788 F. Supp. 570

Lee Curtis NICHOLS, Petitioner, v. A.G. THOMAS, Warden, Georgia State Prison, Respondent.

No. 1:91-cv-1179-CAM.

United States District Court, N.D. Georgia, Atlanta Division.

Feb. 27, 1992.

*571Lee Curtis Nichols, pro se.

Paula K. Smith, Office of State Atty. Gen., Atlanta, Ga., for respondent.

ORDER

MOYE, District Judge.

The Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation of December 27, 1991 and petitioner’s objections of January 17, 1992 having been read and considered; the court REFUSES to ADOPT said Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation [# 14-1] in whole. The court adopts all portions of the Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation except for the section dealing with petitioner’s first ground for his federal habeas corpus petition, i.e., the trial judge refused to dismiss for cause a juror who was the spouse of the prosecutor’s volunteer investigator.1

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that a defendant in a criminal prosecution has a right to a trial by an impartial jury. This federal constitutional right is binding not only upon the federal courts, but also upon the individual states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Duncan v. State of Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 20 L.Ed.2d 491 (1968).

In determining whether a defendant was deprived of this Sixth Amendment right, the federal courts have distinguished between those actions involving claims of actual jury bias and those involving implied bias. Phillips v. Smith, 485 F.Supp. 1365, 1370 (D.C.N.Y.1980) aff'd 632 F.2d 1019, (2d Cir.1981), cert. granted 450 U.S. 909, 101 S.Ct. 1345, 67 L.Ed.2d 332, rev’d 455 U.S. 209, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78, on remand 552 F.Supp. 653, (D.C.N.Y.), aff'd 717 F.2d 44 (2d Cir.1983), cert. denied 465 U.S. 1027, 104 S.Ct. 1287, 79 L.Ed.2d 689.

Although the record does not indicate existence of any actual bias2 the court may nevertheless find that a juror occupies a status or is a party to a relationship which, as a matter of law, raises the presumption of partiality. Phillips, 485 F.Supp. at 1371. This presumption is conclusive and may not be defeated by affirmations of neutrality by the juror. Id. In adjudging a claim of implied jury bias, the court must determine whether the average man in the position of the juror in controversy would be prejudiced. Id.

In determining whether implied jury bias existed, the court must be cautious so as to not “create a set of unreasonably constricting presumptions that jurors [are impliedly biased because of] certain occupational or special relationships which might bear directly or indirectly on the circum*572stances of a given case_” Mikus v. United States, 433 F.2d 719, 724 (2d Cir.1970). For example, it is clear that mere current governmental employment of a juror, unrelated to the circumstances of a criminal prosecution, is not sufficient to raise a conclusive presumption of jury bias. United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123, 57 S.Ct. 177, 81 L.Ed. 78 (1936). In this case, however, Mrs. Keys’s work directly involved the criminal prosecution of petitioner. Although Mr. Keys does not work for the prosecutor’s office, in view of the close relationship between a husband and wife, it would be deemed that he assisted the prosecutor due to this status.

The court in Phillips, 485 F.Supp. 1365, held that where it was reasonable to conclude that the average person in the juror’s position of seeking employment as an investigator with the major felony unit in the district attorney’s office would believe that the verdict of jury would directly affect the evaluation of his job application, this juror was impliedly biased and petitioner would be entitled to habeas relief, despite the lack of evidence of actual bias. An average person in Mr. Keys’s position as the husband of a volunteer worker at the district attorney’s office would be partial to the prosecutor’s case. But see Moore v. Harris, 469 F.Supp. 945 (S.D.N.Y. 1979); Williamson v. Erickson, 354 F.Supp. 1130 (S.D.S.D.1973). Finally, the fact that Mr. Keys was replaced by an alternate juror after only three state witnesses had testified does not cure the possibility, perhaps even remote, of a taint already created in the jury panel.

Therefore, the court GRANTS the petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 [# 1-1], as amended to delete unexhausted state grounds [# 11-1], and the petitioner shall be released unless retried within 120 days of the entry of this order.

Petitioner’s motion for appointment of counsel [# 12-1] is DENIED as recommended by the Magistrate. Finally, petitioner’s motion to extend time to file his objections to the Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation [# 15-1] is GRANTED and the court has considered petitioner’s objections of January 17, 1992.

SO ORDERED.

Nichols v. Thomas
788 F. Supp. 570

Case Details

Name
Nichols v. Thomas
Decision Date
Feb 27, 1992
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788 F. Supp. 570

Jurisdiction
United States

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