowledges that the jurisdictional issue is somewhat complicated because of the challenges with estimating, at this early stage, the total amount of damages in controversy. However, judicial economy would not be served by staying the case and/or having the district of New Jersey decide the jurisdictional issue.
First, issues of jurisdiction should be decided as early in the process as possible. Second, this Court’s review of the district of New Jersey’s docket indicates that the other MDL cases before that court were initiated in federal court and in the one case removed to federal court, the plaintiff did not challenge removal. Thus, this CAFA jurisdictional issue has not been raised in the cases transferred to the district of New Jersey. Even if a number of the cases pending transfer raised CAFA jurisdictional issues, judicial economy would not be served by having the transferee court rule on remand because this action is based entirely on Hawai'i state law. Moreover, each class size would vary as would the corresponding amounts in controversy. See, e.g., Conroy, 325 F.Supp.2d at 1054 (finding that a stay would be judicially inefficient where it would allow the transferee court to rule on several pending questions of jurisdiction but would require that court to apply various state and circuit laws to each jurisdictional claim). Last, the parties have already fully briefed the Remand Motion and it would not serve any of the parties’ interests to delay the adjudication of the remand issue. Because this case should only be transferred if subject matter jurisdiction is proper,3 the Court finds it appropriate and necessary to first address the Remand Motion.
A. Remand
MFH removed the instant case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441(b) and 1332(d) (CAFA).4 [Notice of Removal at 7.] Section 1441 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United *1234States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending....
(b) Any civil action of which the district courts have original jurisdiction founded on a claim or right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States shall be removable without regard to the citizenship or residence of the parties....
28 U.S.C. § 1441(a), (b). Section 1441 is strictly construed against removal and courts resolve any doubts about the propriety of removal in favor of remanding the case to state court. See Durham v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 445 F.3d 1247, 1252 (9th Cir.2006).
MFH claims that it properly removed under CAFA because it is a citizen of Delaware, Plaintiff is a citizen of Hawaii, and the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. [Notice of Removal at ¶ 11 (citing 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441).] CAFA grants federal district courts original jurisdiction over cases in which 1) the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million, exclusive of interests and costs, 2) the aggregate number of proposed plaintiffs is 100 or greater; and 3) any member of the plaintiff class is a citizen of a state different from any defendant. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d); Lowdermilk v. U.S. Bank Nat. Ass’n, 479 F.3d 994, 997 (9th Cir.2007). “ ‘[U]nder CAFA, the burden of establishing removal jurisdiction remains, as before, on the proponent of federal jurisdiction.’ ” Id. (quoting Abrego Abrego v. Dow Chemical Co., 443 F.3d 676, 685 (9th Cir.2006)). The parties do not dispute the existence of minimal diversity or that the aggregate number of proposed plaintiffs is 100 or greater.5 According to the evidence before the Court, Plaintiff is a citizen of Hawaii and MFH is a citizen of Delaware.6 While the parties dispute the exact number of class members, there is no dispute that the number of proposed plaintiffs well-exceeds 100. Indeed, Plaintiff herself estimated the proposed class to total “several thousand.” [See Compl. at ¶ 46.a.]
The only issue remaining is therefore whether the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. In her Complaint, Plaintiff represents that “the amount in controversy does not exceed the sum or value of $5,000,000.00 exclusive of interest and costs, and inclusive of attorneys [sic] fees.” [Id. at ¶ 42.] MFH insists that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million and it relies in part upon statistics to support is position. Where, as here, a plaintiff avers damages below the threshold for federal jurisdiction, a court “need not look beyond the four corners of the complaint to determine whether the CAFA jurisdictional amount is met.” Lowdermilk, 479 F.3d at 998. Given that Plaintiff, in her Complaint, specifically disclaims damages in excess of $5 million, it is incumbent on MFH to “prove with legal certainty that CAFA’s jurisdictional amount is met.” Id. at 1000. This is because Plaintiff “is ‘master of her complaint’ and can plead to avoid federal jurisdiction.” Id. at 998-99 (citations omitted). As explained by the Lowdermilk court:
subject to a “good faith” requirement in a pleading, a plaintiff may sue for less than that amount she may be entitled to if she wishes to avoid federal jurisdiction and remain in state court. Wdiere the plaintiff has alleged her facts and pled her damages, and there is no evidence of *1235bad faith, the defendant must not only contradict the plaintiffs own assessment of damages, but most overcome the presumption against federal jurisdiction.
Id. at 999 (citations omitted).
1. Plaintiff’s Damages Claims
a. veterinary screenings
Relying solely on statistics from the Census Bureau, the Humane Society, and the AVMA, MFH postulates that 4,007 cats and 3,255 dogs were potentially affected by the recall. Based on its estimate of $217 per pet for veterinary screening examinations, MFH submits that the total cost of screenings is $1,575,854. Applying treble damages to this amount, MFH argues that the veterinary screening damages total $4,727,562. Contrastingly, Plaintiff relies on representations that Defendants recalled 60 million cans and pouches of pet food over a three month period and adjusts this number to account for factors such as HawaiTs population and the assumption that each pet consumed two cans/pouches of food per day, as well as MFH’s estimation of a $217 per pet screening cost, to arrive at veterinary screening damages in the amount of $306,187, which if trebled pursuant to Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 480, totals $918,561. This Court finds that MFH has not satisfied its burden of establishing with legal certainty the amount of damages for veterinary screening. Although the Court does not take issue with MFH’s estimation of the veterinary screening expenses, it has concerns regarding MFH’s estimates of the number of pets affected by the recall. MFH is in the best position to know how many pets might have been affected by the tainted food. Instead of relying on such specific data that would assist the Court in determining whether the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million, MFH relies on general statistics, leaving the Court to speculate about the number of animals affected. See id. at 1002 (“If Defendant, who is the only party with access to its ... records cannot more accurately approximate the class size, Plaintiff cannot be expected to plead her case with any more specificity.”). Given the great disparity between MFH’s and Plaintiffs approximations, this Court cannot determine with any certainty the amount in controversy for the veterinary screenings. Indeed, it is MFH’s burden to satisfy the legal certainty requirement and the Court finds that it has not.
b. elder damages
As part of its estimation of the total amount in controversy, MFH includes damages for elders, which it calculates to be $2,090,000. MFH again relies on Census Bureau statistics to arrive at this figure. Specifically, MFH assumes that the class size is 3,000 and the number of elders is 13.95% of the class, or 418. Plaintiff counters that there is no evidence suggesting that Defendants targeted elders and as a consequence, it is inappropriate for MFH to include these calculations in the jurisdictional amount.
Hawaii Revised Statutes § 480 — 13(b)(1) entitles consumers injured by unfair or deceptive acts or practices to damages “not less than $1,000 or threefold damages by the plaintiff sustained, whichever sum is the greater, and reasonable attorney’s fees together with the costs of-suit.” Haw. Rev.Stat. § 480 — 13(b)(1). When the plaintiff is an elder,7 this section provides for alternative damages of “not less than $5,000 or threefold any damages sustained by the plaintiff, whichever sum is the greater.” See id. To determine whether an award of elder damages is appropriate, a court considers the following factors:
*1236(1) Whether the person’s conduct was in wilful disregard of the rights of the elder;
(2) Wdiether the person knew or should have known that the person’s conduct was directed toward or targeted an elder;
(3) Whether the elder was more vulnerable to the person’s conduct than other consumers because of age, poor health, infirmity, impaired understanding, restricted mobility, or disability;
(4) The extent of injury, loss, or damages suffered by the elder; and
(5) Any other factors the court deems appropriate.
See id. § 480-18.5(b). Clearly then, the mere fact that elders are part of the class is by no means a guarantee that they will be entitled to the higher damages. MFH assumes that all elders would be entitled to $5,000, but has not provided evidence to support this position. First, it relies solely on general statistics to estimate the number of elders in the class. Second, other than its bare assertion that the elders would receive the damages, MFH has not provided the Court with any evidence to address the foregoing factors, or demonstrate why elder damages would be appropriate in this case. In the absence of concrete evidence, the Court cannot determine the amount in controversy with any certainty.
c. food costs, punitive damages, in-junctive relief
Aside from stating that Plaintiffs claims for food costs, punitive damages, and request for injunctive relief would increase the amount in controversy, MFH offered no evidence to support this assertion. Plaintiff submitted evidence to suggest that the pet food damages would total $295,601, or $886,803, if trebled. MFH is undoubtedly in the best position to ascertain the pet food damages, as it should have the sales data for pet food purchases in Hawai‘i during the recall period. Yet it failed to provide any data. The Court is therefore left to speculate about the amount of these damages and MFH has failed to prove with legal certainty that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million.
d. attorneys’ fees
As part of its damages, Plaintiff requests attorneys’ fees. Employing the lodestar method, MFH estimates that based on Mr. Grande’s and Ms. Gardner’s experience, multiplied by the amount of hours that would likely be expended in this action, the total attorneys’ fees would total at least $201,500. Plaintiff does not contest MFH’s estimate for the purposes of the Remand Motion. Hawai'i Revised Statutes § 480-13(b) provides that “if the judgment is for the plaintiff, the plaintiff shall be awarded ... reasonable attorney’s fees together with the costs of suit.” Haw. Rev.Stat. § 480-13(b)(l); see also id. § 480 — 13(b)(2). WTiere a statutory authority provides for attorneys’ fees, the fees are included in the amount in controversy to reach CAFA’s $5 million minimum. Lowdermilk, 479 F.3d at 1000.
MFH cites a number of this Court’s orders regarding attorneys’ fees to estimate the hourly rate that Plaintiffs attorneys would likely be awarded. It also estimates that a total of 1,000 hours would be expended between Mr. Grande and Ms. Gardner. Even if the Court were to give credence to MFH’s approximation of attorneys’ fees, it is of no consequence because MFH has failed to meet the legal certainty standard. Adding $201,500 to an unknown amount in controversy does not assist the Court in determining whether the jurisdictional amount is met.
Based on the foregoing discussion, the Court finds that MFH has fallen well short of satisfying the legal certainty requirement. MFH’s evidence (or in some cases, *1237complete lack of evidence) makes it difficult, if not impossible, for this Court to ascertain with any certainty whether the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. Accordingly, the Court finds that it does not have jurisdiction under CAFA and recommends that the district court remand the action to state court.
2. Entitlement to Removal Expenses
Plaintiff argues that she is entitled to fees and costs incurred as a result of the removal because of MFH’s lack of factual authority for its position. MFH maintains that it removed the action in good faith and thus contests Plaintiffs request for fees and costs. When a federal court remands a case, it “may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The United States Supreme Court has stated that: “Absent unusual circumstances, courts may award attorney’s fees under § 1447(c) only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal. Conversely, when an objectively reasonable basis exists, fees should be denied.” Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 126 S.Ct. 704, 711, 163 L.Ed.2d 547 (2005) (citations omitted). The district court retains discretion to determine whether a given case presents unusual circumstances that warrant a departure from this rule. Id. The Martin Court also instructed that
The appropriate test for awarding fees under § 144(c) should recognize the desire to deter removals sought for the purpose of prolonging litigation and imposing costs on the opposing party, while not undermining Congress’ basic decision to afford defendants a right to remove as a general matter, when the statutory criteria are satisfied.
Id. A district court should award the plaintiff his or her attorneys’ fees “if, at the time the defendant filed his notice in federal court, clearly established law demonstrated that he had no basis for removal ... By contrast, if clearly established law did not foreclose a defendant’s basis for removal, then a district court should not award attorneys’ fees.” Lott v. Pfizer, Inc., No. 06-3372, 2007 WL 1804261, *3 (7th Cir.2007).
In this case, CAFA affords MFH a right to a federal forum provided certain requirements are met. As already discussed, the minimal diversity and aggregate number of proposed plaintiffs greater than 100 requirements are satisfied. Even though the Court finds that MFH does not satisfy the legal certainty standard, that does not mean that MFH lacked an objectively reasonable basis for removing the action to federal court. MFH is convinced that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million and theoretically, the damages for this type of class action could very well exceed $5 million. The Court therefore finds that MFH had an objectively reasonable basis for removing the action, despite the fact that MFH did not ultimately carry its burden of establishing the amount in controversy with legal certainty. In addition, there are no unusual circumstances that would warrant an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff is not entitled to her removal related expenses and recommends that the district court deny Plaintiffs request for fees and costs incurred in securing remand of this case.
B. Stay
In light of the fact that the Court is recommending remand, it is unnecessary to address the Stay Motion. The Court accordingly DENIES Defendants’ Stay Motion as moot.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, this Court FINDS that MFH failed to prove with *1238legal certainty that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million. This Court accordingly RECOMMENDS that Plaintiff Yvonne Ortiz’s Motion for Remand, filed July 12, 2007, be GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The Court recommends that the district court GRANT Plaintiffs request to remand the instant case to the First Circuit Court and DENY Plaintiffs request for fees and costs.
The Court also DENIES Defendant Menu Foods Holdings, Inc.’s Motion to Stay All Proceedings, filed June 15, 2007, as moot.
IT IS SO FOUND AND RECOMMENDED AND SO ORDERED.
Aug. 21, 2007.