The defendant, after this cause was at issue, seasonably filed its petition, affidavit, and bond for the removal of the action to the United States circuit court. The petition alleged that the-defendant was a corporation organized under the laws of Iowa, and that plaintiff was, at the time of the commencement of the action,, and still was, a citizen of the state of Minnesota. The plaintiff answered by affidavit, denying that he was a citizen of Minnesota, and alleging that he was, at the time his cause of action accrued, and ever since that time had been, and still was, a citizen of the territory of Montana. The allegation of the petition being thus denied, the court refused “to accept the security offered, and transfer the cause, until proof is made of the citizenship of the plaintiff.” The defendant having offered no such proof, the court, against its objection and exception, proceeded to try the cause, and this is now assigned as error.
*75The contention of the defendant is that the court had no right to inquire as to whether or not the cause was in fact within the act of congress; that this was a question exclusively for the federal court upon a motion to remand; that by filing a petition and bond in due form, the cause was ipso facto removed, and the state court ousted of jurisdiction, and that it could proceed no farther; and that all its subsequent proceedings are void, as being without jurisdiction.
Of course no one will deny that if a cause has been removed, the state court is ousted of jurisdiction. But it seems to us that defendant’s contention proceeds upon the false assumption that the filing of a petition and bond will work the removal of any cause. It is only when the action is within the statute that the filing of the petition and bond will remove it to the federal court. It is the existence of the facts making the cause removable which, upon compliance with the provisions of the statute, effects the removal. We speak of the federal court “remanding” a cause; but a motion to “remand” is equivalent to a special plea to the jurisdiction of the court,—Mansfield etc., Ry. Co. v. Swan, 111 U. S. 379, (4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 510,) — and an order “remanding” is but, in effect, a decision sustaining that plea, and holding that the federal court has no jurisdiction, either because the action is not within the statute, or because the requirements of the statute as to the mode of removal have not been complied with. And if the federal court never acquired jurisdiction, we fail to see how the state court could ever have lost it; and, so far as we can discover, whenever the supreme court of the United States have expressed themselves to the effect that upon filing the proper petition and bond the cause is removed, and the state court ousted of jurisdiction, the fact that the cause was within the statute either appeared or was assumed. Thus, in Kern v. Huidekoper, 103 U. S. 485, it is said: “If the cause is removable, and the statute for its removal has been complied with, no order of the state court,” etc. So, in Steamship Co. v. Tugman, 106 U. S. 118, (1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 50,) it is said: “Upon the filing of the petition and bond, the suit being removable under the statute, the jurisdiction of the state court absolutely ceases;” and in Stone v. Sargent, 129 Mass. 503, Gray, C. J., says: “If the case is within the act of congress, and the proper petition, affidavit *76and surety are filed in the state court, the circuit court of the United States takes jurisdiction of the cause, although the state court omits, or even refuses, to make any order for its removal.”
Of course, the removability of a cause is a federal question, upon which the decision of the supreme court of the United States is and must be controlling and conclusive. Hence, if the state court should decide that a cause was not removable, and proceed to try it, and the supreme court of the state should affirm, the supreme court of the United States would, upon a writ of error, reverse if they should be of the opinion that the cause was within the act of congress. But the same thing is true as to questions touching the sufficiency of the removal papers. These are equally federal questions, upon which the decisions of the state courts are not conclusive. Hence, if a state court should hold the bond or petition insufficient, or that they were not seasonably filed, and proceed to try the cause, and if the supreme court of the United States, upon the cause being brought up on a writ of error, should be of a contrary opinion, they would reverse the judgment of the state court. Stone v. Sargent, supra. Yet it seems to be well settled that the state court has a right to examine the petition and bond to see whether the requirements of the statute have been complied with, and need not let go its hold upon the case if this has not been done. Stone v. Sargent, supra; Amory v. Amory, 95 U. S. 186.
But we can see no distinction in principle between a case where the state court assumes to examine the removal papers to see whether the statute has been complied with and a ease where it assumes to inquire whether the cause itself is within the statute. The question in each case is equally a federal one, upon which the decision of the state court is not conclusive; and in each case alike, if the state court decides in favor of its own jurisdiction, it does so at the peril of its subsequent proceedings being held void in case the federal court takes a different view of the question.
For this reason, and to avoid any appearance of conflict between the two judicial systems, it would usually be expedient for the state court to decline to proceed with a cause until the federal court has passed upon the question as to whether it is within the act of con*77gress; but this would be equally so in cases where there was doubt as to whether the requirements of the statute as to the mode of removal had been complied with.
But there may be cases where, to prevent the practice 'of imposition upon the court, or to defeat a dilatory motion, a state court might deem it advisable to inquire as to the existence of the facts alleged in the petition upon which the right of removal depends. It seems to us it has the right to do this, and, if satisfied that the cause is not in fact within the statute, it may proceed to try it, at the risk, of course, of its proceedings being held void, should the supreme court of the United States be of a different opinion, precisely as in a case where the state court assumes to pass upon the sufficiency of the removal papers.
Take the present case for example. As appears from the evidence elicited on the trial, this family had formerly resided in the state of West Yirginia. In August, 1883, the father and husband moved out to Glendive, Montana, and entered into the employment of the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company at that place, where he has ever since and still resides. At the time of this accident, in February, 1884, the wife and minor children were on their way from West Yirginia to join the husband and father at Glendive, at which place they did join him as soon as this child’s injuries permitted them to resume their journey, and at which place they have ever since been and still are domiciled. On such a state of facts there would be no foundation whatever for the allegation that plaintiff was or is a citizen of Minnesota ; and if the showing were the same, there could be no doubt that the United States circuit court would, on motion, remand. And yet, if defendant’s position be sound, it would lead to the illogical result that, in the same cause which the federal court remanded because it had no jurisdiction, the judgment of the state court would be void because it had been ousted of jurisdiction.
So far as we have been able to discover, wherever a state court has refused to “allow” a removal and proceeded to the tri^l of the cause, and it has been afterwards removed to the supreme court of the United States, that court has treated and disposed of the case in the same manner, whether it turned upon the sufficiency of the removal papers *78on their face, or the removability of the cause in fact. In the one case their decision is made to depend upon the question whether the state court erred in holding the removal papers insufficient, and in the other case upon the question whether, upon the facts, the state court erred in holding that the cause was not within the act of congress. Thus, in Railroad Co. v. Koontz, 104 U. S. 5, the petition seems to have been in due form. The plaintiff answered it, denying the allegation that the defendant was a citizen of Maryland. After a hearing upon this question the state court refused the removal, and proceeded to try the cause. When the case was afterwards brought up into the supreme court of the United States, upon a writ of error, that court, without intimation or suggestion that the state court had no authority to inquire into the question of defendant’s citizenship, or that its judgment was for that reason void for want of jurisdiction, proceeded to consider whether, upon the facts, the state court erred in holding that defendant was not a citizen of the state of Maryland. And in no instance that we can find has that court held or intimated, where the cause was not within the statute, that the judgment of the state court was void for want of jurisdiction because it had proceeded to try the action before it was formally remanded.
If we are correct in the proposition that it is only where the cause is within the statute that the filing of a petition and bond removes it to the federal court, it would seem to follow, logically and necessarily, that the state court is not ousted of jurisdiction of a cause not within the statute, although the removal papers are in due form, any more than it is of a cause within the statute, but where the requirements of the law as to the mode of removal have not been complied with. In neither case is the action removed, — in the one case, because not within the statute, and in the other because the statute has not been complied with. And in either case we think the state court has the right, in the first instance, to inquire into the facts upon which its jurisdiction depends before letting go its hold upon the case.
We find no decision of the supreme court of the United States in conflict with these views. On the contrary, we think we find some support in what is said or implied in Railway Co. v. Ramsey, 22 Wall. 322; Removal Cases, 100 U. S. 457; and Railroad Co. v. Koontz, supra.
*79There are one or two circuit court decisions to the contrary; but, as was said by Gray, C. J., in Stone v. Sargent, supra, “no act of eon-.gress, and no adjudication of the supreme court of the United States, has made the opinion of the state court, upon the question whether its own jurisdiction must be surrendered, subordinate to the opinion of any federal tribunal below the supreme court.”
In view of the general tendency of the decisions of the federal -courts under these removal acts, it may be that it will be held that we are in error; but we deem it our duty to assert and maintain what we believe to be the rights of our own courts until it is decided that we are in error by the only tribunal whose authority on the question we are bound to recognize.
In the ease at bar the allegation that plaintiff was a citizen of Minnesota had been expressly denied by affidavit, and, the defendant having offered no proof to the contrary, (in view of the facts that were •developed by the evidence on the trial probably it had none to offer,) there was, in our opinion, no error in the court’s proceeding with the “trial.
2. During the trial certain exceptions were taken to the rulings of the court in admitting certain evidence, and to its instructions to the jury. All of these that are of sufficient importance to entitle them to any extended consideration can be disposed of together. Defendant’s contention is that the plaintiff, having in his complaint assigned specific acts of negligence as the cause of the accident, was limited to these in his proof; that there was no allegation in the complaint that the track was defective, or that the stove in the car in which plaintiff was a passenger was in an unsafe condition; and that therefore the court erred in receiving and submitting to the jury evidence on these points, because they were outside of the issues made by the pleadings.
The here important allegations of the complaint are that “by reason of the grossly negligent and wantonly careless acts and conduct of the said defendant, its servants, agents, and employes, who then and there carelessly, recklessly, wantonly, and unnecessarily ran and operated said train at an excessive and dangerous rate of speed; and by reason of the imperfect and unsafe condition of the road-bed, cars, *80coaches, locomotives, and machinery of said defendant used in operating said railway; and by reason of the incompetency, unskilfulness, and recklessness of its said employes so operating said train of cars, —the said train of cars, in the night-time of said twelfth of February, 1884, was thrown from the track, and set on fire; that by reason thereof this plaintiff was burned by coals from the stove in said car, and otherwise greatly and permanently injured,” etc.
These allegations of negligence are somewhat loosely thrown together, and possibly, on motion for that purpose, the plaintiff might, have been required to make some of them more definite and certain; but, in the absence of any such motion, we think the evidence, objected to was fairly admissible under the allegations of the pleading. The term “road-bed,” strictly speaking, of course refers to the-bed upon which the superstructure of the railroad rests; but, in this, instance, we think it apparent that the pleader used it as inclusive of the “track;” and, under that view, evidence as to the condition of the rails and ties was admissible. We think it was also admissible under the allegation that the train was run at an excessive and dangerous rate of speed. That would depend, in part, at least, upon the condition and character of the track itself. What would be a safe and proper rate of speed over one track might be a very dangerous and unsafe rate upon a different and inferior track.
On the same ground, and independently of any other allegation in the pleading, we are strongly inclined to think that evidence was competent that the train was run at this high rate of speed, (45 to 50 miles an hour, according to several witnesses,) with the stove in the car full of burning coals, and its door wide open, thus greatly enhancing the danger to passengers in ease of any accident such as a derailment of a car. But we think that this evidence as to the-condition of the stove was clearly admissible under the allegation of' the unsafe condition of the cars, it being one of the appurtenances, or appliances used in the management and operation of the car itself; and it being this condition of the car (the dangerous condition and character of its heating apparatus) which contributed to the injury of plaintiff when the car was derailed. We may also suggest. *81that there is nothing in the entire record indicating, or even suggesting, that the defendant was at all taken by surprise by the introduction of evidence on these points. On the contrary, the state of the evidence is such as to indicate that all the testimony bearing upon these questions, on either side, was as fully presented as it would have been under other or more specific allegations in the pleadings. This, of course, would be no reason for an affirmance, if the evidence was clearly inadmissible under the complaint, and the defendant duly objected and excepted. But we think it is a reason why a court should feel disinclined to adopt a narrow and technical construction of a pleading which would lead to a reversal, if it is fairly susceptible of another and more liberal construction which would support the judgment.
3. The defendant also contends that the verdict is not supported by the evidence, and that the damages were excessive. We shall not attempt to state, even in outline, the very voluminous evidence in this case, amounting as it does to over 330 folios. An examination of it satisfies us that the question of defendant’s negligence was clearly a question for the jury, and that the evidence was ample and abundant to support a verdict for plaintiff.
The amount of the verdict as reduced by the court, ($25,000,) is, of course, large. But if defendant is responsible at all, we see no reason, in view of the nature and extent of plaintiff’s injuries, for saying that this amount is excessive. Here is a child eight years old, completely crippled and helpless; both eyes burned out, both ears burned off, his hands burned almost to a crisp, — in short, the mental and physical functions of his person almost completely destroyed,— everything that would make life either enjoyable or useful gone, and nothing left but the capacity to exist, — a state in comparison with which death itself would be a blessing. Indeed his injuries are too terrible for description or contemplation, and are incapable of compensation by any amount of money.
This disposes of all the points made by appellant which we deem necessary to discuss, and the result is that the order denying a new trial must be affirmed.