Convicted of possession of heroin with intent to distribute, possession of heroin with intent to distribute within 1,000 feet of a school, and knowingly being present where heroin is kept, the defendant has appealed, alleging that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions.
At about 7:45 p.m. on August 23, 1995, two plainclothes officers in a van were conducting a surveillance of an area of Lynn where residents had been complaining about “beeper meets,” that is, drug sales conducted by means of a prearranged rendezvous between a buyer and seller, with the seller typically picking up the buyer in a motor vehicle. The officers’ attention was drawn to a man kneeling on a street comer, looking into the vehicles that passed. The officers watched the man, and within five minutes, a gray Ford Tempo automobile pulled up *531opposite the man on the corner. The man, later identified as Richard Arasco, got into the back seat of the Tempo. The Tempo pulled away and the officers, in their van, followed. The Tempo turned a comer and stopped. The officers pulled their van next to the Tempo. Officer Holey, in the van’s passenger seat, saw the defendant, in the front passenger seat of the Tempo, hand to Arasco, in the back seat of the Tempo, a package composed of a number of glassine bags. Officer Holey got out of the van and yelled, “Police!” Arasco got out of the back of the Tempo and tried to flee. Officer Holey detained him. On the ground by the rear door through which Arasco had gotten out of the Tempo, Officer Holey saw a number of glassine bags bound together with an elastic.
As Officer Holey was about to handcuff Arasco, he saw the front passenger door of the Tempo open. When Holey went toward the defendant, Arasco fled. Holey placed the defendant under arrest. He then looked into the Tempo, and saw in the rear of the car on the floor another bundle of glassine bags wrapped with an elastic.
At the time Arasco had gotten out of the Tempo, the driver, one Quavis, had also gotten out and fled, pursued by Officer Holey’s partner. Officer Holey saw Quavis throw something as he passed the officers’ van. Officer Holey later found scattered about the inside front of the van a cigarette box, “a number of glassine bags of heroin in bundle form,”1 later determined to total eighty-two individual packets,2 and some United States currency.
The judge, probably reading from a pattern jury instruction, told the jury that actual or constructive possession would suffice to prove the possession element of the charge, and he defined both kinds of possession.3 He also defined joint possession.
The defendant first contends that in instructing the jury not only on actual possession but on constructive possession as *532well, the judge permitted the jury to find the defendant guilty on a theory for which there was an insufficient evidentiary basis. The defendant argues that while the evidence may have been sufficient to establish the defendant’s actual possession of the heroin he handed to Arasco (which, it may be inferred, was the heroin found on the floor of the Tempo and on the ground by the rear door of the Tempo), the evidence was insufficient to establish that the defendant had constructive possession of that heroin, or the heroin that the driver threw into the police van.
The defendant’s argument is based in part on a misunderstanding. To erase any confusion, constructive possession and actual possession are not different theories in the way that deliberate premeditation and felony-murder are different theories, Commonwealth v. Plunkett, 422 Mass. 634 (1996), or in the way that homicide as a principal and homicide as a joint venturer are different theories, see Commonwealth v. Green, 420 Mass. 771 (1995); Commonwealth v. Flynn, 420 Mass. 810 (1995). Rather, they are simply two possible ways of defining the same legal principle. The essential elements of either sort of possession are knowledge plus ability and intention to control. Compare Commonwealth v. Paniaqua, 413 Mass. 796, 801 (1992) (an actual possession case in which the court defined possession as “the intentional exercise of control over an item”), with Commonwealth v. Rosa, 17 Mass. App. Ct. 495, 498 (1984) (in which the court defined constructive possession as awareness of contraband coupled with ability and intention to control it). The apparent differences in these definitions arise from the fact that physical possession necessarily entails the ability to control, and would ordinarily entail knowledge as well, thus making it unnecessary, in an actual possession case, to list these elements as part of the definition of possession. Once this point is taken into account, it will be seen that the two sorts of possession are substantially identical.
Even were the two kinds of possession treated as discrete legal theories, it would avail the defendant nothing. The jury here were warranted in finding that the defendant possessed all of the packets of heroin recovered by the police, including those apparently jettisoned by Quavis. Officer Holey testified *533that he saw the defendant, in the front passenger seat of the gray Tempo, hand to Arasco, the man in the rear seat, what he recognized as a “bundle” of heroin, that is, a standard commercial unit consisting of ten packets of heroin bound together. The police immediately interrupted this transaction, and later found one bundle in the rear of the Tempo on the floor, and one bundle on the ground by the door of the Tempo through which Arasco had gotten out. From this evidence, the jury could infer that the defendant had handed both bundles to Arasco, who dropped them in his flight. The evidence was sufficient to establish that the defendant had exercised “control and power,” Commonwealth v. Brzezinski, 405 Mass. 401, 409 (1989), over the bundles of heroin found in the Tempo and on the ground. Contrast Commonwealth v. Cormier, 41 Mass. App. Ct. 76, 79-80 (1996).
The evidence also permitted the jury to find that the defendant possessed the heroin that the driver, Quavis, threw into the police officer’s van. Quavis, driving the gray Tempo, and the defendant, in the front passenger seat, had picked up Arasco on the street. Soon thereafter, Officer Holey saw the defendant hand to Arasco what he recognized as a bundle of heroin. From this evidence, the jury properly could conclude that the defendant and Quavis were acting in concert to sell heroin. When Quavis fled, he discarded eighty-two packets of heroin packaged in bundle form. See the certificate of analysis, No. 082659, introduced as an exhibit.4 Officer Holey testified that the amount of heroin Quavis discarded was consistent with distribution rather than personal use. Officer Holey also testified that the heroin Quavis discarded was packaged similarly to that found in the car and on the ground. See Commonwealth v. Pratt, 407 Mass. 647, 652 (1990). Cf. Commonwealth v. James, 30 Mass. App. Ct. 490, 496-497 (1991) (inference that a quantity of drugs was drawn from a larger stash may be supported by a similarity between the packaging of the sample and the packaging of the drugs in the stash). It was open to the jury to infer from the totality of this evidence that Quavis was holding for his and the defendant’s commercial operation a stash that he and the defendant jointly possessed. Cf. Commonwealth v. Beverly, 389 Mass. 866, 870 (1983) (jury were warranted in finding that the defendant possessed with intent to distribute the stash *534of heroin that was in the paint can her husband threw out the window as the police sought entry at the door of the apartment).
The defendant’s argument that the jury could not properly have found joint possession without first finding joint venture (on which they were not instructed) is based on a misunderstanding of the law. A finding of joint venture is not a precondition for a finding of joint possession. See Commonwealth v. Pichardo, 38 Mass. App. Ct. 416, 416 n.1 (1995); Commonwealth v. Campiti, 41 Mass. App. Ct. 43, 47 & n.3 (1996). The instructions the jury were given on constructive possession and joint possession provided them with the necessary legal basis for a finding that the defendant possessed the heroin that Quavis discarded.
The defendant’s reliance on Commonwealth v. Zuluaga, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 629 (1997), is misplaced. That aspect of the Zuluaga opinion cited by the defendant suggests that where the evidence presents alternative factual bases on which the jury could return a guilty verdict, and as to at least one of those bases the evidence is not sufficient to sustain a guilty verdict, a reviewing court must reverse if it cannot fairly conclude that the verdict was not premised on the deficient basis.5 Id. at 641. The facts of the case at bar raise no such concerns; the evidence was sufficient to establish the defendant’s possession of each separate quantity of heroin the police recovered.
Moreover, we note that the holding in Zuluaga is quite limited. It does not stand for the general proposition that where, upon some view of the facts, no matter how strained, a jury’s verdict would not be supported by legally sufficient evidence, a defendant is entitled to judgment in his favor. The principles delineated in Zuluaga come into play only where there is a real possibility that a defendant was convicted on the basis of facts from which no rational trier of fact could draw an inference of guilt.6
In sum, there was sufficient evidence to warrant the jury’s *535finding beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant possessed heroin with intent to distribute, and possessed heroin with intent to distribute within 1,000 feet of a school zone. The evidence was also sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction for knowingly being present where heroin is kept (G. L. c. 94C, § 35). Evidence that the defendant jointly possessed the stash held by Quavis also permitted the jury to infer the defendant’s knowledge of the heroin that Quavis was carrying.7
Judgments affirmed.