Opinion of the court by
The first and second paragraphs of the complaint of the ap-pellees are founded upon bills of exchange drawn by Louis Snider and accepted by the firm of Smith & Hall, of which it is alleged all the appellants were members. Demurrers were unsuccessfully addressed to each of these paragraphs, and appellants complain of the action of the court in overruling them.
The contention of appellants is that the complaint does not show any title in the appellees to the bills of exchange sued on, and that no right in appellees to maintain an action thereon is shown by the complaint.
The allegations of title are essentially the same in both paragraphs, and are as follows: That said Louis Snider is deceased, and that the appellees “ are his successors in and to his business, and as such are the legal and bona fide holders of the bills of exchange.” There is no allegation that Louis Snider was a partner of the appellees, nor is the claim of appellees based upon the ground that they are surviving partners.
It is a familiar rule of pleading that a complaint or declaration must show title. Jacord v. Anderson, 32 Mo., 188, Stephens PI 87. The plaintiff, in an action upon a hill of exchange or promissory note, must show a right in himself to maintain an action thereon. Archer v. Spencer, & Bkf., 405 ; Reed et al. v *119Garr et al., 59 Ind., 299; Barcus v. Evans, 14 Ind., 381; Rousch v. Buff, 35 Mo., 312.
The allegation in the complaint under examination is a peculiar one. It does assert generally that the appellees are the' bona fide holders of the bill, but it expressly limits and restricts this general statement by specifically showing that they are Such holders because they are the successors in business of Louis Snider. This is the only effect that can be given to the allegation that they are his successors in business, and as such the holders of the bill. The ownership they assert is such, and such only, as the fact of their being the successors in business of Louis Snider confers upon them. The nature of their title is specifically stated, and the specific statement of title is the one which must govern. Reynolds v. Copeland, (this term). The facts given as constituting the foundation of the claim of title, are not sufficieht to support it. A man by becoming the successor in business of' another, does not become the owner of bills of exchange of which that other died possessed. The facts which affirmatively appear upon the face of the complaint so far from showing title in the appellees, show that in truth they had none whatever. All that the allegations of the complaint upon this point sub-, stantively assert is that Louis Snider died the ow,ner of the bills and that the appellee succeeded to his business. In the form in which it is expressed, the statement that appellees are the owners, is merely a conclusion of law drawn by the pleader from the two facts, Snider’s death, and their succession to his business. Clearly enough these facts do not warrant the conclusion of ownership by the appellees of the bills declared on. The demurrers ought to have been sustained.
The third paragraph of the complaint is upon an account for goods sold and delivered to the firm of Hall & Smith, of which all the appellants are alleged to have been members. Upon this paragraph of the complaint an instruction was based by the trial court, of which the appellants, Richardson and Annabel complain. By their motion for a new trial, by their assignment of errors, and in their brief, these appellants insist that the first instruction given to the jury was erroneous. In order that the force of the instruction complained of may be understood, it *120is necessary to give a brief synopsis of the evidence touching the point upon which the instruction bears. Smith, Hall, Richardson and Annabel had been partners, but in November, 1875, the partnership was dissolved, Richardson and Annabel retiring, and a notice of dissolution published in the newspapers, but the business was continued, without any change of the firm name, by Smith & Hall. The firm of Smith & Hall prior to November 1875, had dealt with Louis Snider, but had never dealt with the firm of Louis Snider’s sons. Louis Snider was represented in his dealings with Smith & Hall prior to the withdrawal of Richardson and Annabel by some of the appellees, but they were not, however, associated with him as partners, but simply as agents. The goods described in the third paragraph were sold after the dissolution of the partnership which had existed between the appellants and the withdrawal of Richardson and Annabel from the firm of Smith & Hall. The instruction under mention is somewhat lengthy and confused, and it need not be copied, as the legal proposition which it asserts can be stated in a condensed form. It declares, in substance, that if any of the ap-pellees as agents of Louis Snider had acquired knowledge from the dealings of Smith & Hall with Louis Snider that Richardson and Annabel were members of that firm, and goods were sold to said firm of Smith & Hall after the withdrawal of Richardson and Annabel, the latter were liable unless they had shown that the firm of Louis Snider’s sons had actual notice of the dissolution of the firm of Smith & Hall, and the withdrawal of Richardson and Annabel. This instruction was erroneous. Richardson and Annabel were bound to give actual notice only to those with whom the firm of Smith & Hall had previously dealt. No dealings at all had ever been had by Smith & Hall with the firm of Louis Snider’s sons, and the retiring partners were under no obligation to give them notice. It can not be -held that because some of the agents of Louis Snider knew who composed the original firm of Smith & Hall, when they, the agents, established an entirely new firm they were entitled to notice, of dissolution. Certainly this would not be seriously contended if the agents of Louis Snider had gone to some distant city and there formed a new partnership, and yet the principle *121is precisely the same. Nor could it be seriously insisted that each of the agents would have been entitled to actual notice if there had been a separation and each had gone into a new and distinct firm. The rule requiring notice to those with whom the firm has previously dealt, does not require actual notice to be given to persons with whom the firm had never directly dealt, although such persons may have been the clerks or salesmen of one with whom the firm did have previous dealing. This must-be the rule, or else it must follow that it would be the duty of persons retiring from a firm to give actual notice to clerks, salesmen, book-keepers and every one else who had been in the service of one with whom the firm had previously dealt, and who had acquired knowledge through such service of the members of the partnership. The rule as to actual notice does not require that it shall be given to those who as agents represent the person with whom the firm deals, but that it shall be given to the principal. In no just sense can it be said that the dealing is with the agent, for the act of the agent is that of his principal.
J udgment reversed at costs of appellees.