This is a motion to confirm a referee’s report, which passes upon the accounts of the executor and trustee herein. It appears that the executor in question died shortly after making his account, and before the hearing before the referee. The counsel for the representatives of the dead executor oppose the confirmation of said report, contending that the referee has committed error in the same.
Of the sixteen objections filed to the account of the said executor but two are sustained by the referee. The referee, however, devotes a considerable portion of the opinion, given with hia report, to a severe criticism of the conduct of the executor; and as so much attention has been devoted by the referee in this general dissertation upon the conduct of the executor, it seems appropriate to consider that subject before passing upon the two specific objections to the account.
A careful examination of the testimony and of the conduct of this executor convinces me that the referee has committed a grave error by the sweeping manner in which he has condemned the executor’s conduct. On the hearing before the referee the executor’s lips were sealed by death, and it was impossible to explain before the referee the difficulties and perplexities of his position, but enough appears to show that the task which was committed to him was a difficult and extraordinary one, and that he has discharged the same honestly and faithfully. The burden of proof in a matter of this kind is upon the contestant, and where the contestant fails to produce any direct proof or evidence of careless or imprudent conduct by the executor full faith and credence should be given to his conduct, and while executors should be held to a strict accountability, yet the courts, in considering their conduct, should appreciate the' fact that many times they have difficult and troublesome tasks, caused by decedents leaving their estates in involved conditions.
*508.When the executor took charge of the decedent’s estate he found it in the following condition: The household furniture, which was of the value of some six hundred and odd dollars was bequeathed to a son of the deceased and was taken by him, and hence the executor had nothing to do with same. Deceased owned five pieces of real estate, consisting of a house on Clinton avenue, upon which there was a mortgage of $11,000, and four houses on Vanderbilt avenue, each subject to a mortgage of $3,000. Upon these mortgages there was interest, which would become due on April and May first, and also water taxes which would amount to $377.16. In addition, there was the funeral expenses of the deceased, the expenses of probate, an attorney’s bill of $250, and a claim of one Eva Harrington, which will be referred to hereafter.
Outside of the equity in these houses there was but thirty dollars in cash and some silverware, which was appraised at sixty-five dollar’s. Therefore, with but this small sum of thirty dollars the executor had to pay these various obligations accruing against this real property, keep the same in repair, and endeavor from any surplus which he might save from rent to pay off the obligations created by the debts of the deceased and the expenses of admission.
The homestead on Clinton avenue the executor was unable to rent, but in October, 1894, sold it for $15,375. It is not shown that by the use of any diligence could the executor have gotten any better price, or that he could have succeeded in renting it in the interim. -Out of the proceeds the executor had to pay the mortgage of $11,000, interest amounting to $921.25, taxes, $418.43, expenses of transfer, $66.16, and in addition he paid to the mortgagor of some of the houses on Vanderbilt avenue arrears of interest of $467.06, and taxes on Missouri lands of $340, thus leaving from the sale of the Clinton avenue homestead a balance of but $2,500.
The payment of each of these items is conceded to be proper *509and correct, and no possible criticism can be made of the executor for making the same.
The four houses on Vanderbilt avenue are estimated to have been worth about $4,500 each, as one of these was sold by the executor in October, 1894, for that sum. Subsequently, the mortgages on two of these houses were foreclosed, and on the foreclosure sale they brought respectively $8,125 and $3,200. Deficiency judgments were entered against the estate on each sale, and it is such mortgagee, as judgment creditor, that contests the conduct of this executor. The fourth house has been held, undisposed of.
It is not shown that there was any lack of care in connection with the renting of the houses or of attention to the same, and it is apparent that if these houses on Vanderbilt avenue had produced the highest rent that Mrs. Griffing had ever received therefor and had been rented continuously, still the executor would have been very much hampered in his administration of the affairs of the estate. It is a matter of general knowledge that in the renting of a number of small pieces of real property there necessarily must be made a deduction for periods when the property is unrented, or when there is difficulty in collecting the rents, and there is not one word of proof showing that the amounts realized by the executor were not the highest amounts that could have been realized with good business prudence.
It, therefore, seems to me that in the collection of the assets of the estate that the referee, in complaining of the conduct of the executor, by demanding to know “ what has become of the enormous balance ” is drawing upon his imagination rather than upon the evidence which is before him.
We next come to the payments made by the executor. In this connection, the referee severely criticises and condemns payments made by the executor to the attorney, Mr. North, also made in connection with the affairs of the estate, but although he criticises he allows such expenditures. If the referee believed that *510these expenditures were for improper services or were-excessive in amounts, then he should have promptly sustained the objections, disallowed the payments of the same, and surcharged the executor therewith; if, on the other hand, they are proper, then no criticism should be made of the executor for paying the same, but the criticism of the same by the referee does not seem to be supported by the testimony, and is evidently a misapperehension of the same, as the deduction seems to be that Mr. North received in connection with a number of accounts, nearly $500, whereas the facts seem to he that Mr. North charged for probate the sum of $50, for adjusting the collateral inheritance tax a furthei* sum of $50, for services in the foreclosure suit, which resulted in relieving the estate of $577.94 costs, the sum of $65. Each of these charges seems to me to be perfectly reasonable and proper in connection with this estate, particularly as it appears that there was some trouble in connection with discovering the whereabouts of some nonresident heirs. If they are reasonable and proper they should not be made the subject of any adverse criticism.
It also appears, without any question, that Mr. North acted as counsel for the testatrix in her lifetime on certain important litigation; that his bill therefor was $250, which he finally compromised at $200, and it seems to me that the executor was entitled to credit for the same, without any slur or insinuation that they ought to have been disallowed but for the failure of the contestant to make the proof, and it is difficult to see how the contestant could have made any proof in the face of the direct testimony of the rendition of the services, and the fairness of the value of the same, given by the executor, and the presumption that a man rendering services is to be paid.
The referee also criticises the executor for not making prompt disposal of such real estate. It must be borne in mind that in the years 1892 and 1893, the years when the executor first took charge of this matter, it was a period of great commercial and business depression, and that if the executor had attempted to *511force the sale of this real property, that it is very probable that it would have reslted in greater damage to the estate. The contestant has failed to call any experts to show that this real property was capable of quick sales, or that there was any possible customer for same at this period. The rents which the executor managed to get from this property which he succeeded in renting was greater than he would have received from an ordinary investment on mortgage, such as he would have been authorized to make.
It is also to be noted that none of the legatees under this will have made any criticism of the conduct of the executor in any way, but that the sole complainant is this mortgagee, who subsequently became a judgment creditor of the estate by forcing the sale of the real estate under the mortgages held by her, and thus made a deficiency judgment. For her to complain that a higher price was not obtained at a private sale by the executor so that when a forced sale was had there would be money to meet her deficiency judgment is extraordinary, particularly in view of the fact that at the foreclosure sale she bought in these houses. If they were so valuable, and the executor could have so readily sold them at a price far in advance of the mortgage, why didn’t the mortgagee take them for the amount of her judgment ? If, on the other hand, they are not valuable and worth but little more than the price at which they were bid in, how can the executor be reprimanded for not disposing of them at a private sale, at a price ample to meet her deficiency judgment?
There remains to be considered the two specific items on which the referee has surcharged the executor'. They are as follows, namely:
First. Payments of commissions by the executor to- his son, Gerard Wagner, for collecting rents and attending to the estate, amounting to the sum of $419.
It is conceded that the price charged is at the proper ratio if it had been paid to the ordinary real estate agent. It does not *512seem to me that the executor of an estate, where the same consists of real property, is bound to do all the ordinary work of a real estate agent, and he is, therefore, entitled to employ a proper real estate agent, and pay him the usual commissions. We know, as a matter of business experience, that many persons owning real property that is rented to numerous tenants do not attempt to attend to the management of the same but turn the same over-to some competent agent who has their respect and confidence. The referee does not seem to contend that this is other than the correct theory, but contends that the person collecting these rents was the son of the executor, and that they should, therefore, be disallowed. It seems to me that the main question is whether the expenditure is a reasonable and proper one, which the executor was authorized to make. If he chooses to have this work done by his son, outside of the regular work which his son would naturally do, and the charge is a proper one there is certainly no reason why it should not be sustained. Of course, under ordinary circumstances, employment by an executor of a member of his family, to perform services for an estate, merits investigation, but where they appear to be services which if they had been rendered by a disinterested person would pass without question then there is no reason for disallowing the same. The suggestion that no voucher is filed for this matter seems to me to be immaterial. It plainly appears by the books that it was paid, the son is alive, and has-sworn to the correctness of the same, and, of course, could give a voucher at any time, and the rule requiring an executor to file vouchers was not intended to apply to a matter of this character.
Second. The payments made to Eva Harrington, amounting to $595.83.
It is not claimed that the executor did not, in good faith, pay the items aggregating this amount to Eva Harrington, and take her receipt therefor, but because he had not investéd the sum for her in accordance, with the provisions of the will, he *513should be punished by the disallowance of the items which he had actually paid. Eva Harrington evidently had some claim, for services rendered to the deceased, and hence it was provided in the will that the sum of $3,000 was to be invested for the benefit of the said Eva Harrington^ upon the said Eva Harrington electing to waive any claim which she might have for services, against the deceased.
At the time of the decedent’s death, as has been shown, there was not only no money to invest, but there was pressing necessity for funds to pay obligations accruing against the real estate and due against the estate. That being the case, it was very necessary that the executor should endeavor to prevent the said Eva Harrington enforcing her claim, which she might have done.
Being a legacy in place of a debt the party would be entitled to interest from the death of the testatrix. Dayton on Surrogates, 464. But the executor, however, paid interest only from one year after he received his letters, and was thus fully justified in quieting the claim of the legatee, and the estate received the benefit of her not enforcing her claim.
Undoubtedly^ if the executor had conducted a forced sale and managed to realize $3,000 from all of these pieces of real estate and at once invested the same for the benefit of Eva Harrington he would have been entitled to pay her the income therefrom. By deferring this sale and collecting rents from this real estate he got a very much larger income than he otherwise would have had, and the principle which has disallowed moneys which he in good faith paid out in an endeavor to extricate the estate from a difficult position seems to me to be taking altogether too narrow a view of the situation
As the theory upon which the referee disallowed the commissions was based upon his criticism of the general conduct of the executor, and also upon his disallowance of the two items above stated, and, as indicated herein, I have disagreed with the ref*514eree’s conclusions in these particulars, it necessarily follows that his disallowance of the commissions should he overruled.
The motion to confirm the report of the referee is denied, and the account settled as presented, with costs to the executor against, said contestant.
Motion denied, with costs to executor against contestant.