This action was instituted by the plaintiff to recover the sum of $1,600, the value of a barn and two bob-sleds alleged to have been destroyed by fire set from the defendant’s locomotive. The plaintiff’s barn was located on lot 4, in block 24, of the town of Osburn, Shoshone county, and was 45 feet from the center of the railroad track and 20 feet from the defendant’s right of way. On the morning of August 4, 1907, the defendant ran an excursion train over its road by this property, and soon after the train had passed the fire broke out on the roof of the barn on the side next to the railroad track, and the building and bob-sleds were destroyed before the fire could be controlled. A verdict was rendered by the jury in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $750. The defendant moved for a new trial and appealed from the judgment and order denying its motion.
On the trial of the case the plaintiff was allowed to prove that at other times shortly prior to this fire the defendant *482company’s locomotive had emitted sparks and live coals and thrown them to a great distance, thereby setting other fires along the line of its road. Numerous fires were shown to have been set in this manner in the vicinity of this property, and it was also shown that live sparks and coals had been thrown as much as 100 feet, and crossing entirely over buildings and dropping in the street on the opposite side.
Counsel for appellant assigns as error the action of the court in admitting this evidence, and contends that where the engine which alone could have caused the fire is identified, evidence that other engines of the defendant at other _times and places set fires or threw igniting sparks is wholly inadmissible, unless there is proof that the other engines were in the same condition and operated in the same way as the engine that is shown to have set the fire. In support of this proposition, counsel cite the following authorities: Lesser Cotton Co. v. St. Louis etc. Ry. Co., 114 Fed. 133, 52 C. C. A. 95; Shelly v. Phila. Ry Co., 211 Pa. 160, 60 Atl. 581; McFarland v. Gulf etc. Ry. Co. (Tex. Cr. App.), 88 S. W. 450; Henderson v. Phila. & Reading Ry. Co., 144 Pa. 461, 27 Am. St. Rep. 652, 22 Atl. 851, 16 L. R. A. 299; San Antonio etc. Ry. Co. v. Home Ins. Co. (Tex. Cr. App.), 70 S. W. 999; Texas Midland Ry. Co. v. Moore (Tex. Cr. App.), 74 S. W. 942; Crissey & Fowler Lbr. Co. v. Denver etc. R. Co., 17 Colo. App. 275, 68 Pac. 675; Collins v. New York etc. Ry. Co., 109 N. Y. 243, 16 N. E. 50. Plaintiff did not know and was not able to identify the particular engine that set this fire, but on the trial it was admitted by counsel for the railroad company that if the fire was set at all by the company, that it was done by their engine No. 136 which pulled the excursion train from Wallace to Tekoa on the morning of August 4th. ' With the engine, therefore, being identified, counsel contends that this evidence of other fires was improperly admitted under the rule above stated. There is one fact that appears in this record which brings the case within the exception instead of the rule. Appellant’s division master mechanic, William Dressel, was on the stand and testified as to the condition of the company’s locomotives and the spark*483arresters that were used ou these engines, and particularly as to the condition of engine No. 136. On the cross-examination this witness stated: “We make it a point to maintain them in the same condition. This engine is not a bit better than the rest of them.” As we understand the law, this evidence placed appellant’s locomotive No. 136 in a class with the other locomotives that it was running on this line of road, and showed clearly that it was no better and no safer than any of the others. It was therefore competent and proper for plaintiff to show the general condition, management and operation of appellant’s locomotives generally running on that line of road about that time, in order to show that they were in the habit of throwing sparks and live coals to an unusual and unreasonable height and distance and thereby setting fires. It should also be remembered that the plaintiff had no method of identifying any particular engine, and that of the engines and locomotives that had been setting fires and throwing igniting sparks and coals, this particular engine, No. 136, may have been, and probably was, one. (1 Wigmore on Ev., sec. 455, par. 3.) At least it stands admitted that the other engines were just as good as this one. Appellant admits that, under the rule generally accepted by the courts, it is sufficient to establish a prima facie case for the plaintiff to show that fire had been communicated from the company’s engine to his property, resulting in its damage or destruction, and that such proof raises the presumption of negligence either in the construction or management and operation of the engine which communicated the fire, and easts the burden upon the defendant of rebutting this presumption of negligence. (Anderson v. Oregon R. R. Co., 45 Or. 211, 77 Pac. 119; Manchester Assur. Co. v. Oregon R. & N. Co., 46 Or. 162, 114 Am. St. Rep. 863, 69 L. R. A. 475, 79 Pac. 60; White v. Chicago & Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co., 1 S. D. 326, 47 N. W. 146, 9 L. R. A. 824; 3 Elliott on Railroads, 2d ed., see. 1242, and cases cited.)
Appellant contends, however, that plaintiff failed to prove, as a matter of fact, that defendant’s locomotive set the fire complained of, and that before the presumption of negligent *484construction or operation can arise, plaintiff must prove that defendant’s locomotive set the fire; otherwise there would be a presumption arising from a presumption, which can never be allowed. The error in this contention arises out of the false premise assumed by appellant. That appellant’s locomotive set the fire is not a presumption, but is a fact. It is an inference of fact resting on other facts. (Lawson on Presumptive Evidence, p. 560.) It is true that such fact has been established to the satisfaction of the jury, not by direct and positive evidence, but rather by circumstantial evidence; but a fact may be established just as fully by circumstantial evidence as by direct and positive testimony. The establishment of the fact of the communication of the fire by circumstances rather than by eye-witnesses who saw the fire emitted from appellant’s locomotive and deposited on the building does not convert the conclusion arising from these circumstances into a presumption of law instead of an established fact. (3 Ency. of Ev., pp. 63-67.) In this case witnesses were produced who had seen the building a few minutes before the passing of the train, and who testified that no fire existed at that time, and other witnesses were produced who saw the fire almost immediately after the building was ignited. They testified that the fire started on the roof, on the side next to the railroad track. One witness saw the fire when it was just barely started into a blaze. The barn was 600 feet from the depot where the train had stopped. Witnesses testified that the engine was working hard when it started up; that it was throwing considerable smoke, sparks and coals. The circumstances of the train passing at the time it did, of there being no fire in the barn or about the barn immediately before the passing of this train, and of the building taking fire from the roof on the side next to the railroad track, are all circumstances pointing so conclusively to the cause being this engine that the jury were amply justified in concluding, as a matter of fact, rather than as a presumption, that this engine set the fire. There was sufficient evidence produced by the plaintiff in this case to establish, by a preponderance thereof, that the fire was set by defendant’s locomo*485tive, and the presumption of negligent construction or operation arose from and out of these facts and rested the burden upon the defendant of rebutting such presumption. The law seems to be well settled that when the presumption thus arising is repelled and rebutted by proof of proper construction and use of proper appliances and careful management and operation, the plaintiff cannot recover without producing proof of actual negligence or want of ordinary care. (Alabama G. S. R. Co. v. Taylor, 129 Ala. 238, 29 South. 673; Preece v. Rio Grande W. Ry. Co., 24 Utah, 493, 68 Pac. 413 ; Menominee etc. Co. v. Milwaukee & N. R. Co., 91 Wis. 447, 65 N. W. 179; Creighton v. Chicago R. I. & P. R. Ry. Co., 68 Neb. 456, 94 N. W. 527; Missouri K. & E. Ry. Co. v. Stafford (Tex. Civ. App.), 31 S. W. 319; Gainsville etc. Co. v. Edmondson, 101 Ga. 747, 29 S. E. 213; Louisville etc. Ry. Co. v. Marbury L. Co., 125 Ala. 237, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620; Missouri K. & T. Ry. Co. v. Fulmore (Tex. Civ. App.), 29 S. W. 688.)
Appellant urges that in the trial of the case it succeeded in completely and conclusively rebutting the presumption of both negligent construction and operation of its engine, and that it became at once the duty of the court to instruct the jury as a matter of law to return a verdict in its favor. It must be conceded, we think, that if, for the establishment of negligence or want of care on the part of the railroad company, the plaintiff sees fit to rest solely upon the presumption of law which arises from the setting of the fire, and the railroad company successfully rebuts that presumption by clear and satisfactory evidence showing that the engine that is alleged to have caused the fire was of proper and modern construction and equipped with approved devices and appliances for arresting sparks and preventing the escape of fire and was in good repair, and was operated and managed with prudence and ordinary care and diligence, the defendant is entitled to an instructed verdict in its favor. (Smith v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 3 N. D. 17, 53 N. W. 173; Spaulding v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co., 30 Wis. 110, 11 Am. Rep. 550, 33 Wis. 582; Woodward v. Chicago Ry. Co., 145 Fed. *486577; Menominee etc. Co. v. Milwaukee & N. R. Co., 91 Wis. 447, 65 N. W. 176; Chicago etc. Ry. Co. v. Packwood, 59 Miss. 280; 7 Am. & Eng. Ey. Cas. 584; Rosen v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 83 Fed. 300; Lotiisville etc. Ry. Co. v. Marbury L. Co., 125 Ala. 237, 28 South. 438, 50 L. R. A. 620.) In such ease it would have, as a matter of law, successfully defeated plaintiff’s right of recovery, because negligence is the gist of all such actions. (3 Elliott on Eailroads, 2d ed., sec. 1221.) This proposition cannot be determined solely upon the failure of the plaintiff to produce rebuttal evidence. It may be rebutted, or actual or positive negligence may be disclosed by the defendant’s own witnesses, either on direct or cross examination. In the case at bar, the plaintiff did not produce any rebuttal testimony. In the first place, however, the plaintiff, as we have above recited, showed by a number of witnesses that within a comparatively short period of time immediately preceding the fire defendant’s locomotives had emitted great quantities of sparks and live coals. One witness stated that he had seen live coals as big as the end of his finger emitted and thrown as much as 30 to 50 feet distant from the track, and other witnesses testified to extinguishing fires as far as 100 feet distant from the track, This evidence tended to show a habit of negligence on the part of the company about that time and in that vicinity. It also tended to establish the possibility, capacity and tendency of defendant’s locomotives of the same class generally to emit sparks and set fires. It tended to establish either negligent construction and equipment and maintenance of its engines, or else negligent handling and operating of the same. The train in pulling out of Osburn on the morning of August 4, 1907, was on a downgrade, and was pulling only about 300 tons. It was shown by defendant’s employees that this engine was capable of pulling 1500 tons. It therefore stands admitted that it was not overloaded. It left Osburn at the rate of about 30 miles an hour. Witnesses generally testified that the engine was working hard and throwing smoke and sparks very freely. Whether this was the exercise of reasonable care in its operation was properly a ques*487tion for the jury. One witness who was present at the depot, and who had at sometime past been a brakeman, testified that in his opinion the engineer threw the throttle wide open as he pulled out of the station; that the engine worked as if that had been done. The engineer testified that he had the throttle half open. The inspector who testified that he had inspected the smokestack and spark-arrester that morning at Wallace says that it was in good condition. He also stated that he did not know that the engineer stopped at the roundhouse to get a bolt, and that if he had inspected it there would have been no bolt needed. He said, however, that it was not his business to inspect the mechanical part of the engine, and that he had nothing to do with the eccentric bolts. The engineer testified that he stopped in the lower yards at Wallace that morning before pulling out in order to get a bolt which he needed. It appears from the evidence of the different witnesses that a bolt called an eccentric bolt was either broke or missing in this engine. Taking all those circumstances, we think there was sufficient evidence tending to show actual negligence either in the maintenance and equipment of the engine and appliances or in its operation and management to go to the jury on the general issue of defendant’s negligence. The evidence in this ease is by no means satisfactory or convincing to us, but, under the rule, we think there was such a conflict as the jury were entitled to settle and determine, and that their determination is binding on this court. The judgment should be affirmed, and it is so ordered. Costs in favor of respondent.
Sullivan, J., and Stewart, J., concur.
Petition for rehearing denied.