OPINION
The defendant is charged in a four-count indictment under 18 U.S.C. § 201(b) and (f) with bribery of an Internal Revenue official on two occasions, one in December 1968, the other in January 1969. He has moved under Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(a) and (b) for an order requiring the United States Attorney
(a) to permit defendant or his attorneys to inspect and copy or photograph all “written or recorded statements * * * by the defendant, or copies thereof, within the possession, custody or control of the government, the existence of which is known, or by the exercise of due diligence may become known, to the attorney for the government;”
(b) to produce for inspection by defendant or his attorneys any devices or machines used for recording any such statements, together with any tapes or other records containing the recordings; and
(c) to report or disclose the times when and places where such recordings were made.1
Opposing the motion, the Government reports the undisputed fact that it “has in its possession no statements made by the defendant at the time of his arrest or subsequent thereto.”2 At the same time, the Government does not dispute, but ultimately gives explicit confirmation, that it has recordings or transcripts of conversations between the defendant and the Internal Revenue official on the occasions of the alleged bribes. Such conversations took place, of course, before defendant’s arrest; they each oc*1243curred, on the Government’s view, “during the commission of a crime.”3 To compel their disclosure before trial, the United States Attorney argues, “would be to compel the Government to disclose its entire case well before it is required to.”4 And while that only states a position rather than supporting it, the Government enlists the “plain meaning” of Rule 16 for what it tenders as the “well established” proposition that a defendant may not see or hear before trial recordings held by the prosecutor of defendant’s “conversations and utterances * * * during * * * commission” of the crime or crimes charged in the indictment. Finding that proposition neither plain nor well established, but acknowledging that the decisions and the arguments go both ways, this court concludes that defendant is entitled to the disclosures he seeks.
1. Even before the recent amendments of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, there was authority for the granting of discovery like that sought by the present defendant.5 Such cases may have reflected in their day more advanced notions of fairness than the courts generally were prepared to adopt.6 The point of significance today is that the amendments to Rule 16 effective July 1, 1966, were designed “to expand the scope of pretrial discovery.” Advisory Committee’s Note, 39 F.R.D. 175, 176. And while this broad proposition does not serve in itself to decide the specific problem before this court, it serves, as generalities commonly do, to “carry us far toward the end.” Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 76, 25 S.Ct. 539, 547, 49 L.Ed. 937 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting). When it is read with the relatively liberal spirit of its framers, Rule 16, under either or both of subdivisions (a) and (b), provides for the kind of discovery defendant seeks.7
*1244Under 16(a), at least on the view to which this writer and many other judges are committed, defendant is entitled to inspect and copy his own “written or recorded statements or confessions” unless the Government shows particular and substantial reasons in a specific case for withholding such materials. United States v. Projansky, 44 F.R.D. 550 (S.D. N.Y.1968). The word “statements” is literally apt, of course, to cover the recordings- of defendant’s words when he was allegedly offering and giving bribes and gratuities. Our Court of Appeals, in obviously deliberate and weighty dictum, has made the point precisely. United States v. Knohl, 2 Cir., 379 F.2d 427, 441-442, cert. denied, 389 U.S. 973, 88 S.Ct. 472, 19 L.Ed.2d 465 (1967).8 However, the Government, stressing the juxtaposition of the word “statements” with “confessions,” argues that the rule must be taken to mean a defendant’s narratives (always, or almost always, post-arrest) telling about the events constituting his alleged wrongdoing, not words spoken during, or as part of, the commission of the crime. See United States v. Iovinelli, supra, 276 F.Supp. at 630. A “confession,” the argument runs, “is a narrative inculpatory statement.” The reference in the rule to “statements” was added, in the Government’s view, merely to make clear that “exculpatory as well as inculpatory utterances [would] be subject to discovery.”9
Purely as a textual matter, the Government’s argument is plausible, but not more than that.10 There is very little *1245in the words by themselves to support the argument that “statement” was designed to mean only something said to enforcement authorities after the events in suit. And when the text is viewed in its context, having in mind why the words were written, there is “no basis for this contention.” United States v. Baker, 262 F.Supp. 657, 671 (D.D.C. 1966); United States v. Lubomski, 277 F.Supp. 713, 719-722 (N.D.Ill.1967); United States v. Iovinelli, supra; see United States v. Leighton, 265 F.Supp. 27, 34 (S.D.N.Y.1967).11
The need of a defendant — and, more importantly, of his lawyer — to have access to his own past statements which are in the Government’s hands is just as pressing, and for quite the same kinds of reasons, whether the statements were made during (whether or not as part of) the alleged crime or following it as narratives or explanations. Both kinds of statements will undoubtedly be studied by the Government’s witnesses and others involved on the prosecution’s side. Cf. Kirschbaum v. United States, 407 F.2d 562, 566 (8th Cir. 1969): United States v. Projansky, supra, 44 F.R.D. at 556-557. The identical needs of the defense seem too patent to warrant extended discussion. See United States v. Lubomski, supra, 277 F.Supp. at 721.
Reflecting that the two kinds of statements are essentially similar for discovery purposes, the Advisory Committee’s Note on revised Rule 16 cited cases involving both, without bothering to distinguish, when it commented that the broadened provisions allowing discovery of “statements and confessions” were designed to be “in line with what the Supreme Court has described as the ‘better practice’ (Cicenia v. La Gay, 357 U.S. 504, 511, 78 S.Ct. 1297, 2 L.Ed.2d 1523 (1958)), and with the law in a number of states.” 39 F.R.D. at 176. This interesting point is developed in greater detail in a cogent opinion by Judge William J. Lynch, United States v. Iovinelli, supra, 276 F.Supp. at 631, which this court follows today as fully persuasive authority.
2. In addition to holding that recordings of the type in question are discoverable under subdivision (a) of Rule 16, this court concludes that such materials would be subject to disclosure in any event under subdivision (b). See United States v. Fassler, 46 F.R.D. 43, 44 (S.D.N.Y.1968); United States v. Iovinelli, supra, 276 F.Supp. at 631-632. The physical records of defendant’s words, if the Government were sustained in excluding them from the category of “statements” in (a), would surely fall within the residual scope of (b) in its coverage of “Other * * * Papers” and “Tangible Objects.” The “showing of materiality,” required under (b), is plain, as is the demonstration “that the request is reasonable.” Subdivision (b), as the Advisory Committee mentioned (39 F.R.D. at 177), is framed in “broad and general terms * * *. The requirement of reasonableness will permit the court to define and limit the scope of the government’s obligation to search its files while meeting the legitimate needs of the defendant.” Id. The problems of definition and limitation are automatically solved in cases like this one, where the demand for disclosure refers to a readily identifiable and precisely definable class of things.
*12463. Arguing stoutly against pretrial disclosure of the recorded statements, the Government has not explicitly opposed discovery of the “devices or machines” used for the recordings or revealing the times and places of the recordings. There is no suggestion that peculiar problems of secrecy or security may arise with respect to such additional demands. And since the devices must be introduced in evidence to provide a foundation for the recordings themselves, they are “clearly material” and the request for them is “reasonable.” 1 Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure, p. 513 (1969). Cf. United States v. Leighton, supra, 265 F.Supp. at 35-36; United States v. Edwards, 42 F.R.D. 605, 607 (S.D.N.Y.1967).
In sum, the motion is in all respects granted. So ordered.