The opinion of the court was delivered by
The covenant declared upon is contained in a deed executed by the defendant and her husband, James Winchell, on the 29th day of November, 1854, by which they covenanted and agreed for themselves, their heirs, executors, and administrators, with Nelson Ransom, the grantee, therein named, his heirs and assigns that they would warrant and defend the land described in said deed to the said Ransom, his heirs and assigns, against all lawful claims whatsoever. The plaintiff has acquired by regular conveyances all the title and interest which was conveyed to Ransom by the deed executed to him. James Winchell died on or about the 10th of April, 1866; and by his will constituted the defendant his devisee and legatee ; and she, as such, received an estate under and by virtue of said will of the value of ten thousand dollars, and more than sufficient to pay the claim which the plaintiff seeks to recover.
The breach of the covenant contained in the deed from James and Mary Winchell that is complained of, is, that, at the time of the execution of said deed the laud described in it was encumbered by a mortgage executed on the 1st day of May, 1840, by one Harris Morse who then owned said premises; and it is alleged *413that on the 28th day of August, 1877, the parties, who owned the claim secured by the mortgage given by said Morse, brought their petition to foreclose the same ; that the plaintiff cited in and required the defendant to enter in the court in which such petition was pending, and protect his right and title to said premises against said mortgage, or pay and discharge the same ; that the petitioners obtained a decree in said cause which the plaintiff has been compelled to pay as well as other expenses incurred in the defense of said suit; and that the defendant has not kept and performed the said covenant, but has wholly broken the' same. Upon these facts (which are admitted by the demurrer) it is to be determined whether this action can be maintained.
It is not claimed that the defendant is liable by reason of her having executed the deed jointly with her husband. Her coverture would be a full defense to any action at law that might be brought against her upon the covenants contained in a deed so executed. If the defendant can be made liable it must be upon the ground that she is bound by the covenant entered into by James Winehell; that he having covenanted for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, his estate was made liable for any breach of said covenant, and could be followed and appropriated to satisfy any legal claim for damages that might result from the breach of it.
The covenant of warranty is a real covenant, and runs with the land ; and it has always been held that any incumbrance resting upon the land at the time the covenant was entered into constitutes a breach of that covenant. Derisley et al. v. Custance, 4 Term, 75; Kellogg v. Robinson, 6 Vt. 276; Russ v. Steele, 40 Vt. 310; Mitchell v. Warner, 5 Conn. 497; Boyd v. Bartlett, 36 Vt. 9; Smith v. Perry, 26 Vt. 279.
At common law such a covenant is transferable ; and the assignee of the premises that the covenant bound the covenantor to defend, may sustain an action of covenant against the executor or administrator of the covenantor while his estate is being administered by them, and after distribution, against the parties to whom it has been distributed ; and the amount for which an executor or administrator may be held liable is dependent upon the *414amount of funds that they may have in their hands belonging to the estate that can be applied in payment of the claim ; and in the case of distributees, to the amount that they have received as such. Dyke & Webber, Admrs. v. Sweeting, Willis R. 585; Smith v. Perry, supra; Morse v. Aldrich, 1 Met. 544.
The covenant of James Winchell being one that bound his estate, and that could pass by assignment, it was the duty of the defendant, as the devisee and legatee of his estate, to protect and defend the title to the land conveyed by James Winchell for the benefit of the plaintiff.
Some criticism has been made upon the manner in which the breach is assigned. The deed of James and Mary Winchell is to be considered as if Mary had not joined with her husband in its execution. The fact that she was under such a disability at the time that the covenants contained in it were not legally binding upon her, would not affect the liability of the other party who was not under any such disability. Treating the deed as the separate deed of James Winchell, the manner of declaring, including the assignment of the breach, is according to the approved forms and precedents. The declaration sets out the facts and circumstances with sufficient certainty and particularity, and the legal conclusion that the covenant therein recited, which it was the duty of the defendant to have kept and performed, she has broken. We think that upon a general demurrer the declaration is sufficient.
It is claimed that the declaration is bad in substance, in not alleging such facts as would give a common-law court jurisdiction of the subject-matter; that conceding that independently of our statutory provisions in relation to the settlement of estates the action might be maintained, those provisions have superseded any pommon-law remedy, and the Probate Court had exclusive jurisdiction of this claim. While it is true that the jurisdiction of the Probate Court is exclusive as to all matters over which jurisdiction has been conferred upon it, so that common-law courts and courts of equity never take jurisdiction of such matters except in aid of that court and in exceptional cases, it should appear that the Probate Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of this *415claim before it should be held that the plaintiff is barred on account of his neglect to prosecute his claim in that court.
The General Statutes, chap. 53, sec. 14, provide that every person, having a claim against a deceased person proper to be allowed by the commissioners, who shall not exhibit his claim to the commissioners within the time limited for that purpose, shall be forever barred from recovering such demand, or from pleading the same in set-off in any action whatever. So that if this demand was a proper one to be exhibited to the commissioners, the neglect of the plaintiff to exhibit it to them would bar him from any recovery. It is no answer to this that it does not appear that letters of administration had ever been taken out upon the estate of James Winchell. The statute makes.ample provision for the granting of letters of administration upon the application of a creditor where there has been unreasonable delay in applying for them by those of kin to the deceased. The jurisdictional question, then, hinges upon the fact as to whether this was a proper claim to be presented to and adjudicated by commissioners. It is admitted that it was not an absolute claim ; but it is claimed that it was a contingent claim, and comes within the provision of the 45th sec.' of chap. 53. What constitutes a contingent claim within that section has to be ascertained from the facts shown. No rulé seems to have been promulgated by the court in this State defining what constitutes such a claim. The statute seems to contemplate that the claim must be of such a character that it may become absolute during the time limited for the proof and allowance of such claims, and to entitle the claimant to, share in the assets in the hands of the executor or administrator, it must become absolute within the time limited for the payment of such claims.
It will be noticed that the debt upon which the decree was based that the plaintiff paid was not originally the debt of James Winchell, or one which it is shown that he had assumed to pay; his liability was contingent to that of Morse. It was not a debt that Winchell in his lifetime could have made absolute as against Morse, so as to have given him a right of action for anything beyond nominal damages against Morse upon covenant of warranty, *416until there had been an actual or constructive eviction, or a claim under paramount title had been adversely asserted.
It was held in Patton v. McFarlane, 3 P. & W. (Pa.) 419, that where a covenantor neglected to pay the purchase-money, and the covenantee voluntarily paid it without claim having been made upon him, he was not entitled to recover upon a covenant of warranty, as his possession had never been disturbed or threatened; and the learned judge who delivered the opinion in that case, says, that, among the numerous cases which are met with on this subject in the United States and England, he had met with none in which a mere payment of money, for the purpose of buying in a paramount title or extinguishing a mortgage, had been held to be a breach of the covenant of warranty. And in Boyd v. Bartlett and Trustee, 36 Vt. 9, it is said in the opinion, delivered by Judge Peck, that, in an action on the covenant to warrant and defend, the plaintiff must show something more than a defect in the title of the grantor; he must show that a paramount title has been asserted to his prejudice.
This rule of law is applicable as between the plaintiff and Winchell, the covenantor, and those that are sought to be charged on account of his covenant. They were entitled to delay in order that they might know if any attempt would be made to enforce the payment of the claim, and to an opportunity to make defence in case any such attempt should be made. If the plaintiff could not convert this claim into an absolute one during the lifetime of Winchell,-he could not do so against his estate.
In Blackmer v. Admr. of Blackmer, 5 Vt. 355, under a statute which provided for the appointment of commissioners to receive, examine, and adjust all claims and demands against estates, and that any person neglecting to exhibit his demand to such commissioners should be barred from recovering the same, it was held that a covenant of warranty in a deed is not considered a debt until the covenant is broken ; that the commissioners could only allow upon an annuity bond what was due at the decease of the obligor ; that for all that might fall due after such decease a recovery might be had against the heirs as far as they had received assets from the obligor.
*417And in Leroy v. Admr. of Stevens, 6 Vt. 113, under the same statute, it was held that a claim not absolutely due could not be allowed, and of course would not be barred by the certificate. In that case, which was on a receipt given to an officer for property attached, if the commissioners had allowed the demand they must have allowed a nominal sum only, (in which event the allowance would have been a perpetual bar,) or allowed the value of the property receipted as a debt against the estate, when it was not certain that any recovery would be had in the suit in which the property was attached. If claims of that character were to be allowed by commissioners or barred, it would involve the proceedings of Probate Courts in endless difficulty.
While it is true that at the time when those decisions were made there was no statute making express provision for the allowance of contingent claims, such claims were demands against the estate, and their presentation for allowance by commissioners was as clearly required as it would have been if express authority had been given in the statute for the allowance of claims which depended upon a contingency which might or might not happen ; hence, we regard these decisions as authority upon the construction to be given to the existing statute as to what claims or demands are required to be presented to, and passed upon, by commissioners.
Whether a demand is contingent in such a sense as to require it to be presented to commissioners to prevent its being barred, depends upon the question, whether or not, it may become an absolute claim, the amount of which can be ascertained during the time the estate is in process of settlement, or the time limited for the proof of such claims. At the time when this suit was commenced this claim might have been proved as an absolute claim. The estate has passed into the hands of the defendant; and she would be liable as far as she had assets if the claim had been allowed ; and although commissioners might now be appointed to act upon the claim if none ever have been, there is no necessity for any such appointment. The defendant can make any defence in this suit that she could make in the Probate Court, so that the appointment of commissioners to pass upon this claim would-be a *418useless ceremony that could not result in any advantage to the parties and is not required by the law.
This claim was not barred by reason of its not having been presented to commissioners, and the judgment of the County Court is affirmed.