ORDER RE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA SEARCHES OF JURORS
Trial judges have such'respect for juries — reverential respect would not be too strong to say — that it must pain them to contemplate that, in addition to the sacrifice jurors make for our country, they must suffer trial lawyers and jury consultants scouring over their' Facebook and other profiles to dissect their politics, religion, relationships, preferences, friends, photographs, and other personal information.
In this high-profile copyright action, both sides requested that' the Court require the venire to complete a two-page jury questionnaire. One side then wanted a full extra day to’ digest the answers, and the other side wanted two full extra days, all before beginning voir dire. Wondering about the delay allocated to reviewing two pages, the judge eventually realized that counsel wanted the names and residences from the questionnaire so that, during the delay, their teams could scrub Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, and other Internet sites to extract personal data on the venire. Upon inquiry, counsel admitted this. The questionnaire idea cratered, and the discussion moved to whether Internet investigation by counsel about the venire should be allowed at all. That led to a series of memoranda by counsel on the subject and now to this order.
An ordinary Google search on the venire would fetch hits, including links to many Facebook profiles, which, in turn, would at least display profile information classified as “public.” Counsel could uncover , even more personal information by logging onto their own Facebook accounts and researching the specific venire persons. In this way, counsel could mine not only the “public” data but the details classified as “for friends only” or “friends of friends,” depending on the fortuity of friend listings. The same is true, more or less, for other social media sites.
The Court, of course, realizes that social media and Internet searches on the venire *1102would turn up information useful to the lawyers in exercising their three peremptory challenges, and, might even, in a very rare case, turn up information concealed during voir dire that could lead to a for-cause removal. While the trial is underway, ongoing searches might conceivably reveal commentary about the case, to or from a juror.
Nevertheless, in this case there are good reasons to restrict, if not forbid, such searches by counsel, their jury consultants, investigators, and clients.
The first reason is anchored in the danger that upon learning of counsel’s own searches, directed at them, our jurors would stray from the Court’s admonition to reft-ain from conducting Internet searches on the lawyers and the case. This .is a high-profile lawsuit, as stated, and dates back to 2010. , Nearly one million hits (including tens of thousands of news results) appear in a Google search for “Oracle v. Google.” These include strong opinions on both sides and at least the usual amount of inaccurate information. In this very case, we earlier learned that both sides hired online commentators who have promoted their respective litigation viewpoints on blogs and other web sites. Numerous of the top results for searches on counsel for either party (or for the undersigned judge) include discussions of this'controversy and its national policy implications. As a result, we have an unusually strong need to prevent any member of our jury from yielding to the impulse to conduct Internet searches on our lawyers or our case or its history.
Our jury will, of course, be admonished to refrain from any Internet research about the lawsuit, the parties, the lawyers, or'the judge — an admonition that will-be regularly repeated. See Judicial Conference Committee on Court Administration and Case Management, Proposed Model Jury Instructions: The Use of Electronic Technology to Conduct Research on or Communicate about a Case (June 2012). Indeed, the entire venire will be told to refrain from any such research soon after it reaches the courtroom and well before the final jury is even selected.
Google is willing to accept an outright ban on Internet research about the venire and our jury, provided the ban applies equally to both sides, Oracle, however, will not. Oracle initially took a broad position on the scope of Internet research it intended to conduct, but it has since purported to scale back its plan. On numerous occasions, Oracle has supplied confusing answers to the Court’s inquiries about its plan, and its responses make little sense in light of how the Court understands the most prominent social media sites to operate. For purposes of this order, it is unnecessary to pin Oracle down in its intentions, but it will be necessary for Oracle to pin down its specific search intention's by the time jury selection begins, as outlined below.
To return to the first concern, the apparent unfairness in allowing the lawyers to do to the venire what the venire cannot do to the lawyers will -likely have a corrosive effect on fidelity to the no-research admonition. Once our venire learns of the lawyers’ Internet searches (as the venire would via the instruction Oracle requests), a very serious risk will be presented that they will feel justified in doing to the lawyers (and to the case itself) what the lawyers are doing to them, namely, conducting Internet searches — despite the no-research admonition. The one-sidedness of Oracle’s approach will be hard to accept and therein lies the danger. Given the massive volume of Internet commentary on the lawyers and the case, this presents a significant risk.
A second danger posed by allowing counsel to conduct research about the veni-*1103re and the jury is, that it- will facilitate improper personal appeals to particular jurors via jury arguments and witness-examinations patterned after preferences of jurors found through such • Internet searches. For example, if. a search found that a juror’s favorite book is To Kill A Mockingbird, it wouldn’t be hard for counsel to construct a copyright jury argument (or a line of expert, questions) based on an analogy to that work and to play upon the recent death of Harper Lee, all in an effort to ingratiate himself or herself into the heartstrings of that juror. The, same could be done with a favorite quote or with any number of other juror attitudes , on free trade, innovation, politics, or history. Jury arguments may, of course, employ analogies and quotations, but it would be out of bounds to play up to a juror through such a calculated personal appeal, all the more-so since the judge, having no access to the dossiers, couldn’t see what was really in play. See United States v. Nobari, 574 F.3d 1065, 1077 (9th Cir.2009).
A third reason is to protect the privacy of the venire. They are not celebrities or public figures. The jury is not a fantasy team composed by consultants, but good citizens commuting from all over our district, willing to serve our country, and willing to bear the burden of deciding a commercial dispute the parties themselves cannot resolve. Their privacy matters. Their privacy should yield only as necessary to reveal bias or a reluctance to follow the Court’s instructions. It is a weak answer that venire persons, through their social media privacy settings, have chosen to expose their profiles' to scrutiny, for navigating privacy settings and fully understanding default settings is more a matter of blind faith than conscious choice. (Otherwise, there would be no need for websites explaining the intricacies of privacy settings.)
For all these reasons, the Court has considered exercising its discretion to impose an outright ban preventing counsel and the parties from conducting social media and Internet searches on venire persons as well as-on--the final empaneled jury. Such a ban would be within the sound exercise of discretion to protect the integrity of our process and to curb unnecessary intrusions into juror privacy. A main problem in doing so, however, is that the lawyers would then be precluded from learning information readily available to the press and every member of the public in the gallery. That is, with an outright ban, everyone in the gallery’ could have more information about the venire persons and the empaneled jurors than the lawyers themselves. Of course, the Court cannot control those in the gallery, but it can control the trial teams. And, lawyer surveillance is what leads to the problems above, so such a ban on the trial teams would be logical. Still, the Court respects the excellent trial lawyers in this case and their burden in this trial and is reluctant to order them. Rather, the Court calls upon them to voluntarily consent to a ban against Internet research on the venire or our jury until the trial is over. If they will so agree, we will so advise the vénire at the start of jury selection and this will surely have a positive effect on fidelity to the no-research admonition. If all counsel so agree, counsel will be given an enlargement of time to conduct extra voir dire themselves.
In the absence of complete agreement on a ban, the following procedure will be used. At the outset of jury selection, each side shall inform the venire of the specific extent to which it (including jury consultants, clients, .and other agents) -will use Internet searches to investigate and to monitor jurors, including specifically searches on.Facebook, Linkedln, Twitter, and so on, including the extent to-which *1104they will log onto their own social media accounts to conduct searches and the extent to which they will perform ongoing searches while the trial is underway. Counsel shall not explain away their searches on the ground that the other side will do it, so they have to do it too. Nor may counsel intimate to the venire that the Court has allowed such searches and thereby leave the false impression that the judge approves of the intrusion. Counsel may simply explain that they feel obliged to their clients to consider all information available to the public about candidates to serve as jurors. Otherwise, counsel must stick to disclosing the full extent to, which they will conduct searches on jurors. By .this disclosure, the, venire will be informed that the trial teams will soon learn their names and places of residence and will soon discover and review their social media profiles and postings, depending on the social media privacy settings in place. The venire persons will then be given a few minutes to use their mobile devices to adjust their privacy settings, if they wish. The venire persons will also be given the normal admonition that they cannot do any research about the case, the parties, or the lawyers and that they cannot speak to anyone about the case, including by making any social media postings about it. Only the names and places of residence of those called forward to the box shall be provided to counsel (so the identities of venire persons still in the gallery will remain private).
In this case, there is a further special point that both sides may wish to address' with the venire. The very’ name of the defendant — Google—brings to mind Internet searches. On their own, prospective jurors are likely to wonder whether Google will be mining the histories of Internet searches by the venire persons to determine their interests in politics, careers, hobbies, dating, shopping, travel, or other intimate facts.' Although Google has assured the Court that it has no intention to review such search histories, our venire will not know this (unless told) and may speculate. It would, therefore, be prudent to explain to our venire that neither party will resort to examining search histories on any search engine.
Thereafter, until the trial is over, each side will be permitted to view online whatever it told the venire it would review — but nothing more. If, as we proceed forward, either side detects any apparent misconduct by a juror, counsel must immediately report it to the Court and the other side regardless of whether the juror appears favorable to their side or not. Each side must preserve an exact record of every search and all information viewed so that if a motion is later made alleging misconduct by a juror, we will all be able to see when the objecting side first learned of the problem.
During voir dire, each prospective juror that has been called forward will be asked if he or she can still follow the usual prohibitions on research and public statements about the case despite the. one-sid-edness (that is, despite the fact that one or both trial teams will be trying to monitor each juror’s social media postings). If the prospective juror cannot do so, he or she will be excused on that basis.
With regard to the problem of personal appeals, this order rules now that no personal appeals to any juror may be made. This prohibition bars witness examinations or jury arguments (or opening statements) exploiting information learned about a juror via searches, such as, without limitation, favorite books, texts, verses, songs, or analogies to likes or dislikes expressed on the Internet. This prohibition, of course, applies whether or not the name of the particular juror is called out.
In addition to the Court’s own thorough voir dire, each side shall have twenty min*1105utes of venire examination directed to bias or other for-cause challenges, subject to enlargement for good cause (but this may not be used for “conditioning the jury” or “extracting promises” or drawing out argumentative material from jurors to argue the case).
The Court would much prefer to fully protect the privacy of all venire persons from Internet searches and only reluctantly allows the foregoing.
This is an emerging and developing concern. To that end, this order will now step back and offer a snapshot of how some of today’s prominent social media sites protect (or don’t protect) personal information, which information may be useful for other judges, lawyers, and academics in working through this concern:
• With regard to Facebook, typical profiles contain the following information: lists of personal connections (ie., “friends”), pictures, videos, check-ins at real-world locations, scheduled events, posts dating back to the creation of the user’s profile (including commentary on news stories and discussions with other “friends”), relationship status, work experience, educational background, current city, home town, contact information, and certain personal interests such as favorite quotes, membership in .certain groups, hobbies, political preferences, religious views, sexual orientation, and preferred media. Access to segments of this information can be regulated by the account holder according to various privacy settings. The highest level of privacy keeps information accessible only to the user. This is rarely used, inasmuch as a key purpose of Facebook is to share information with other people using the platform.' The next level of privacy allows a user to reveal information only to his or her “friends” (or to a more limited list). The next level allows access to “friends of friends,” which includes not only the user’s friends but all of the friends of the user’s friends, which can vastly multiply access. (For example, if someone has three hundred friends and each of them has three hundred different friends, access would expand to 90,000 viewers.) The most expansive setting is “public,” meaning at least everyone with a Facebook account. Certain “public” information, including a user’s primary picture, list of likes, hometown, current city, education and work history, and favorite quote, is even available to Internet users without Facebook accounts or who have not logged onto their accounts. Generally, a Facebook user’s post history (ie., the stream of text, articles, discussions, pictures, and videos the user shares) is not available to searchers without a Facebook account. By default today, most information is accessible only to friends, although a default setting of “friends of friends” has been employed by Facebook in the past. This means that someone may log onto Facebook and automatically access all Face-book information (including post history) on a juror classified as “public,” as “friends of friends”- (if there is a “friend” .in common) or as “friends only” (if the investigator happens to be a Facebook “friend” of the juror). “Public” information (excluding post history) is accessible as well via ordinary Google searches without ever logging onto Facebook. Finally, Fa-cebook does not notify its users when their profiles have been visited.
• With regard to Twitter, a typical user’s profile includes that user’s *1106“tweet” history, which includes all posts made since the user created the account, the list of other Twitter accounts that user “follows” and the .list of other users that “follow” that user’s account. When one Twitter user “follows” another Twitter user, the latter’s posts appear, in the former’s' default real-time feed of tweets. Access to this information is regulated by a choice between'two privacy settings.. The default privacy setting keeps, all of a user’s tweets public, in .which case anyone may view those tweets, even without ever logging onto a Twitter account. Additionally, anyone who is logged onto Twitter can view the list of a user’s “followers” and the accounts that user “follows” if the user’s tweets are made public. Alternatively, a user may elect to keep tweets “protected,” in which case the above information is available only to other Twitter users whom the user has affirmatively approved to view that information. Twitter does not notify its users when their profiles have been visited.
• With regard to Linkedln, a typical user’s profile includes a picture, the user’s employment and education . history, contact information, a list of skills, publications, awards and interests, among other line items that might appear on a résumé. The profile also includes information such as a list of the “connections” the user has established on the site. (Two users “connect” once one user sends a request to connect and the other accepts the request, which opens up additional personal data and avenues of' communication.) A user’s profile also displays a list of groups established on the site that the user has joined. Users can post content, such as links to news articles or original writing. For each item on a user’s profile (except for the list of “connections”), the user may elect to publish the item to his or her “public profile,” making it visible to everyone, including individuals who are not even logged onto Linkedln, or to make it visible only to the user’s “connections.” A user may further select whether to reveal his list of personal connections to other users. Unlike Faeebook and Twitter, Link-edln’s default setting is to display a notification informing a user each time his or her profile is visited by another Linkedln user and identifying that visitor by name. A visitor may change that setting so that a visitee'receives no notification, or so the notification only displays the visitor’s place of employment without any further identifying information.
With regard to the case law, most of it discusses the problems of jurors using of social media and conducting Internet searches, thereby exposing jurors to commentary about the case. E.g., United States v. Feng Li, 630 Fed.Appx. 29, 33-34, 2015 WL 7005595, at *3 (2d Cir.2015); United States v. Fumo, 655 F.3d 288 (3d. Cir.2011); Dimas-Martinez v. State, 2011 Ark. 515, 385 S.W.3d 238 (2011). Several other decisions address whether a party waives arguments seeking to set aside a verdict básed on a juror’s apparent bias if that'apparent bias could have been discovered through an-Internet search of that juror before the verdict (where counsel were allowed and able to conduct such searches). E.g., Johnson v. McCullough, 306 S.W.3d 551, 559 (Mo.2010); Burden v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. 08-04, 2011 WL 3793664, at *9 (S.D.Ill. Aug. 24, 2011) (Chief Judge David R. Herndon).
. There are precious few decisions addressing our immediate problem, namely, whether counsel should be allowed to con*1107duct Internet and social media research about prospective and empaneled jurors.
The American Bar Association issued an opinion that, within limits, it is ethical for counsel to conduct Internet searches on prospective jurors. Specifically, in Formal Opinion No. 466, the ABA considered the extent to which an attorney may conduct Internet searches of jurors and prospective jurors without running afoul of ABA Model Rule 3.5(b), which prohibits ex parte communication with jurors. That opinion determined that “passive review” of a juror’s website or social media that is available without making an “access request” and of which the juror is unaware is permissible within ABA Model Rule 3.5(b). The ABA likened such review to “driving down the street where the prospective juror lives to observe the environs in order to glean publicly available information that could inform the lawyer’s jury-selection decisions.” Access requests, such as friend requests on Facebook, “following” users on Twitter, or seeking to “connect” on Linkedln, whether on one’s own or through a jury consultant or other agent, constitute forbidden ex parte communica-tians'within the rule. That such searches are not unethical does not translate into an inalienable right to conduct them.
Although the ABA determined that a range of activities is permitted without violating a professional duty, it cautioned that judges may limit the scope of the searches that counsel 'could perform regarding the juror’s social media “[i]f a judge believes it to be necessary, under the circumstances of a particular matter. ...”
California has not promulgated a rule regarding the ethical scope of Internet research on jurors or prospective jurors, nor has the California State Bar issued an opinion on that subject. The California State Bar website provides a link to the ABA opinion discussed above as well as links to opinions from the Association of the Bar of the City of New York and the Oregon State Bar. Formal Opinion No. 2012-2, issued by the 'ABCNY, largely mirrors the ABA opinion, except that the ABCNY would prohibit any Internet research that notified the juror such . research'occurred (such as using Linkedln in a manner .that sent an .automatic notification informing the user that another user had visited his or her profile). . Formal Opinion No. 2013-189, issued by the Oregon State Bar provides, unlike the ABA or the ABCNY, that a lawyer may affirmatively request access to private aspects of a juror’s social media profiles, provided the lawyer accurately, represents his or her role in a case when asked by the juror. Neither the New York City opinion nor the Oregon opinion addressed the judge’s discretion in prohibiting such searches or access requests.
In United States v. Norwood, No. 12-CR-20287, 2014 WL 1796644 (E.D.Mich. May 6, 2014) (Judge Mark A. Goldsmith), the defendants opposed a plan to empanel an anonymous jury (which would protect the jury from intimidation in a case-involving a violent criminal enterprise). Defendants argued that -their counsel needed access to the jurors’ identifying information to monitor their social media accounts during the trial to ensure compliance with the no-discussion admonition. Judge Goldsmith rejected the defendants’ argument because the proposed monitoring would “unnecessarily chill the willingness of jurors summoned from [the] community to serve as participants in our democratic system of justice.” Id. at *4 (quoting United States v. Kilpatrick, No. 10-20403, 2012 WL 3237147, at *1 (E.D.Mich. Aug. 7, 2012) (Judge Nancy G. Edmunds)). A jury questionnaire had also specifically asked prospective jurors whether they could abide by the judge’s admonitions regarding Internet and social media. *1108Thus, the defendants’ interest in monitoring the jurors’ social media postings could not overcome the interest in protecting the jurors from intimidation and violence, which interest was served by empaneling an anonymous jury.
In Carino v. Muenzen, No. A-5491-08T1, 2010 WL 3448071, at *10 (N.J.Super.App.Div. Aug. 30, 2010), a trial court in New Jersey prohibited the plaintiffs counsel from using the' Internet to investigate the jurors because they had failed to notify opposing counsel that they would be conducting such searches, although the trial court cited no basis for requiring such notification. The New Jersey Appellate Division determined that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing such a prohibition “in the name of ‘fairness’ or maintaining a ‘level playing field.’ ” Ibid.
Oracle cites Sluss v. Commonwealth, 381 S.W.3d 215, 226-227 (Ky.2012), for the contention that counsel’s lack of access to social media “effectively precluded” full voir dire, but that decision did not address a prohibition on social media and Internet searches. Rather, it addressed two jurors’ false statements made during oral voir dire regarding their respective relationships to the victim’s mother. A review of the - jurors’ respective Facebook profiles later revealed that both jurors were Face-* book “friends” with the victim’s mother. One of the jurors in question unequivocally denied having a Facebook account (which later proved false). Thus, the case was remanded for a hearing regarding the jurors’ honesty and whether the true facts warranted for-cause removal.
Finally, in Steiner v. Superior Court, 220 Cal.App.4th 1479, 1493, 164 Cal.Rptr.3d 155 (2013), as modified on denial of rehearing (Nov. 26, 2013), the California Court of Appeal recognized that although certain tools are available to ensure that jurors do not conduct research about the attorneys or the case, a judge lacks the authority “to impose, as a prophylactic measure, an order requiring” defense counsel to remove pages from their website to ensure they could not be viewed by the jurors, which “constituted an unlawful prior restraint on [counsel’s] constitutional right to free speech.”
Both sides shall inform the Court By March 31 at noon, whether they will consent to a ban against Internet research on the venire or the empaneled jury until -the trial is over.
IT IS SO ORDERED.