190 F.R.D. 21

Edmond MATTON, v. WHITE MOUNTAIN CABLE CONSTRUCTION CORP.

No. Civ.A. 97-10714-RGS.

United States District Court, D. Massachusetts.

Dec. 1, 1999.

*22Steven M. Ballin, John J. Davis, Pierce, Davis, Fahey & Perritano, LLP, Boston, MA, for plaintiff.

Robert A. Curley, Jr., Mark Purcolo, Cur-ley & Curley, Boston, MA, for defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL

STEARNS, District Judge.

This motion would squarely challenge the limits of the ability of a trial court to impose and enforce time limits on the presentation of a civil case but for one important omission: defendant failed to seasonably raise the issue before or during the trial. See Bryant v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 672 F.2d 217, 218-219 (1st Cir.1982).

The case was reasonably straightforward in that liability was not seriously in doubt (defendant’s protestations notwithstanding). Edmond Matton, a veteran City of Beverly police patrolman, was struck on the head by the bucket of an aerial lift while directing traffic at a White Mountain Cable Construction Corporation worksite. The accident was witnessed by a passerby who testified that the bucket “came out of the blue” and hit the plaintiff unawares. Liability was virtually conceded by the operator of the lift who testified that he had neglected to look before literally lowering the boom on the hapless officer.

The viable issues to be tried were the extent of the plaintiffs injuries and damages. Because of the accident, the plaintiff was involuntarily retired from the Beverly police force on a disability pension much less attractive than the one he would have received at normal retirement.1 The defense, to the extent that it had any coherence, was based on a claim of comparative negligence (which was rejected by the jury)2 and a generalized attack on the plaintiff as a malingerer.3

As is its custom in civil cases, the court issued a pretrial order on March 31, 1999,4 asking among other things, for an informed estimate of the probable length of the trial (based on half-day sittings). The pretrial order also informed the parties of the court’s practice of setting strict time limits. Plaintiff submitted an estimate of ten days duration for the trial. Defendant offered no differing estimate of its own. At a pretrial conference held the day prior to opening arguments (September 12, 1999), the court stated that, based on its review of the file, it would allow each side nine hours for their respective presentations, exclusive of the empanelment day and opening statements and closing arguments. Neither plaintiffs nor defendant’s counsel objected or asked for additional time. At the conclusion of each day’s evidence, the court informed counsel of the precise time that each had used, and periodically during the course of the trial *23when requested to do so by one or both attorneys. After the close of evidence on Friday, September 16, 1999, the court warned defendant’s counsel that he was needlessly wasting time with “aimless” cross-examination. (Defendant’s counsel then had over half of his allotted time remaining). Counsel expressed no concern about the time constraints and made no request for additional time. Counsel’s first (and only) objection to the tíme limits came after the court had instructed the jury towards the end of the day on September 22, 1999. The jury returned its verdict at 3:20 p.m. on September 23,1999.5

In the motion for a new trial, defendant’s counsel claims that he was prevented from presenting two medical witnesses who would have testified “that [pjlaintiff did not have the injuries he claimed to have, that he was malingering, and that he was making his subjective complaints only for secondary gain.” Defendant’s Memorandum at 5. Counsel maintains that his inability to call these witnesses was devastating to his case.6 It is, of course, within the discretion of the court to order a new trial if it is convinced that a trial was manifestly unfair because of an erroneous ruling. Wilson v. Groaning, 25 F.3d 581, 584 (7th Cir.1994). In cases of alleged judicial misconduct, the issue is the same, whether because of the judge’s actions, “the trial was not fair to the party moving.” Santa Maria v. Metro-North Commuter Railroad, 81 F.3d 265, 273 (2d Cir.1996). “However, a new trial motion based [on erroneous evidentiary rulings] requires a proper objection at trial and is limited to the basis of the objection argued when the evidence was offered for admission.” 12 Moore’s Federal Practice, § 59.13[2][b][E] (3d ed.1999). Similarly, where a party seeks a new trial based on allegations of judicial misconduct, “[a]n objection to the alleged misconduct is ordinarily required, either at the time of the misconduct or at the next available opportunity outside the jury’s presence.” Id. at § 59.13[2][b][ii].7 While the failure to object ordinarily results in a waiver of the issue for appeal (or as a grounds for seeking a new trial), the “plain error” doctrine may in extreme cases provide a narrow avenue of relief. See Fed.R.Evid. 103(d). Cf. Secretary of Labor v. DeSisto, 929 F.2d 789, 794 n. 3 (1st Cir.1991) (“Normally a failure to object would preclude us from finding error. In this ease, however, the one-witness limit and the resulting paucity of evidence so infected the entire proceeding that we are unable to review the case without considering the issue.”)

Here no egregious unfairness occurred. The testimony of defendant’s two medical experts, while perhaps of greater potential import to the jury than counsel’s often inept cross-examination and pointless videotapes, would have simply embroidered further a theme (malingering) that counsel had ineffectually pursued throughout the trial. Ineffectual because the suggestion of malingering was beside the point. Whether plaintiff was exaggerating his injuries or not, the fact remained that he had been involuntarily retired because of the accident from a job to which he was deeply attached.8 Any malingering on plaintiffs part was only relevant to *24his duty to mitigate his future damages. And this was not a contested issue. Plaintiffs vocational expert testified that there were less demanding and available jobs that plaintiff could do, but also pointed out that because plaintiff had been placed on disability, any income he earned above $14,000 a year would simply be deducted from his pension (in effect, exchanging taxable for tax-free dollars).9

The cases cited by defendant by and large offer cold comfort to its cause. In Kelley v. Airborne Freight Corp., 140 F.3d 335, 347 (1st Cir.1998), the Court of Appeals upheld the district court’s exclusion of rebuttal evidence despite a seasonable offer of proof by the defendant. In Elgabri v. Lekas, 964 F.2d 1255, 1259-1260 (1st Cir.1992), the Court of Appeals again upheld a district court order precluding the plaintiff from calling the defendant as part of his case in chief. On the other hand, in DeSisto, 929 F.2d at 796, the Court of Appeals found an abuse of discretion where the court arbitrarily limited the parties to one witness each. These cases, however, are not in point as they address the trial court’s power to impose limits on the presentation of evidence. Here, no such limits were imposed. The choice of witnesses and order of presentation was left solely to the discretion of counsel.

More to the point, in Duquesne Light Co. v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 66 F.3d 604 (3d Cir.1995), the Court of Appeals criticized the district court for reversing direction mid-trial and reducing the amount of the time it had allotted to each side.10 Nonetheless, the court refused to reverse the verdict because it was “unable to conclude that [the trial judge’s] ruling had any impact on the outcome of the case.” Id. at 611. Similarly, in Sims v. ANR Freight System, Inc., 77 F.3d 846, 849 (5th Cir.1996), the Court of Appeals was obviously appalled at the district court’s decision to limit two trials (one bench, the other jury) to one day each with five minute opening statements (among other bizarre rulings). It nevertheless refused, as in Duquesne, to reverse, because it could not conclude that the outcome would be different “even if [the plaintiff] were allowed to present fully all her evidence in a comprehensive manner.”

Most on point is McKnight v. General Motors Corp., 908 F.2d 104, 115 (7th Cir. 1990), where despite the trial court’s midstream reduction of the time allotted (forcing defendant’s final four witnesses to literally run to the witness stand), the Court of Appeals held that defendant had waived its objection by failing to make an offer of proof as to what it would have done with the additional half-hour it unsuccessfully requested. So too in Johnson, 808 F.2d at 678, plaintiff was held to have waived the issue because he “lodged no objection to the time limits until after the close of the evidence, and never attempted to introduce the evidence.” And the last case cited by defendant, General Signal Corp. v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 66 F.3d 1500, 1508-1509 (9th Cir.1995), is especially instructive.

Although the court eventually imposed a rigid limit on time, its actions, when viewed in the context of the entire trial, were reasonable. Even if the court did not explicitly state its policy of charging break time to the parties, it regularly kept both sides informed of the time remaining throughout the trial. The parties’ fre*25quent, specific inquiries about the time accounting reveal that the court’s method of charging time did not unfairly surprise either party....

Most significantly, the record reveals that GSX, not the court, was primarily responsible for its inability to present its case within the time limits. GSX used the vast majority of its time during its case in chief, introducing duplicative evidence and taking a leisurely approach to its presentation. ...

GSX’s counsel also failed to heed at least five specific warnings by the district court to save sufficient time for cross-examination during MCI’s case;....

In addition, allocation of additional time to GSX would have been unfair to MCI. At the time of GSX’s request for additional time, MCI represented to the court that it had reluctantly condensed its cross-examination of GSX’s witnesses in order to save enough time for its case-in-chief. Just as GSX has argued before this court regarding MCI’s witnesses, MCI asserted that several of the GSX witnesses had misehar-acterized the facts, but that it was unable to impeach them thoroughly within the allotted time. Thus, to grant GSX additional time would reward its inefficient use of time and penalize MCI for managing its time.11

The placing of reasonable time limits on the duration of a trial is implicitly authorized by Rule 611 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and explicitly by Local Rule 43.1 of the District Court. See also Borges v. Our Lady of the Sea Corp., 935 F.2d 436, 442-443 (1st Cir.1991). From a jury’s point-of-view time limits are especially salutory. While judges wax eloquent on the joys of jury service, most jurors approach the prospect with the enthusiasm of a French peasant for the corvée. One of the few ameliorating comforts a court can offer reluctant jurors is the assurance of a reasonably defined schedule around which they can plan their lives. Time limits accomplish this. They also improve the quality of the juror’s experience by focusing the energies of the lawyers on the essentials of the case.12 Arguably, that did not happen here (at least in defendant’s case), but it has in every other trial in which I have imposed similar limits.

I recognize that for the judge the operative words are “reasonable” and “flexible.” There will often circumstances in which additional time will be requested and circumstances in which it should be granted.13 But the operative word for the lawyer is “requested.” The eighteen hour time allotment in this case was made after soliciting the parties’ estimate of the length of the trial. The plaintiff said ten days, defendant said nothing different. The court granted eight. Neither party objected. And eight was enough, as plaintiffs counsel demonstrated by putting on sixteen witnesses and finishing with time reserved for c ross-examination.14

*26 ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s Motion for a New Trial is DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

Matton v. White Mountain Cable Construction Corp.
190 F.R.D. 21

Case Details

Name
Matton v. White Mountain Cable Construction Corp.
Decision Date
Dec 1, 1999
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190 F.R.D. 21

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United States

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