MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER
This matter came on for hearing on July 27, 1987 on defendants’ motion to dismiss and plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Defendants were represented by David M. McConkie and B. Lloyd Poelman and plaintiff was represented by M. David Eckersley and Billy L. Walker, Jr. Plaintiff and defendants submitted memorandums of law and a stipulated statement of facts and the court heard oral argument, after which the matters were taken under advisement. The court is now fully advised and sets forth its Memorandum Decision and Order.
BACKGROUND
This suit is brought by plaintiff against L.D.S. Social Services, a non-profit private adoption agency affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; John Doe and Jane Doe, who are prospective adoptive parents of the newborn child of which plaintiff is the biological father; and Leslie Doe, who is asserted to be a District Court Judge of the Third District Court of Utah who plaintiff believes has presently before him or her a petition for adoption. Plaintiff has brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and requests that this court declare that he has the right of custody, care and control of the newborn child, that the provisions of Utah Code Ann. § 78-30-4 (1984) be declared violative of the United States Constitution, that Judge Doe be enjoined from entering any Decree of Adoption without plaintiff’s consent, and that damages be awarded as against defendant L.D.S. Social Services. The immediate matter of a preliminary injunction involves a request by plaintiff that he be granted custody and that defendant L.D.S. Social Services be enjoined from continuing to exercise custody over the child.
Plaintiff and defendants have filed a statement containing the following stipulated facts:
' 1. Steven Swayne is the natural father of a baby girl born out of wedlock on June 4, 1987.
2. Penny Paxman is the mother of the child.
3. Both Steven Swayne and Penny Paxman are life-long residents of the State of Utah and resided in the State of Utah at all times pertinent to the facts and circumstances in this matter.
4. Steven Swayne first learned that Penny Paxman was pregnant in October, 1986.
5. Steven Swayne and Penny Paxman are not now married nor have they ever been married. At no time during Penny Paxman’s pregnancy or prior to the relinquishment of the child to L.D.S. Social Services did Steven Swayne offer to marry Penny Paxman or offer to financially support Penny Paxman.
6. At no time during the pregnancy or prior to the relinquishment of the child did Steven Swayne and Penny Paxman have any plan or intention to live together in a family unit.
7. Steven Swayne was present in the hospital when the child was born on June 4, 1987, and visited the child and Penny Paxman while they were in the hospital. While in the hospital, Mr. Swayne was told that it was necessary for him to sign a document in order to have his name placed on the child’s birth certificate. Mr. Swayne did not sign the necessary document or acknowledgment of paternity before the child was discharged from *1539the hospital or before the child was relinquished to L.D.S. Social Services and therefore his name does not appear on the child’s birth certificate.
8. Penny Paxman’s mother discharged Penny and the baby from the hospital on June 6, 1987, and made financial arrangements for hospital expenses. Mr. Swayne has not paid any of the hospital expenses or paid any of the expenses for the baby’s support.
9. Prior to the pregnancy and during the course of the pregnancy, Penny Paxman resided with her parents. After being released from the hospital, Penny Paxman and her child returned to her parent’s home.
10. Steven Swayne offered to make arrangements for Penny Paxman to move in with his mother. However, Penny Paxman would have provided her own living expenses.
11. Penny Paxman signed an affidavit releasing the child to L.D.S. Social Services on June 8, 1987, and physically surrendered custody of the child the next day.
12. Steven Swayne did not register with the Registrar of Vital Statistics in the Department of Health a notice of his claim of paternity of an illegitimate child and of his willingness and intent to support the child to the best of his ability prior to the date the illegitimate child was relinquished or placed with L.D.S. Social Services for adoption.
13. Steven Swayne filed his acknowledgment of paternity on June 15, 1987, which was the first working day after he learned that the child had been placed for adoption.
14. During the course of the pregnancy, Steven Swayne and Penny Paxman discussed the fact that Penny Paxman’s parents wanted her to place the baby for adoption. Penny Paxman did not inform Mr. Swayne that she did or did not intend to surrender the child for adoption.
15. L.D.S. Social Services placed the child for adoption with an adoptive family on June 12, 1987, in conformity with the requirements of Utah statutes.
16. In the event Steven Swayne is granted custody of the child, Mr. Swayne intends to place the child under the primary care of members of his family until such time as he can become more stable.
17. On June 15, 1987, Steven Swayne and Penny Paxman requested an amendment to the birth certificate of the child naming Steven Swayne as the father of the child.
18. During the course of the pregnancy and thereafter Mr. Swayne told his family and others that he was the father of the child.
19. Penny Paxman took the baby to Steven Swayne's apartment for a short visit once before the relinquishment to L.D.S. Social Services and once after the relinquishment.
20. Mr. Swayne was unaware of his duty to file an acknowledgment of paternity and willingness to support the child until after the child had been released by the mother for adoption.
21. On June 15, 1987, both Mr. Swayne and Penny Paxman appeared at the offices of L.D.S. Social Services and asked that custody be given to Mr. Swayne.
22. L.D.S. Social Services has testified that at the time of the relinquishment of the child to L.D.S. Social Services Penny Paxman did not disclose the identity of Steven Swayne and advised L.D.S. Social Services that he would not take responsibility for the child and that she did not want L.D.S. Social Services to contact him.
23. On February 9, 1986, Steven Swayne consented to the adoptive placement of another illegitimate child by a different woman. L.D.S. Social Services requested and obtained his consent.
Defendant L.D.S. Social Services urges this court to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint for lack of jurisdiction because of failure to allege “state action,” and on the further ground that this court should abstain from exercising jurisdiction in favor of resolution by the state courts of Utah. The defendants also urge dismissal of plaintiff’s motion for preliminary injunction pri*1540marily because of lack of substantial likelihood of success on the merits.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
I. State Action
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides in part: “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” (emphasis added). The protections of the Fourteenth Amendment thus apply only if the deprivation of life, liberty, or property is by governmental “state action” rather by than purely private action. The fundamental policies of the state action principle are to preserve an area of individual freedom to make choices without the constraints of the Constitution’s prohibitions, to further the policy of federalism by reserving to the state discretion to deal with perceived private wrongs without the constraints of supreme federal law, and to further the policy of separation of powers by limiting the wrongs redressable by the federal judiciary absent congressional enactment granting such authority.1
The “liberty” interest asserted'by plaintiff in this case involves termination of all parental rights in connection with his newborn child, including visitation and custodial rights. Without delving deeply into the merits, this court recognizes that plaintiff has asserted a liberty interest that has been acknowledged by the Supreme Court to be worthy of constitutional protection.2 *1541The statute which plaintiff seeks to challenge under due process and equal protection provides that the father of an illegitimate child conclusively is presumed to have abandoned his child if he fails to file a claim of paternity and notice of willingness to support the child prior to the time the child is placed by the mother with a licensed adoption agency, or prior to the time a petition is filed by a person with whom the mother has placed the child for adoption.3 The state action question is whether termination of plaintiffs parental rights by operation of the above statute implicates the actors in a private adoption to the extent that they may be considered to be state actors for the purpose of testing whether plaintiff's parental rights were constitutionally terminated. This court is persuaded that the statute has such an effect. In Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982) the Supreme Court delineated a two-step inquiry in resolving the issue of state action:
First, the deprivation must be caused by the exercise of some right or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct imposed by the State or by a person for whom the State is responsible____ Second, the party charged with the deprivation must be a person who may fairly be said to be a state actor.
Id. at 937, 102 S.Ct. at 2753-54. There can be no question but that under Utah’s statutory scheme the first part of the Lugar test is met. “Undoubtedly the State was responsible for the statute.” Lugar, 457 U.S. at 938, 102 S.Ct. at 2754. Since the first test is met, this court must determine whether operation of the statute in this case implicates defendants L.D.S. Social Services and the prospective adoptive parents to a degree whereby they “may fairly be said to be state actor[s].” Id. at 937, 102 S.Ct. at 2754.
In focusing on the second determination, there is a critical distinction in the operation of the above statute as compared with many other state laws which may be invoked by private parties. Here, the statute involved is self-operative and mandates the resultant termination of an illegitimate father’s parental rights. The State of Utah, not a private party, has made an official policy decision that anytime custody of an illegitimate child is relinquished by the mother, the father’s parental rights will be automatically cut off unless a notice of paternity previously has been filed by the biological father. That state decision to terminate the father’s pa*1542rental rights is implemented through the actor or actors who accept the child for placement, whether a state entity, a private licensed adoption agency, or any other person, for example an attorney. It would be a total fiction to allow the state to remove itself from its decision to cut off parental rights simply because a private party triggers operation of the statute. The only fair conclusion is that such a private party becomes a “state actor” when his or her actions bring the statute into play so as to effectuate the pre-determined state decision to terminate parental rights.
This is not a case wherein state action could be found because the legislation encouraged a private decision to discriminate.4 Also, it is not a case wherein the decision of a private party to discriminate based upon race or sex amounts to a state decision because the private actor has some “state” attributes or connection, such as state funding or regulation.5 This case is also distinguishable from the slippery slope of private dispute resolution whereby a private party makes necessary use of some state procedure and thereafter is challenged as a “state actor” for having deprived a plaintiff of liberty or property based upon the state’s involvement in creating such procedure or in failing to create other procedures. State action may not be present in the categories of cases just mentioned because in those cases private parties, rather than the state, made the essential decision to attempt to deprive a plaintiff of his or her liberty or property interest.6
Another consideration which comes into play in determining whether state action is present is the distinction between property interests and liberty interests. Unlike disputes involving property in which private parties may agree to some allocation or disposition without any state involvement, oftentimes the liberty interest can only be severed by the state. The distinction is apparent in child custody-parental right cases. Although a private party may deprive a parent of physical custody of his child, only the state can irrevocably severe all parental rights, which rights are recognized as being “far more previous than property rights.”7
This court considers that under the circumstances of this case the conduct by private actors amounted to state action. This conclusion follows from consideration of the evident state mandated decision set *1543forth in the self operative statute, and is supported by several factually specific “tests” of the Supreme Court. Perhaps most readily applicable is the “public function” test.8 In Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 95 S.Ct. 449, 42 L.Ed.2d 477 (1974) the Court dealt with an individual decision by a privately owned utility company to terminate a plaintiffs utility service without notice and hearing. In Jackson the court stated:
Petitioner next urges that state action is present because respondent provides an essential public service required to be supplied on a reasonably continuous basis ... and hence performs a “public function.” We have, of course, found state action present in the exercise by a private entity of powers traditionally exclusively reserved to the State____ If we were dealing with the exercise by Metropolitan of some power delegated to it by the State which is traditionally associated with sovereignty, such as eminent domain, our case would be quite a different one.
419 U.S. at 352-53, 95 S.Ct. at 454 (emphasis added). In this case we are dealing with a traditional function of the state. This case involves the principle of parens patriae (parent of the country) whereby the sovereign is under the duty to act as guardian for those under legal disability. The State of Utah has an exclusive and traditional duty to assure that a child whose custody has been released to the state by the natural mother will be placed in the care of appropriate substitute parents. Although traditionally many private actors and family members voluntarily have stepped into parental roles when natural parents have suffered a disability, that voluntary conduct was not the result of a legal duty. The State of Utah is the sole party with such duty. In furtherance of that duty the state has undertaken to fulfill its responsibility by automatic termination of a father’s parental rights, which is a prerequisite to any adoption,9 and delegation of some of its responsibility to private regulated adoption agencies in finding appropriate substitute parents.10
*1544The conclusion we reach here that state action is present should not create a chill upon actions of private adoption agencies. This court does not rule that all actions and decisions by private adoption agencies will be subject to review under the constitution. Rather this court’s holding is limited to the role of LDS Social Services and other private parties in triggering the state mandated result of § 78-30-4.11 Whfere as here that role is limited as a conduit for the implementation of prior state decisions and policy it seems clear that no liability for damages could attach.
A final question is whether the absence of the state or some official thereof as a named party presents a defect here. We think not. The private parties and the named state judge are the only parties from whom requested injunctive relief could be obtained if the statute were to be declared unconstitutional.12 In focusing upon the conduct that resulted in termination of plaintiffs parental rights, only three principal actors are involved: (1) the child’s mother who relinquished all custody and control of the child; (2) LDS Social Services who received custody of the child, took applications from potential adoptive parents and delivered custody to the adoptive parents; and (3) John and Jane Doe who applied for adoption and received custody of the child from LDS Social Services. This court holds that in a judicial proceeding by a putative father for determination of his parental rights, the said actors should be deemed to be state actors for the limited purpose of challenging operation of the statute. The Utah Supreme Court appears to agree and implicitly has recognized that operation of § 78-30-4 involves state action in the context of a private adoption, even when the state or its officials are not formally joined as parties.13 A similar recognition is found in cases from other jurisdictions and the United States Supreme Court.14 In addition, it is clear *1545that the requirement of state action is the same whether a case is brought in federal or state court.15 We conclude that plaintiff has named the proper parties to test the constitutionality of the alleged “state” deprivation.
II. Abstention
Defendants have requested that if this court finds jurisdiction to exist, nevertheless it should abstain from hearing the case and defer to the ongoing state adoption proceeding. In Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976) the Supreme Court reviewed its prior cases and discussed the propriety of abstention. The court said:
Abstention from the exercise of federal jurisdiction is the exception, not the rule. “The doctrine of abstention, under which a District Court may decline to exercise or postpone the exercise of its jurisdiction, is an extraordinary and narrow exception to the duty of a District Court to adjudicate a controversy properly before it. Abdication of the obligation to decide cases can be justified under this doctrine only in the exceptional circumstances where the order to the parties to repair to the state court would clearly serve an important countervailing interest.” ... Our decisions have confined the circumstances appropriate for abstention to three several categories.
(a) Abstention is appropriate “in cases presenting a federal constitutional issue which might be mooted or presented in a different posture by a state court determination of pertinent state law.” ... [Texas v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 61 S.Ct. 643, 85 L.Ed. 971 (1941)]
(b) Abstention is also appropriate where there have been presented difficult questions of state law bearing on policy problems of substantial public impact whose importance transcends the result in the case at bar. ... [Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux, 360 U.S. 25, 79 S.Ct. 1070, 3 L.Ed.2d 1058 (1959)]
(c) Finally, abstention is appropriate where, absent bad faith, harassment, or a patently invalid state statute, federal jurisdiction has been invoked for the purpose of restraining state criminal proceedings, Younger [v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971)] ... state nuisance proceedings antecedent to a criminal prosecution, which *1546are directed at obtaining the closure of places exhibiting obscene films, Huffman [v. Pursue Ltd,., 420 U.S. 592, 95 S.Ct. 1200, 43 L.Ed.2d 482 (1975) ] ... or collection of state taxes.
Id. at 813-16, 96 S.Ct. at 1244-46.
After careful consideration, this court has determined that it is appropriate to exercise discretion by requiring resolution by the state courts of the questions here presented. This court is persuaded that this case falls within one or more of the exceptions explained in Colorado River Water Conservation District as well as the longstanding practice of abstention in domestic relations matters.
A. Pullman Abstention
With regard to the category of abstention involving possible mooting of the federal constitutional question, the Utah Supreme Court’s opinion in Wells v. Children’s Aid Society of Utah, 681 P.2d 199 (Utah 1984) is important. In that case the Utah court reviewed the Supreme Court’s opinions in Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and in Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248,103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983). The court then turned to the Utah Constitution and determined that under the Utah Constitution a putative father receives greater protection than was granted by the Supreme Court in Lehr under the federal constitution. Id. 681 P.2d at 206. Based upon that recognition plaintiff may be able to establish that as applied the Utah statute is violative of the greater protections of the state constitution, thereby mooting the federal constitutional question.
B. Thibodaux Abstention
This case also presents important questions of state law that bear upon policy issues of considerable importance to the State of Utah. The importance of the state interests in this case are born out by early Supreme Court precedent dealing with the jurisdiction of federal district courts. In In re Burrus, 136 U.S. 586, 10 S.Ct. 850, 34 L.Ed. 500 (1890) the court said:
The whole subject of the domestic relations of husband and wife, parent and child, belongs to the laws of the States and not to the laws of the United States. As to the right to the control and possession of this child, as it is contested by its father and its grandfather, it is one in regard to which neither the Congress of the United States nor any authority of the United States has any special jurisdiction.
Id. at 593-94, 10 S.Ct. at 853. Later authority has recognized that the theoretical underpinnings of such Supreme Court recognition is not complete lack of jurisdiction but rather strong policies of federal-state comity. See Huynh Thi Anh v. Levi, 586 F.2d 625, 632 (6th Cir.1978). Accordingly, federal courts ordinarily should defer to the state courts based upon the state’s strong interest in domestic relations matters, the superior expertise of state courts in settling such disputes and the possibility of incompatible state and federal orders. See Fay v. South Colonie Central School Dist., 802 F.2d 21, 31 (2nd Cir.1986); Peterson v. Babbitt, 708 F.2d 465, 466 (9th Cir.1983); Magaziner v. Montemuro, 468 F.2d 782, 787 (3rd Cir.1972). Based upon the above policies, courts have been reluctant to get into custody disputes wherein private parties contest what is in the best interest of a child. See Coats v. Woods, 819 F.2d 236, 237 (9th Cir.1987); Peterson v. Babbitt, 708 F.2d 465, 466 (9th Cir.1983); LaMontagne v. LaMontagne, 394 F.Supp. 1159, 1160 (D.Mass.1975).
Admittedly this case goes beyond a mere private dispute over the best interests of a child and goes to the heart of Utah’s statutory scheme. Plaintiff correctly points out that the Utah Supreme Court has upheld the facial validity of § 78-30-4.16 How*1547ever, the Supreme Court of Utah has defined an “impossibility” exception to the statute, and there is considerable reason to believe the Utah courts are interpreting § 78-30-4 in a way that will meet the federal constitutional questions raised here.17
The state’s interests at stake here are great, and the Utah courts have evidenced a willingness to balance the interests of putative fathers in individual cases within the purview of a constitutional statute. This court considers that the Utah courts they ought to be given further opportunity to do so. In Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 99 S.Ct. 2371, 60 L.Ed.2d 994 (1979) the Supreme Court recognized as much:
The final concern prompted by broad facial attacks on state statutes is the threat to our federal system of government posed by “the needless obstruction to the domestic policy of the states by forestalling state action in construing and applying its own statutes.”
State courts are the principal expositors of state law. Almost every constitutional challenge — and particularly one as far ranging as that involved in this case — offers the opportunity for narrowing constructions that might obviate the constitutional problem and in*1548telligently mediate federal constitutional concerns and state interest. When federal courts disrupt that process of mediation while interjecting themselves in such disputes, they prevent the informed evolution of state policy by state tribunals____ The price exacted in terms of comity would only be outweighed if state courts were not competent to adjudicáte federal constitutional claims — a postulate we have repeatedly and emphatically rejected.
In sum, the only pertinent inquiry is whether the state proceedings afford an adequate opportunity to raise the constitutional claims and Texas law appears to raise no procedural barriers.
Id. at 430, 99 S.Ct. at 2380-81.
Under all of the circumstances this court is persuaded that under the doctrine of Thibodaux it should defer to the state courts to allow them to fulfill their duty to further Utah’s policy in balancing the competing interests in adoption cases consistent with federal constitutional principles.
C. Younger Abstention
Under the Younger abstention doctrine a federal court will not grant injunctive or declaratory relief if the federal plaintiff is a party to a state criminal proceeding and the party can raise the constitutional issue in the state proceeding. Younger has been extended by the Supreme Court to civil contexts when the state is a party to a civil proceeding and the action is in aid of and closely related to criminal statutes. See Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 99 S.Ct. 2371, 60 L.Ed.2d 994 (1979) (involving state statute authorizing temporary removal of child in child abuse context). In this case plaintiff seeks to enjoin the ongoing adoption proceeding and thus Younger’s recognized policy of noninterference applies. However, application of Younger to the facts of this case would require extension of the principle in two respects: (1) here the plaintiff in the federal proceeding is not a party to the ongoing adoption proceeding; and (2) the State of Utah is not a directly named party in the adoption proceeding.18 Accordingly, this court finds it unnecessary to rely on Younger abstention because we have found that Thibodaux abstention here applies.
Despite nonreliance on Younger, this court recognizes that for any principle of abstention to apply it is necessary that the plaintiff have an avenue available in state court. In this case the statute, § 78-30-4, provides that plaintiff’s failure to file a notice of paternity prior to the time his child was placed with L.D.S. Social Services bars him “from thereafter bringing or maintaining any action to establish his paternity of the child.” However, defendants point out that through intervention in the adoption proceeding or through filing a habeas corpus petition putative fathers have obtained state court review of the constitutionality of § 78-30-4 as applied to them.19 The court also notes that ultimate recourse to federal court from an adverse state court decision is not cut off.20 In all events, this court in finding abstention to be appropriate assumes that plaintiff will
*1549have an adequate opportunity for review in state court.21
Based upon the above analysis, plaintiffs motion for preliminary injunction is denied and defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted without prejudice to resolution of the matter in the state courts of Utah. This Memorandum Decision and Order will suffice as the court’s final action on this motion; no further Order need be prepared by counsel.