Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge GINSBURG.
The Copyright Act of 1976 (Act or 1976 Act)1 establishes a compulsory licensing scheme encompassing phonorecords and jukebox performances of musical works, certain noncommercial broadcasting transmissions, and certain cable television retransmissions. 17 U.S.C. §§ 111, 115, 116, 118 (1982). To superintend the scheme, Congress created the Copyright Royalty Tribunal (Tribunal or CRT). Id. §§ 801-810. The Tribunal is empowered to adjust royalty rates and to allocate among copyright owners royalty fees collected from copyright users. Id. §§ 111(d), 116(c), 118(b), 801(b). This petition for review concerns the Tribunal’s order adjusting the compulsory licensing rates for cable television operators in response to certain Federal Communications Commission (FCC) de-regulatory measures. See Adjustment of the Royalty Rate for Cable Systems; Federal Communications Commission’s Deregulation of the Cable Industry, 47 Fed.Reg. 52146 (Nov. 19, 1982), reprinted in Joint Appendix (J.A.) 11-24 (CRT Decision).
Petitioner National Cable Television Association, Inc. (NCTA) and several interve-nors seek reversal of the CRT’s final decision. Our examination of the record and consideration of the arguments tendered persuade us that the Tribunal has not abused its broad discretion to adjust rates. Because we conclude that the CRT has made adjustments we cannot characterize as unreasonable, and has adequately explained them, we affirm its decision in all respects.
I. BACKGROUND
A principal use of cable technology, since its inception, has been the retransmission of broadcast signals to areas beyond the reach of conventional “over the air” facilities. The Copyright Act of 1909, as construed by the Supreme Court, made no provision for cable operators’ copyright liability. See Teleprompter Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 415 U.S. 394, 94 S.Ct. 1129, 39 L.Ed.2d 415 (1974); Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc., 392 U.S. 390, 88 S.Ct. 2084, 20 L.Ed.2d 1176 (1968). In the 1976 Act, however, Congress expressly imposed such liability. 17 U.S.C. § 111. Individual marketplace negotiations between copyright owners and users, Congress believed, would entail inordinately high transaction costs. See House Judioiary Committee, Copyright Law Revision, H.R.Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 89 (1976) (House Report), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1976, 5659. Congress therefore licensed cable operators to carry whatever television programming FCC rules permitted; in exchange for this permission, however, Congress required cable operators to pay royalties for carriage of distant broadcast stations’ nonnetwork programming.2 17 U.S.C. § 111(c)(1), *180(d)(2). These compulsory license fees, paid by cable operators to the Copyright Office, are distributed to copyright owners by the Tribunal. Id. §§ 111(d)(3)-(5), 801(b)(3).
The 1976 Act sets initial fee schedules for cable carriage of distant broadcast signals, 17 U.S.C. § 111(d)(2)(B), (C), (D), and authorizes the CRT to make periodic adjustments to account for inflation and changes in the rates cable systems charge their subscribers. Id. §§ 801(b)(2)(A), (D); 804(a). In addition, Congress authorized the Tribunal to adjust rates, in accordance with a reasonableness standard, in the event of changes in FCC rules regulating cable — specifically, alteration of the FCC’s restrictive distant signal and syndicated program exclusivity rules. Id. § 801(b)(2)(B), (C).3 The authority accorded the CRT regarding FCC distant signal rule changes is limited, however. The Tribunal may not, in response to such FCC action, adjust rates for signals cable operators could carry under FCC rules in effect on April 15, 1976. The CRT is empowered to adjust rates only as to newly added signals, i.e., those carried for the first time after change in the FCC’s distant signal rules. Id. § 801(b)(2)(B); see also House Report, supra, at 176.
The FCC’s distant signal and syndicated program exclusivity rules were promulgated in 1972. Cable Television Report and Order, 36 FCC2d 143 (1972). The distant signal rules restricted the number of distant broadcast signals a cable system was permitted to carry; the limit varied according to the size and signal density of the market within which the cable system operated.4 The syndicated program exclusivity rules limited cable carriage of particular programs otherwise permitted under the FCC’s distant signal quotas; program producers and local broadcasters who had purchased exclusive rights to particular programming could demand that a local cable operator delete that programming from its distant signals.5 These FCC rules “were fashioned in the context of a continuing policy debate as to whether cable operators should face copyright liability for the programs they retransmitted to subscribers.” Malrite T. V. v. FCC, 652 F.2d 1140, 1145 (2d Cir.1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1143, 102 S.Ct. 1002, 71 L.Ed.2d 295 (1982). In 1976, when Con*181gress determined to create a form of copyright liability for cable operators, the FCC “commenced an inquiry into the need for maintaining its copyright surrogates, the distant signal and syndicated exclusivity rules.” Id. at 1146 (citations omitted). In 1980, the FCC repealed both sets of rules.
In response to the FCC’s action, NCTA as well as representatives of copyright owners 6 petitioned the Tribunal to commence a rate adjustment proceeding. See 17 U.S.C. § 804(b). In that proceeding, the CRT determined that cable systems must pay 3.75% of their gross receipts from basic services for each “distant signal equivalent” added as a result of the FCC’s deregulation.7 Further, the Tribunal adjusted the then current distant signal fee scale to compensate copyright owners for the FCC’s repeal of syndicated program exclusivity protection. In this review proceeding, NCTA and supporting intervenors ask us to vacate the CRT’s decision.
II. Review Pekspective
As indicated in the 1976 Copyright Act, see 17 U.S.C. § 810, we apply to the CRT’s rate adjustment proceedings the Administrative Procedure Act’s heavily-worked review standard authorizing courts to “set aside agency action ... found to be ... arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (1982); see Recording Industry Association of America v. CRT, 662 F.2d 1, 7-9 (D.C.Cir.1981) (RIAA); Amusement and Music Operators Association v. CRT, 676 F.2d 1144, 1149-52 (7th Cir.) (AMOA), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 907, 103 S.Ct. 210, 74 L.Ed.2d 168 (1982); see also National Association of Broadcasters v. CRT, 675 F.2d 367, 375 n. 8 (D.C.Cir.1982) (NAB). Judicial review, whenever the “arbitrary, capricious, abuse of discretion” touchstone is employed, should be “searching and careful.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S.Ct. 814, 823, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971). In all cases, we. attempt to assure ourselves that the agency has fairly attended to prescribed procedures. The tautness of court surveillance of the rationality of agency decisionmaking, however, depends on the nature of the task assigned to the agency. If Congress sets precise guidelines for agency action, courts must tightly review the agency’s directives to determine whether the congressional instructions have been observed. On the other hand, if Congress entrusts a novel mission to an agency and specifies only grandly general guides for the agency’s implementation of legislative policy, judicial review must be correspondingly relaxed. Cf. ITT World Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 699 F.2d 1219, 1245 (D.C. Cir.1983) (“arbitrary and capricious standard ... requires calibration in accordance with the nature and context of the challenged action”), cert. granted, - U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 334, 78 L.Ed.2d 304 (1983); Cape May Greene, Inc. v. Warren, 698 F.2d 179, 190 (3d Cir.1983) (“stringency of [review under the arbitrary and capricious standard] will depend on, and often vary according to, the variety of factors presented by a particular case”); Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. SEC, 606 F.2d 1031, 1050 (D.C.Cir.1979) (“concept of ‘arbitrary and capricious’ review defies generalized application and demands, instead, close attention to the nature of the particular problem faced by the agency”) (footnote omitted).
The functions Congress has assigned to the Tribunal require us to accord a large measure of deference to its substantive rul*182ings. Congress placed the CRT “in the legislative branch,” 17 U.S.C. § 801(a); it charged the Tribunal with responsibility for decisions of a judgmental or predictive character, and it anticipated that the CRT’s members would resort to their expert comprehension of copyright policy to equitably reconcile interests pointing in opposing directions. See RIAA, 662 F.2d at 8-9. As to additional television broadcast signals available to cable operators as a result of the FCC’s deregulation decision, Congress authorized the Tribunal to determine “reasonable” rates taking into account, “among other factors, the economic impact on copyright owners and users.” 17 U.S.C. § 801(b)(2)(B). The “other factors” are not enumerated, nor did Congress supply any further instruction. As to the FCC’s elimination of its syndicated program exclusivity rules, Congress said even less; it simply authorized the Tribunal to effect a “reasonable” adjustment of the royalty rates. Id. § 801(b)(2)(C). In short, the Tribunal, in the proceeding before us for review, was called upon to make essentially legislative judgments “with very little substantive guidance from Congress.” Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc. v. CRT, 720 F.2d 1295 at 1308 (D.C.Cir.1983) (CBN) (statement made in reviewing Tribunal’s cable royalty distribution).
Ratemaking generally “is an intensely practical affair.” Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. CAB, 385 F.2d 648, 658 (D.C. Cir.1967), cert. denied, 390 U.S. 944, 88 S.Ct. 1029, 19 L.Ed.2d 1133 (1968). The Tribunal’s work particularly, in both ratemaking and royalty distribution, necessarily involves estimates and approximations. There has never been any pretense that the CRT’s rulings rest on precise mathematical calculations; it suffices that they lie within a “zone of reasonableness.” See CBN, at 1304; NAB, 675 F.2d at 374; RIAA, 662 F.2d at 9 (all citing, inter alia, Permian Basin Area Rate Cases, 390 U.S. 747, 767, 88 S.Ct. 1344, 1360, 20 L.Ed.2d 312 (1968)).
The Tribunal confronts the arduous task of “simulating the subtleties of the cable marketplace within a one-year decisionmak-ing period.” CBN, at 1319. Moreover, unlike most administrative agencies, the CRT functions without benefit of legal assistants to embellish or elaborate the Commissioners’ decisions. See National Cable Television Association v. CRT, 689 F.2d 1077, 1087 n. 74 (D.C.Cir.1982) (NCTA). Thus, we do not expect “ideal clarity” from the Tribunal, see RIAA, 662 F.2d at 14, and will not disturb its decisions simply because their composition is less than elegant. See CBN, at 1304.
In sum, Congress vested in the Tribunal legislative discretion greater than that committed to regulatory agencies engaged in cost of service rate making. See RIAA, 662 F.2d at 8-9. We must recognize the judgmental expertise of the Tribunal’s members regarding copyright policy, id. at 8, and demand only an accounting adequate to assure us that the rates we review are not lacking in rationality.
III. The Tribunal’s Rate Determinations
We consider separately, and measure against a rationality standard, the two rate adjustments the Tribunal made to reflect the FCC’s repeal of its distant signal and syndicated program exclusivity rules.
A. Distant Signal Carriage Fees
Congress established, in the 1976 Copyright Act, initial schedules of fees to be paid by cable operators in exchange for the right to carry nonnetwork programming from distant broadcast stations. 17 U.S.C. § 111(d)(2)(B), (C), (D). As prescribed in the Act, larger cable systems were to pay 0.675% of their gross receipts from basic services for the first distant signal equivalent (DSE) carried, 0.425% for the second, third, and fourth DSE’s, and 0.2% for the fifth and each additional DSE.8 Id. § 111(d)(2)(B). The Act provided for automatic CRT review of the statutory cable *183royalty rates in 1980 and authorizes, at the request of a party in interest, royalty adjustment proceedings every five years thereafter. Id. §§ 801(b)(2)(A), 804(a). In its first adjustment proceeding, the Tribunal raised the statutory rates by 21% to reflect inflation and changes in cable subscription fees. 1980 Adjustment of the Royalty Rate for Cable Systems, 46 Fed. Reg. 892 (1981), aff’d in substantial part, NCTA, supra. The statutory schedule, as thus adjusted upward, applied to all distant signals, including those freed up by the FCC’s deregulation, at the time the CRT initiated the instant proceeding.
1. Tribunal Decision
In determining the appropriate rate adjustment for deregulated distant signals, the Tribunal proceeded from the premise that Congress had not intended the statutory fee schedule to have precedential effect in proceedings to set reasonable rates for newly “freed up” distant signals.9 CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52152; J.A. 17.10 The CRT set as its task estimation of a market fee — that is, the fee for the deregulated signals that program producers and cable operators would have agreed upon in the absence of compulsory licensing and the presence of copyright liability. See, e.g., CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52153; J.A. 18 (“We do not find in the compulsory license, as it exists today, any public policy justification for establishing royalty rates below reasonable marketplace expectations of the copyright owners.”).
Both NCTA and the copyright owners presented evidence aimed at approximating that market rate. NCTA’s principal witness, Dr. Park, devised an economic model using hypothetical supply and demand curves. See J.A. 185-92 (NCTA Proposed Findings of Fact Nos. 106-20); J.A. 1319-90 (Park testimony). His model generated a schedule of royalty rates not very different from the one then in effect. CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. 52154; J.A. 19. The CRT *184found NCTA’s presentation useless; it pointed out that Dr. Park’s study rested upon data “from a period in which the carriage of distant signals was significantly different from what it is today,” “contained acknowledged errors,” and employed “intuition” not readily susceptible to evaluation. Id.
While NCTA’s econometric study analyzed projected transactions, the copyright owners’ presentation relied on actual marketplace events. They proposed that the Tribunal consider programming prices in analogous markets to guide its determination of fees for newly deregulated distant signals; the proffered analogies were the television broadcast and sports network markets. The CRT noted two important differences between these markets and the distant signal one. Id. First, broadcasters, unlike cable operators, rely upon advertising revenues. Second, broadcasters control their programming; cable operators may select entire broadcast signals, but they cannot control the content of particular programs.
The Tribunal recognized that the analogies presented by the copyright owners were far from perfect. Id. Nonetheless, the CRT found the copyright owners’ analogies “much more helpful” than Dr. Park’s economic model. Id. In the absence of other, more useful, evidence, the Tribunal “looked for its initial guidance to the marketplace analogies presented by the copyright owners and to the value [of] programming ... derived from them.” Id. at 52155; J.A. 20. “Then, on the basis of its judgment and the record as a whole,” the CRT made a downward adjustment from the 5% rate for additional signals sought by the copyright owners. Id. “The Tribunal concluded that a fair and reasonable rate for each additional distant signal is 3.75%.” Id. 11
2. Analysis
NCTA complains that the Tribunal, in effect, has restored the barrier once imposed by the FCC on the carriage of more than a limited number of distant signals. The rate set by the Tribunal far exceeds the value of additional signals to cable operators, NCTA asserts; NCTA therefore predicts that the signals freed up by the FCC’s 1980 deregulation will not be carried. See Brief of National Cable Television Association, Inc. (NCTA Brief) at 27, 33, 45-48. NCTA argues that the CRT should have adhered closely to the statutory fee schedule, which sets modest, declining rates; NCTA assails the Tribunal’s flat 3.75% solution as bereft of evidentiary support. See id. at 27-28, 33-38. We conclude that neither the 1976 Copyright Act nor its legislative history required the Tribunal to base its additional distant signal adjustment on the statutory declining rate schedule. Further, we find that the CRT, in view of the record and the essentially legislative character of the decision Congress charged it to make, acted on the best evidence its resources permitted it to garner.12
The Act itself, as earlier observed, simply directs the Tribunal “to insure that the rates for the additional distant signal equivalents .. . are reasonable,” and to consider in the balance “the economic impact on copyright owners and users.” 17 U.S.C. *185§ 801(b)(2)(B).13 The legislative history, the CRT concluded, demonstrates that the fee schedule set forth in the Act reflected a political compromise, not an effort to arrive at “reasonable” rates, and was not intended to bind the Tribunal in the proceeding at hand. Cf. AMOA, 676 F.2d at 1146, 1152-54 (statutory royalty fee for jukebox operators was a compromise not entitled to significant precedential value in rate adjustment proceeding). We agree.
Compelling support for the Tribunal’s position appears in the committee reports. The Senate Report states:
With respect to the adjustment of the statutory royalty rates ..., the purpose of the Tribunal is “to assure that such rates are reasonable.” The committee in fixing the royalty rates has had to weigh various considerations, such as the circumstance that certain users will be paying copyright royalties for the first time. While these considerations influenced the committee’s determination on rates it in no way restricts the independence of the Tribunal to recommend adjustment of these rates to assure that the rates are “reasonable” according to whatever criteria the Tribunal deems appropriate. The committee does not intend that the rates in this legislation shall be regarded as precedents in future proceedings of the Tribunal.
Senate Judiciary Committee,. Copyright Law Revision, S.Rep. No. 473, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 155 (1975) (emphasis added). Focusing on the prospect of FCC alteration of its rules governing cable carriage of distant signals, the House Report observes that it was the purpose of 17 U.S.C. § 801(b)(2)(B)
to give the [Tribunal] broad discretion to reconsider the royalty rates applicable to (but only to) the carriage of any additional distant signals permitted under the rules and regulations of the FCC after April 15, 1976.
House Report, supra, at 176, U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1976, at 5792 (emphasis added). We further note that an earlier version of the 1976 Act had empowered the Tribunal to adjust cable rates to ensure that they “continue to be reasonable.” S.1361, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. § 801(b) (1973) (emphasis added). Apparently, the “continue to be” language was deleted at the insistence of copyright owners who argued Congress had made no initial finding of reasonableness. See Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S.1361 Before the Subcomm. on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Judiciary Comm., 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 283, 302 (1973).
Nor can we credit NCTA’s belated argument that, even if Congress did not require the Tribunal to use the statutory fee schedule as its initial guide, the CRT erred in employing a market value approach to “reasonable” rate setting. See Reply Brief of National Cable Television Association, Inc. (NCTA Reply Brief) at 15-16. All of the parties before the Tribunal favored a market price approach, i.e., estimation of the rate copyright owners and users would agree upon in the absence of compulsory licensing and the presence of copyright liability.14 In rejecting NCTA’s tardily pressed contention, it suffices to point to our recent decision upholding the Tribunal’s effort to set a market price as “more than reasonable” in light of “Con*186gress’ evident intent to have the Tribunal operate as a substitute for direct negotiations (which were thought to be unpractical) among cable operators and copyright owners.” CBN, at 1306; see also AMOA, supra (affirming CRT decision to set market rate for jukebox royalties despite absence of explicit statutory instruction).15
NCTA argues most vigorously that the television broadcast and sports network markets accepted by the Tribunal as its initial guide were acknowledged to be “dissimilar,” indeed, “incomparable”; therefore, NCTA charges, it was capricious for the CRT to use them as reference points in determining a reasonable fee for deregulated distant signals. See NCTA Brief at 35-37; NCTA Reply Brief at 9. The Tribunal recognized the limitations of the analogies the copyright owners tendered. But it had no more helpful evidence to consider. NCTA’s own presentation, for the reasons stated by the Tribunal, see supra pp. 183-184, was no aid at all in the CRT’s effort to approximate a market price. Under the circumstances, we cannot fault the Tribunal for using, as references to which it would apply its expert judgment, the owners’ studies of analogous marketplaces.
Despite the substantial distinguishing features, the copyright owners’ studies constituted the “most attractive” evidence available to the Tribunal. See AMOA, 676 F.2d at 1156-57. We adhere to our precedent accepting comparison of dissimilar items when the expert agency exercises its discretion to “provid[e] adjustments for the areas of difference.” Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. CAB, 385 F.2d at 658.
NCTA objects that the CRT failed to explain how it exercised its discretion in arriving, ultimately, at the 3.75% flat rate. See NCTA brief at 36-37.16 The Tribunal, it is true, was laconic. It said as to its quantification only this: it used the proffered market analogies for what they were worth and “[t]hen, on the basis of its judgment and the record as a whole, . .. made a downward adjustment for what it considered] the difference between these marketplaces and the marketplace for distant signals.” CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52155; J.A. 20.
*187In essence, it appears that the Tribunal attempted to “split the difference.” We have upheld similar exercises of the CRT’s expert judgment before. In RIAA, for example, copyright users challenged an increase in the royalty rate on phonorecord production and distribution from 2% cents to 4 cents; they objected to the Tribunal’s “failure] to give a sufficient derivation of the four-cent figure.” RIAA, 662 F.2d at 10. We could not say the new rate fell outside a “zone of reasonableness,” and therefore allowed the rate to stand. Id. at 11; see also CBN, at 1304; NAB, 675 F.2d at 374 (both stating that CRT percentage royalty allocations are to be affirmed if within a “zone of reasonableness”). We also recall this court’s statement in a situation bearing some resemblance to the one we now face:
It would, of course, be the summum bo-num if we had accurate figures as to recent costs of carrying special fourth class mail. The only available figures were inaccurate, but were susceptible of rough adjustment. The Postal Service proposed one method of adjustment; the Chief Examiner, another. The Commission regarded each as helpful, but not wholly reliable. So the Commission more or less split the difference. No doubt it would have been possible to straighten out some of the errors or supposed errors of adjustment in either the Postal Service’s or the Chief Examiner’s calculations. And if rate-making were an exact science such a counsel of perfection would be mandatory. But, though courts hesitate so to admit, they know that in the rate-making area, John Selden was prophetic in declaring that in governing it is not juggling, but too much juggling[,] that is to be blamed.
Association of American Publishers, Inc. v. Governors of United States Postal Service, 485 F.2d 768, 773 (D.C.Cir.1973) (emphasis added).
In sum, the Tribunal sought to estimate a market price in the absence of a functioning market. It used the best, indeed, the only, analogies available to it. It could not mathematically derive its ultimate decision. Inevitably, it used its expert judgment to make a “best guess”; we are not positioned to offer a better one. We decline to label the Tribunal’s determination lawless or the product of caprice in view of the nature of the task Congress committed to it, the character of the evidence presented in the rulemaking, and the CRT’s lack of resources to engage in independent investigation.
B. Syndicated Program Exclusivity Fees
Congress authorized the Tribunal in the 1976 Copyright Act to adjust cable royalty rates in the event of changes in the FCC’s syndicated program exclusivity rules. 17 U.S.C. § 801(b)(2)(C).17 Those rules allowed local broadcasters and copyright holders to require cable systems to delete syndicated programming from imported signals if the local station had purchased exclusive rights to the programming.18 “[T]o compensate the copyright owners for [the loss of] blackout protection” resulting from the FCC’s 1980 repeal of its syndicated exclusivity rules, the Tribunal, in the instant proceeding, increased the royalty fees for cable carriage of distant signals permitted under the FCC’s 1972 rules.19 *188 CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52155; J.A. 20.
1. Tribunal Decision
In determining a “reasonable” fee to compensate copyright owners for the loss of syndicated exclusivity protection, see 17 U.S.C. § 801(b)(2)(C), the Tribunal pursued a “harm/benefit” analysis. CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52155; J.A. 20. It found of marginal or de minimis importance benefits that cable operators were purported to receive from the repeal of syndicated exclusivity protection. Id. 20 But it credited evidence that distant signal importation by cable diverted audiences from local broadcast stations that had purchased exclusive community rights to syndicated programming; diminished audiences meant lower advertising revenues which translated into reduced bids for programming. See id. at 52155-56, 52157; J.A. 20-21, 22. The CRT also agreed in principle with the copyright owners’ position that they should be accorded some compensation to reflect the increased subscription fees charged by cable operators as a result of the repeal of syndicated exclusivity protection. Id. at 52155; J.A. 20. The Tribunal rejected NCTA’s assertion, made in opposition to a fee increase, that distant signal audiences generate additional advertising revenue for broadcast stations whose signals are retransmitted by cable. Id. at 52156; J.A. 21.
Based primarily on its conclusion that copyright owners were economically harmed by the programming duplication occasioned by cable importation of distant signals, the Tribunal ordered an upward adjustment in the royalty schedule for “old” distant signals to reflect repeal of syndicated exclusivity protection. Again, it found NCTA’s evidence — in particular, Dr. Park’s testimony — useless because it rested on “highly tentative” assumptions, “ignored the realities of the marketplace, made no provision for emerging technological advances, compounded the confusion of the audience diversion study[,] and understated if not totally ignored the differences between distant signal carriage during the early 70’s and 1980.” Id. at 52157; J.A. 22 (footnotes omitted). The CRT closely reviewed the copyright owners’ evidence, found it persuasive in establishing that the right to delete duplicative programming has some value, but considered it exaggerated in measuring precisely what that value is. Accordingly, the Tribunal revised downward the rate elevation requested by the copyright owners. Id. at 52158; J.A. .23.
2. Analysis
What we have said in addressing NCTA’s challenge to the CRT’s fee determination for newly available distant signals goes far toward answering NCTA’s contentions regarding the syndicated exclusivity portion of the Tribunal’s decision. Here too, NCTA urges that evidentiary support is lacking for the CRT’s determination, and that the Tribunal, lacking a secure basis for any precise calculation, acted capriciously in re*189lying, ultimately, on its judgment. See NCTA Brief at 38-43.
Our review of the record satisfies us that substantial evidence supports the Tribunal’s findings that cable importation of distant broadcast signals harms local purchasers of syndicated programming, and that television broadcasters are not compensated by advertisers for the additional distant audiences generated by cable retransmissions. See, e.g., J.A. 753, 762, 766, 777-79 (testimony that Oklahoma television station lost substantial portion of audience to cable systems importing identical programming); J.A. 932-34, 1788, 1789 (evidence and testimony that no superstations, other than perhaps Turner Broadcasting, receive additional advertising revenues due to distant audiences generated by cable retransmissions); J.A. 1012-14, 1030-31 (testimony that additional distant signal audience created by cable is too small to meet minimum criteria of Nielsen ratings which determine advertising prices); J.A. 1107-10 (testimony that local stations often refuse to bid altogether or are only willing to pay lower prices for syndicated programming due to fear of cable importation); J.A. 1111-12, 1115-16 (testimony that even when Turner superstation pays higher programming prices, they are not high enough to compensate syndicated programmers for lower prices local broadcasters are willing to pay due to cable importation).21
As to NCTA’s contention that the Tribunal acted arbitrarily in resting its final determination on its “judgment,” see NCTA Brief at 42 (quoting CRT Decision, 47 Fed.Reg. at 52155; J.A. 20), we refer back to our discussion of this objection in the context of the CRT’s additional distant signal carriage rate adjustment.22 We review the Tribunal’s rate determinations only to ensure they do not fall outside a “zone of reasonableness.” The record here provides the requisite assurance. Given the nature of the task Congress assigned to the CRT, and the dearth of substantive guidance provided by the 1976 Act, we are unwilling to engage in “[a] lint-picking critique ... to undermine ... [the Tribunal’s] conscientious effort merely because it cannot and does not purport to attain anything like the refinement of a mathematical discipline.” Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. CAB, 385 F.2d at 658.23
*190Conclusion
The 1976 Copyright Act contemplates a rate adjustment proceeding when the FCC changes its rules regulating cable, but provides virtually no instruction as to the factors that bear on the reasonableness of the adjusted rates. Our prior decisions consistently hold that both the Tribunal’s rate adjustments and its royalty allocations are subject only to “zone of reasonableness” review. Here, the Tribunal has heard and reviewed reams of evidence, explained why much of that evidence was of only limited utility, and used its expert judgment to devise what it considered fair and reasonable royalty rates to reflect the FCC’s rule changes. This is all we can reasonably demand from the Tribunal in view of the mission Congress entrusted to it. If the Tribunal turns out to have misjudged the impact its higher royalty rates will have on the cable industry or on copyright owners, it can reconsider and modify the changes it has ordered in 1985 when its next rate adjustment proceeding will almost certainly occur.24 See, e.g., National Association of Greeting Card Publishers v. United States Postal Service, 607 F.2d 392, 411 (D.C.Cir. 1979) (“In the initial implementation of a new ratemaking approach, some leeway for approximation and estimation must remain. The courts often uphold regulatory actions on the premise that the approximations will be subject to refinement.”) (footnote omitted), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1025, 100 S.Ct. 688, 62 L.Ed.2d 659 (1980); American Public Gas Association v. FPC, 567 F.2d 1016, 1031 (D.C.Cir.1977) (“When regulation features novelty, in subject, technique, or both, ... the court tempers its review to take into account the ‘unusual difficulties’ of the first proceeding .... [T]he force of this restraint lessens as the Commission has time and opportunity to gain experience and make adjustments.”) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 907, 98 S.Ct. 1456, 55 L.Ed.2d 499 (1978).
For the foregoing reasons, the CRT’s decision is
Affirmed.