Damon L. Chappie appeals his conviction for second degree rape. He argues that the trial court erred by: (1) excluding him from trial and sentencing for disruptive behavior; (2) admitting his “Mirandized”1 statements to police; (3) admitting prior recorded testimony of the physician who examined the victim; (4) precluding his cross-examination of an adverse witness; and (5) sentencing him to life in prison without the possibility of parole. In his pro se supplemental brief, Chappie also argues that he is innocent and that being shackled “in front of the jury” prejudiced his defense.
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in balancing Chappie’s constitutional right to a fair trial against the court’s need to manage the courtroom and to finish the trial in a safe and orderly manner. Achieving this balance was especially challenging in light of Chappie’s extraordinary strength, repeated volatile disruptions, threats to kill, and taunts that he was in control because he *301was already facing a 125-year sentence and there was nothing the court could do to deter his behavior. We affirm.
FACTS
I. The Crime and Investigation
Chappie was incarcerated at Clallam Bay Corrections Center (CBCC), serving a sentence for 125 years. His cell was adjacent to Brian Moore’s. On May 13, 1997, corrections officers discovered Chappie and Moore together in Chappie’s cell, with Moore “[slitting in the corner with his legs drawn underneath him.” Because it is a major infraction of prison rules for two inmates to be in one cell, the officers treated Chappie’s cell as a crime scene.
Officers took Chappie to the intensive management unit and Moore to the medical unit. Moore first told staff that nothing had happened. But several hours later, at 5:45 P.M., he reported that at about 1:15 P.M., Chappie had raped him. Moore consented to a “rape kit process” and was taken to Forks Hospital, where he was examined by Dr. Harvey Fritz. Dr. Fritz found bruising and “fresh” tears in Moore’s rectum.
After speaking with Moore and Dr. Fritz at the hospital, Clallam County Deputy Sheriff Ralph Edington obtained a search warrant “to collect evidence and have Mr. Chappie examined.” At 1:28 A.M., on May 14, Edington went to CBCC, notified Chappie of the search warrant, and gave Chappie Miranda warnings. Chappie invoked his right to an attorney and his right to remain silent; Edington left the prison.
Later that day, officers transported Chappie to the hospital “for collection of a sexual assault kit,” arriving by 2:00 P.M. Chappie was restrained with “[b]elly chains, leg irons or leg cuffs and handcuffed to the belly chains.” Present with Chappie were Dr. Fritz, Deputy Sheriff William Cortani, Detective Randy Pieper, possibly two other police officers, and “some corrections officers.” Chappie “started *302[a] conversation” with Detective Pieper, telling him that “he [Chappie] would make a statement after he spoke with his attorney.”
Dr. Fritz began “gathering the evidence from the rape kit,” but when it came time for the rectal examination, Chappie became “very upset” and “uncooperative,” threatening to bite off Pieper’s nose. For nearly one-half hour, the officers “continued discussing [with Chappie] the need to adhere to the search warrant and continue the sexual assault kit collection procedures.” Chappie responded “that he did not see the need for it because there was no rape, that it was with consent and there was no force used.” Chappie continued that “it was consensual sex and the only reason that Moore . . . was saying it was rape [was] because Mr. Moore had been caught in Mr. Chappie’s cell.”
Detective Pieper interrupted Chappie, asking Chappie if he “was initiating contact. . . and wanted to talk about what had occurred.” Chappie answered that “he did,” Pieper told him he “would need to re-advise him of his rights,” and Chappie said “that was fine.” At that point, Sergeant Lanahan entered the room and told Chappie that he needed to comply with the search warrant; Chappie responded that “the rectal exam part was not going to be done.” Pieper advised Chappie of his Miranda rights, Chappie executed a waiver of those rights, and Chappie “began explaining how . . . Moore . . . always came in,. . . and that the sex was consensual.”
II. The Deadlocked First Trial
The State charged Chappie with one count of second degree rape. At the CrR 3.5 hearing,2 the trial court found that Chappie’s statements were voluntary. When Chappie’s attorney began discussing motions in limine, Chappie in-teijected:
*303[CHAPPLE]: I don’t want to exclude anything. I want everything I have been accused of; don’t matter; let me change my plea because I don’t care ....
THE COURT: In light of what you said, talk to [defense counsel] some more.
[CHAPPLE]: Look, just give me some papers.
THE COURT: I am not trying to take anything from you.
[CHAPPLE]: You can’t embarrass me, take anything from me. . . . Get these motherfu[**]ing papers and they can do what they have to deal with before I kill one of them.
THE COURT: Talk to [defense counsel].
[CHAPPLE]: I don’t have to talk to anybody about it.
THE COURT: Listen to me; you are creating a problem.
[CHAPPLE]: I just told you to get me some papers to sign; I don’t have to talk to nobody, if I don’t want to talk to them. I don’t fear nothing, nobody at no time. Fu[**] you and fu[**] him and fu[**] everybody else and —
THE COURT: We are done.
[CHAPPLE]: I’m not fu[**]ing around, motherfu[**]er .... I call the shots here and when we’re done, we’re done.
The trial judge had Chappie removed from the courtroom and then addressed defense counsel and the prosecutor: “If he doesn’t want to be here and he creates a ruckus, we will have to deal with that.” Trial began in January 1998, but the jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict.
III. The Disrupted Second Trial
At Chappie’s second trial, Moore testified that at the time of the rape he was 19 years old, five feet, nine inches tall, and weighed 125 pounds; whereas 37-year-old Chappie was five feet, eleven inches tall, weighed 200 pounds, and could bench press 500 pounds and squat lift 800 pounds. Chappie had told Moore that: (1) he (Chappie) was in prison for *304beating two people to death;3 (2) (one week before the rape) “he [Chappie] had 125 years; he could come over to my cell, do anything he wanted to me and there is nothing anybody could do to him”; and (3) (the day of the rape)—
Either you come over to my cell or I’m coming over to yours, and I have 125 years; there’s nothing anybody can do to me. I could kill you. I could beat you and I could do what I want to you. There’s no amount of time somebody could give me.
Because he was afraid, Moore went to Chappie’s cell, where Chappie raped him anally. Upon being discovered by corrections officers, Chappie told Moore to tell the officers that he (Moore) had come over to Chappie’s cell voluntarily to watch television. When on redirect examination Moore responded to a question about Chappie’s eye color, Chappie spoke out, “They are black like my skin.” The trial judge instructed the prosecutor to proceed.
During Correctional Supervisor Michael Leahy’s testimony, the prosecutor sought to admit a letter from Chappie to his cousin, who was incarcerated in another institution. The judge excused the jury, and the prosecutor explained to the court that Chappie had asked his cousin to threaten witnesses, including Moore. Chappie again spoke out: “They don’t have any business messing with my property and there is nothing in there, no threatening mother fu[**]ing punk . . . .” Chappie and the trial judge had the following verbal exchange:
THE COURT: We’re not talking about that issue right now.
[CHAPPLE]: I’m arguing it.
THE COURT: Let’s wait and argue it.
[CHAPPLE]: This is my courtroom; isn’t got nothing to do with you; this is my courtroom. None of you can do this to me up in here and this is me and my life; nothing to do with you, you little punk.
*305After the jury returned to the courtroom, Leahy concluded his testimony without further interruption from Chappie. But when the judge excused the jury for the day, Chappie announced, “I’m going to cuss somebody out.” Officers then removed him from the courtroom.
The next day, in the jury’s absence, defense counsel moved to cross-examine State’s witness Larry Eleven, an inmate at CBCC, about his 1996 escape attempt. The trial court initially granted the motion but ultimately denied it because Eleven said he intended to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. With the jury present and Eleven about to take the witness stand, Chappie blurted out, “Sure be glad when you get this ELu [sic] Elux Elan meeting over with; I’m getting tired.”
The trial judge again ordered the jury removed and the following colloquy ensued:
[CHAPPLE]: Sh[**]; for what? Let the motherfu[**]ers stay anyway.
THE COURT: Mr. Chappie, we’re not going to have the trial
[CHAPPLE]: Fu[**] the jury; fu[**] the trial; fu[**] all you motherfu[**]ers. I don’t give a fu[**] about you or this trial or this jury.
THE COURT: If you don’t want to participate in the trial, we’ll go without you; that’s the only choice you have.
[CHAPPLE]: Why did you bring me?
THE COURT: We didn’t know you were going to say this.
[CHAPPLE]: You should already know.
THE COURT: You have been here and you have been participating fine up to this point and I hope you would continue to do that and we can get through the trial but if you make statements in front of the jury like that —
[CHAPPLE]: Am I lying? . . .
THE COURT: I am not saying anything about that but disruption in front of the jury cannot take place. Can we try it again?
[CHAPPLE]: Continue.
*306Eleven testified that in August 1997, he was incarcerated in CBCC in the cell above Chappie’s. Chappie had asked Eleven to tell Chappie’s defense attorney that Moore told Eleven he had fabricated the rape charge against Chappie. Eleven initially refused to tell this lie, but he eventually complied when Chappie threatened repeatedly to beat him (Eleven) and rape him. After lying to Chappie’s defense attorney, however, Eleven notified CBCC officers.
At this point, Chappie disrupted Eleven’s testimony as follows:
[CHAPPLE]: He didn’t testify for me in the trial, did you, and I got a hung jury so why would I have asked you to do anything for me. You didn’t testify in the last trial, did you; sh[**]. I let them know. Take me back to Clallam Bay if you want to. I wouldn’t give a fu[**].
THE COURT: Let’s take a recess.
[CHAPPLE]: Let’s take a recess on me. He didn’t testify on the last trial when I got a hung jury 8 to 4 in my favor, so why would it make a difference for you to testify against me, motherfu[**]ing —
(The jury left the courtroom.)
THE COURT: We’ll take him downstairs.
[CHAPPLE]: I’m the motherfu[**]ing man. I have 125 years; I don’t give a fu[**]. Nothing you can do to me. I own the system.
(The defendant left the courtroom.)
The trial judge, the prosecutor, and defense counsel discussed available options for proceeding with the trial, including (1) shackling and gagging Chappie in the courtroom; (2) confining Chappie to the adjacent holding cell to watch the remainder of the trial on a television monitor; or (3) excluding Chappie entirely from the trial process. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial, which the court denied.
The court then heard testimony from two corrections officers concerning the available options. Correctional Investigator James Reno testified about Chappie’s numerous *307violent crimes and prison infractions,4 concluding that Chappie posed “a very grave threat to anyone in the general vicinity.” Reno described Chappie’s “olympic caliber” physical strength: Even with four security officers present and Chappie wearing a stun belt, there was a real possibility that Chappie could still hurt someone; Chappie could break the handcuffs; Chappie could not be gagged; and Chappie could even kill someone. Reno had also heard that Chappie said “he would do something to disrupt the trial” if it was going “bad.” Corrections Sergeant Ron Lind testified that, as he escorted Chappie from the courtroom minutes earlier, Chappie said he was “through being cooperative and he would be disruptive.”
The trial court told counsel that the courtroom was not equipped to secure Chappie safely and that Chappie could still disrupt the trial if he were kept in the adjacent holding cell.5 Concluding that “there [was] a real danger. . . and possibility of somebody being harmed,” the court ordered that Chappie be excluded from the courtroom for the remainder of the trial.
Nevertheless, the court gave Chappie one more chance and instructed defense counsel to speak with Chappie to see whether he had calmed down and could behave appropriately in the courtroom. Defense counsel returned, reported that he had “met with Mr. Chappie and . . . discussed . . . appearing in court for the balance of the trial including him testifying again” and explained that
nothing occurred which would suggest things would be any *308different than they have been .... As far as testifying, his intent would be to testify although it is clear that that would be done according to his rules.
The court then excluded Chappie from the courtroom during the remainder of the trial. But the court gave defense counsel the option of reading to the jury Chappie’s testimony from the first trial.
Upon the jury’s return, the trial court instructed them:
Mr. Chappie has chosen to no longer attend these trial proceedings. He has the right to be absent and the fact of his absence should not be used by you to infer guilt or to prejudice him in any way.
Eleven retook the witness stand. He testified that when he initially told Chappie he would not participate in Chappie’s lie, Chappie became enraged, saying he would “beat [Eleven] viciously” and rape him “repeatedly ... as he did Mr. Moore.”
The State told the court that Dr. Fritz was unavailable to testify in person and that it wished to read into the record his testimony from the first trial. Dr. Fritz’s testimony was limited to his observations of injury to Moore’s rectum. Although defense counsel had earlier told the court that he would have no new questions to ask Dr. Fritz if he testified, he objected to the use of his prior recorded testimony. The court admitted the transcript under ER 804(b)(1).
Chappie’s counsel called CBCC inmate Donald Snook to the witness stand. Snook testified that on June 20, 1997, while in the dayroom, Moore had told him that the rape accusation was not true. The State established on rebuttal that Moore had not been to the dayroom on June 20; rather, Moore had been there on June 19.
The jury found Chappie guilty of second degree rape. Chappie heard the verdict by telephone, said, “It won’t make any difference to me,” and told the trial judge, “Fu[**] you.”
*309IV. Sentencing
Chappie was initially present at his sentencing hearing. He addressed the court:
[CHAPPLE]: Give me my motherfu [**]ing time and let me get my time. Mother functioning [sic?] — let me come into trial; why do it — fu[**]; why’d you call me all the way over here. Give me my motherfu [**]ing time, bitch, and let me get on with my motherfu[**]ing — do it now or send me back like you did from the trial, punk.
THE COURT: Would you like to leave now?
[CHAPPLE]: Make me no difference. I will be appealing this, you motherfu[**]ing Klu [sic] Klux Klan, motherfu[**]ing — I want to be here about as much as your mother wants to be there. I got no respect for you motherfu[**]ers. You think I want to sit up here and — let your mama have a good day.
(Pause in proceedings.)
[CHAPPLE]: You think it’s funny, too. All you motherfu [* *] ers think it’s funny.
(The defendant was escorted out of the courtroom.)
In light of Chappie’s comments and his “ability for violence,” the trial court completed the sentencing in Chappie’s absence and imposed life imprisonment without the possibility of parole under the Persistent Offender Accountability Act (POAA).
ANALYSIS
I. Chapple’s Exclusion From the Courtroom
A. Trial
Chappie argues that his exclusion from the courtroom during the remainder of his trial was a violation of his due process and confrontation rights. But
a defendant can lose his right to be present at trial if, after he has been warned by the judge that he will be removed if he continues his disruptive behavior, he nevertheless insists on *310conducting himself in a manner so disorderly, disruptive, and disrespectful of the court that his trial cannot be carried on with him in the courtroom.
Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1970). This standard was certainly met here.
Chappie’s disruptive behavior began at the CrR 3.5 hearing and continued each day of his trial until the court removed him. Chappie’s outburst on the second day of trial testimony likened the proceedings to a “Klu [sic] KLux Klan meeting.” The court warned Chappie, “If you don’t want to participate in the trial, we’ll go without you; that’s the only choice you have.” Chappie’s next outburst occurred soon thereafter, when in the jury’s presence he extolled about the “hung jury” in his first trial. As he had warned, the trial court had Chappie removed from the courtroom.
The trial court heard testimony about Chappie’s proclivity for dangerousness and violence, considered options that would have allowed Chappie some participation in the trial, instructed defense counsel to ask Chappie if he could behave at trial, and ultimately concluded that exclusion was the only real option that would maintain order in the courtroom. “There is no . . . constitutional requirement that a court try its luck with other sanctions before excluding a disruptive defendant. . . .” United States v. Beasley, 72 F.3d 1518, 1530 (11th Cir. 1996). “[N]o formalistic sequence of warnings is required. Nor is it necessary for more than one warning to be given . . . .” Scurr v. Moore, 647 F.2d 854, 858 (8th Cir. 1981) (quotation and citation omitted).
Chappie also argues that being excluded from the courtroom usurped his right to testify in his own defense. But just as a defendant can waive his right to be present in the courtroom by “ ‘contumacious conduct,’ ” so can he waive his right to testify. United States v. Nunez, 877 F.2d 1475, 1478 (10th Cir. 1989) (quoting United States v. Ives, 504 F.2d 935, 941 (9th Cir. 1974), vacated on other grounds, 421 U.S. 944, 95 S. Ct. 1671, 44 L. Ed. 2d 97 (1975), opinion reinstated in part, 547 F.2d 1100 (1976)); accord Chavez v. Pulley, 623 F. Supp. 672, 680-81 (E.D. Cal. 1985). Here, by virtue of his *311willful misbehavior in the face of the court’s clear warning, Chappie waived his right to be present in the courtroom, including his right to testify. Nonetheless, the trial court gave defense counsel the opportunity to read Chappie’s testimony from the first trial.6
B. Sentencing
Chappie similarly contends that his exclusion from his sentencing proceeding violated his right to allocution. But the rule permitting exclusion in Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. at 343, is equally applicable when a defendant disrupts sentencing proceedings and refuses to behave appropriately. See Collins v. State, 69 Md. App. 173, 516 A.2d 1015, 1026 (1986).
In spite of his exclusion from the remainder of his trial, the trial court gave Chappie another chance and brought him back to court to appear in person for sentencing. But Chappie immediately began verbally assaulting the court, proclaimed that he did not want to be there, and asked why the court even bothered to transport him back for sentencing. The court again considered Chappie’s “ability for violence” and again excluded him from the courtroom.
Removal of a defendant for disruptive behavior is within the trial court’s discretion. State v. DeWeese, 117 Wn.2d 369, 381, 816 P.2d 1 (1991). The trial court extended Chappie every opportunity to conform his behavior or risk exclusion from the courtroom. Herculean Chappie flatly refused, profanely proclaiming that it was his courtroom, he was in control, and there was nothing they could do to him. Under these circumstances the trial court appropriately exercised its discretion in excluding Chappie from the courtroom for the remainder of his trial and again for sentencing.
Affirmed.
Armstrong, C.J., and Seinfeld, J., concur.
Reconsideration denied December 4, 2000.
Review granted at 143 Wn.2d 1026 (2001).