This is an appeal from a verdict and judgment against the railway company for $5000 damages, sustained by the death of appellee’s intestate, T. J. Brown, while in the employ of appellant. Brown was a car-repairer employed at the shops of the railway company at Pine Bluff. Near the shops and within the yard limits of the company were situated what are known as repair tracks, on which cars badly crippled and requiring much time to-repair are placed. These tracks were under the supervision and control of the foreman of repairs. By the rules of the-company, no switchman or engineer was permitted to go-upon these tracks for the purpose of switching cars without permission from the foreman of repairs, and he was not supposed to give such permission when men were at work on the track.
*293The yards of the company are under control of the yardmaster. “ He has entire supervision of the yard, charge of all trains and cars while in the yard limits, and the placing and disposition of all cars, subject to the order of the superintendent or agent. He does all the necessary switching •and anything else that may turn up in that way.” He hired and controlled and had the power to discharge the switch-men and engineers at work on the yards. The car-repairers were hired by, and were nnder the immediate supervision of, the master mechanic.
It was the rule of the company for the yard-master at I p. m. every day to send a switchman and engineer with an engine to the foreman of repairs, with instructions to do .such switching of cars on the repair tracks as might be required, at which time the foreman of repairs would instruct them what cars to take off and what to put upon the repair tracks and where to place them.
At the usual hour on the day of the accident, the yardmaster sent a switchman and engineer with an engine, who as usual reported to the foreman of repairs and received from him the number of cars to be switched and instructions where to place the same. At the same time the foreman of repairs pointed out to them the fact that Brown was at work, under a car jacked upon one of the tracks, and told them not to go upon that track. The foreman of repairs returned to his office near by, and within twenty or thirty minutes afterwards the switchman threw the switch and caused a train of cars to be backed upon the track where Brown was at work, and, without warning to him, the train struck the car under which he was at work and caused it to fall upon and kill him.
i. Liability of ^v?at’sÍOnesHgence It is claimed by the railway company that the switchman and engineer were fellow-servants with Brown, and no liability can attach to the company by reason of their negligence.
The rule which exempts the master from liability for an injury to a servant occasioned by the negligence of a fellow-*294servant is now firmly established. The court and text-writers, however, have found great difficulty in giving an accurate and satisfactory test by which to determine who are fellow-servants within the meaning of the rule.
It is said generally that fellow-servants are those engaged under the control of the same common master and in the same common business, or, to use the terms of several text-writers, “same common pursuit” (3 Wood’s Railway Law, sec. 388), “same general business” (2 Thompson on Negligence, p. 1026), “accomplishing the same common object” (Beach on Contributory Negligence, p. 338, sec. 115).
But when we undertake to determine what is essential to render the service common to all, within these terms or expressions, we find the cases numerous and contradictory. It would be beyond the scope of this opinion to undertake to review or to reconcile them.
It would seem that a test approximately applicable to all cases can only be found in the reasons in which the rule itself is based.
Here again we find the courts not entirely harmonious.
One of the reasons assigned for the rule (is that of supposed public policy which assumes “that the exemption operates as a stimulant to diligence and caution on the part of the servant for his own safety, as well as that of the master.” “ Much potency,” says Mr. Justice Field, in the case of Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Ross, 112 U. S., 377, “is ascribed to this assumed fact by reference to those cases where diligence and caution on the part of the servants contribute the chief protection against accident. But it may be doubted whether the exemption has the effect thus claimed for it. We have never known parties more willing to subject themselves to dangers of life or limb because, if losing the one or suffering in the other, damages could be recovered by their representatives or themselves for the loss or injury. The dread of personal injury has always proved sufficient to bring into exercise the vigilance and activity of the servant.” Some of the courts, however, *295assuming this reason to be the basis of the rule, have drawn, from it the conclusion that those only are fellow-servants, who are so consociated in the discharge of their duties that they can exercise an influence upon each other promotive of caution, because, as they say, the reason of the rule ceasing, its application should also ceash.
Out of this has arisen the doctrine of separate departments, by which a distinction is made between those servants engaged in the same department, and those engaged in different departments, of the same general business. Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Moranda, 93 Ill., 302; S. C., 34. Am. Rep., 168; Cooper v. Mullins, 30 Ga., 150; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Collins, 2 Duv. (Ky.), 114; Nashville, etc., R. Co. v. Jones, 9 Heisk. (Tenn)., 27; McKinney on Fellow-Servants, sec. 72, and cases cited.
The reasoning of these courts is not without weight and. in given cases is strongly persuasive, as reflecting light upon, the nature of the risks assumed by the servant and the obligations of the master to protect him against such risks. But when it is sought to make the question whether or not the-servants are engaged in the same or different departments-an arbitrary test.by which to determine the liability of the-master, the results reached must often be unsatisfactory.. It leads to confusion and possible absurdities.
It is not difficult to conceive of instances where servants-engaged in the same department of business may have no-opportunity to observe the habits or to exercise an influence upon each other; or where servants in different departments may have opportunity to observe and influence the conduct of each other; or where the -dangers naturally-arising from the negligence of each may be as great in different as in the same department of business.
As said by the Supreme Court of Rhode Island in Brodeur v. Valley Falls Co., 17 Atl. Rep., 55, there is “an obvious impracticability in trying to gauge the liability of an employe, in a complex business, by the independence of its-different branches, or by the intercommunication of those *296employed. Not only would it be impossible, in many cases, to separate the work into distinct departments, and to discern their dividing lines, but incidental duties, changing the relations of workmen to each other, would vary also the master’s liability. He would thus be liable for the negligence of a servant at one time or place, and not at another. Without a personal supervision of all his help in all their work, he would not know when he was responsible and when he was not. Moreover, such a rule would govern the liability of a master when the groundwork upon which the rule is founded did not exist. For, if the test of liability be that of the separate and independent duties of the servants, they may nevertheless be so near each other as to be able to exert a mutual influence to caution; or, if it be that of association, they may still be in the same department, but unable, from their duties or position, to exert such influence.”
The true reason on which the rule is based, as shown by the great weight of authority, is that a person who voluntarily engages in the service of another presumably assumes all the risks ordinarily incident to that service, and fixes his compensation with a view to such risks. Rabdall v. B. & R. Co., 109 U. S., 478; Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 326; Underhill on Torts, p. 52; Farwell v. Boston & Worcester R. Co., 4 Metc. (Mass.), 49. See note 5 to sec. 72, McKinney on Fellow-Servant, where the authorities are cited: Campbell v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 24 Am. and Eng. Ry. Cases, 427; Railroad Co. v. Fort, 17 Wall., 553.
If this be the principle underlying the rule, it would seem that the question which forms a test in any case is one of risks. And that where one servant is shown to have been injured by another, the question is, not whether the two servants were fellow-servants in any technical sense of the term, but zuhether the injury was zvithin the risk ordinarily incident to the service tmdertaken. “ The negligence of a fellow-workman engaged upon a common work is commonly accounted among the risks undertaken, but is only a subordi*297nate instance. Lawler v. Androscoggin R. Co., 16 Am. Rep., 498.
“A fellow-servant,” says the court in McAndrews v. Burns, 39 N. J. L., 117, “is any one who serves and is controlled by the same master. Common employment is service of such kind that, in the exercise of ordinary sagacity, all who engage in it may be able to foresee, when accepting it, that through the carelessness of fellow-servants it may probably expose them to injury.”
Or, as more fully expressed by Williams, J., in the case of' Baird v. Pettit, 70 Pa. St., 477, 482 : “ Servants, it is said, are engaged in a common employment when each of them is occupied in service of such a kind that all the others, in the exercise of ordinary sagacity, ought to be able to foresee, when accepting their employment, that it may probably expose them to the risk of injury in case he is negligent. That this is the proper test is evident from the reason assigned for the exemption of masters from liability to their servants, viz.: that the servant takes the risk into account when fixing his wages. He cannot take into account a risk which he has no reason to anticipate, and he dobs take into account the risks which the average experience of his fellows has led him as a class to anticipate.”
Judge Dillon, after discussing this subject in an article published in 24 Am. Law Rev., 190, concludes : “The real inquiry is: Was the injury caused by another servant one of the ordinary risks of the particular employment? If so, the mere grade, whether higher, lower or co-ordinate, or the department of the faulty servant, is of no consequence.
“ It is a condition of contract of service that the servant takes upon himself the risk of accidents in the common course of the business, all open and palpable risks, including the negligence of all fellow-servants of whatever grade in the same employment.
“The true inquiry in each case is, Was the accident one of the normal and natural risks in the ordinary course of business? If so, then there is no common law liability on *298the part of the employer; if not, there is such liability; and. the inquiry, except as it bears on the above, is not one of grades or departments. This is the final form the doctrine-has assumed, and it is the correct one. It is plain, intelligible and practical. It is founded upon just principles, viz., that it is precisely commensurate with the master’s personaL duties.”
The court, by its fourth instruction to the jury given in behalf of the plaintiff, said: “If the jury believe from the-evidence in the case that the deceased was engaged in the business of repairing cars on a repair track, and was in no way connected with the running of cars, and had nothing to-do with the cars being near, then he was not a fellow servant of those engaged in running the cars; and if his injury was occasioned by the negligence of an employe of the company who was engaged in running the cars, the company was liable.” This was error. The fact that Brown “was in no way connected with the running of cars, and had nothing to do with the cars being near,” or that he was engaged in a separate department from that of those engaged in moving the cars, should not control the other facts, viz., that the track on which he was at work, and those on which the duties of the switchman and engineer were being performed at the same time, were in close proximity to each other, converging with their switches near the same point, so that the negligence or inadvertance of the switchman in operating the switches and moving the trains was liable to endanger him.
The fact that the switchman and engineer were not permitted, under the rules of the company, to go upon the track-while Brown was there at work, only removed the probability of danger from their negligence to the extent that their efficiency or carefulness might cause them to observe these rules.
It is said that because the rules of the company forbade the yardmen to enter upon this track, Brown had a right to rely upon the company to keep them out, and therefore the-*299risk of their failure to keep out was not one of the risks assumed in his contract of employment.
But if the company owed him any duty in this respect and has failed to discharge that duty, by which it has in any manner contributed to the injury, it is liable by reason of its own negligence, notwithstanding the negligence of a fellow-servant may have been the immediate or direct cause of the injury.
2. Duty oí master to pro* tect servant,
"It is indispensable to the employer’s exemption from liability to his servant for the consequences of risks thus incurred that he should himself be free from negligence.
He must furnish the servant the means and appliances which the service requires for its efficient and safe performance, unless otherwise stipulated ; and if he fail in that respect, and an injury result, he is as liable to the servant as he would be to a stranger. In other words, whilst claiming such exemption he must not himself be guilty of contributory negligence.” Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. Co. v. Ross, 112 U. S., 377, 383.
It was the duty of the railway company in this case, by the exercise of ordinary care, to provide Brown with a safe place in which to work. It is conceded that the repair track within itself was a safe place. But, if unprotected from intrusion by the yard men, it was obviously unsafe.
To obviate the danger from this source, the company-established the rule which required the switchman and engineer to keep off the track except by permission of the foreman of repairs. It is claimed by the company that if this rule was sufficient, when faithfully observed by its employes, to guard against the danger, the company has discharged its duty. International & G. N. R. Co. v. Hall, 15 S. W. Rep. (Tex.), 108.
This seems to be the general rule of law, when the circumstances are such that a reasonably prudent person might rely upon rules and regulations to afford protection. But if the master sees proper to rely upon such methods of protection to his servants, and the occasion demands it, he *300should also adopt such measures as may be reasonably necessary to secure the observance of such rules. The fact that rules have been adopted is only evidence of the degree •of care and diligence exercised by the master in any given case. Wharton on Negligence, sec. 221; Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 370; Madden v. C. & O. R. Co., 28 W. Va., 610 ; Moore v. Wabash, etc., R. Co., 85 Mo., 588; Criswell v. Railway Co., 30 W. Va., 798; Lake Shore, etc., Ry. Co. v. Lavalley, 36 Ohio St., 221; Ohio & M. R. Co. v. Collarn, 73 Ind., 261 ; S. C. 38 Am. Rep., 134.
The degree of care must always be measured by the exigencies of the particular case. Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 359 ; Hough v. Railway Co., 100 U. S., 213.
Brown was required to do neecied work under a car jacked •up so that a jar from approaching cars would necessarily •cause it to fall and crush him. He had no opportunity to look out for the approach of intruders. His mind, if he performed well his duty, would necessarily be absorbed in his work, and he became oblivious to danger. He would rarely, if ever, detect the approach of an engine or cars. He was entirely helpless, so far as any precautionary measures that he might take to protect himself were concerned. He had to rely entirely upon the company for protection His life, as it were, was in its keeping. What steps should it have taken to protect him from danger ? It is not a question of rules and regulations. Protection was what he needed, and to this end he had a right to rely upon the company for the exercise of that degree of care which a person -of ordinary prudence would exercise in view of the extreme and obvious hazard to which he was exposed.
One of the precautions taken by some of the railroad •companies in such cases is to place locks upon the switches. Had the company in this case adopted such precaution, we presume no question could have been raised as to its suffi•ciency. The company, however, instead of locks, adopted the rule referred to.
*301This rule proved insufficient to keep the men out. They either wilfully violated it or through negligence failed to observe it, and, about two months before the accident occurred, complaint was made by the master mechanic (Bergold) to the master of transportation, in whose department the yardmaster and yard men were at work. Thereupon the master of transportation wrote a letter to the yard-master which, omitting the address and signature, is as follows : “ Please note attached complaint from Mr. Bergold and manage to correct it. I instructed you some time ago about your men going in on the repair track without permission from the foreman. If you have instructed them in this matter, dismiss the man in fault; as everybody must understand that orders must be obeyed. I have written Mr. Bergold today that you would have a man on hand each day at I p. m. to go with engine and hostler, as he suggests, and pull the repair track. You had better manage to be there yourself as much as possible. When this is done, answer, so that I will know that you fully understand what I want.”
Here the company is shown to have notice of the violation of the rule, and it must have taken cognizance that the regulation it had provided was insufficient to afford protection, unless rigidly enforced. It became the duty of the company then to take the necessary steps to correct the evil and obviate the injury. Cooley on Torts, 559 j Wood on Master & Servant, secs. 378-380; Hough v. Railway Co., 10 Otto, 213 ; Patterson v. P. & C. R. Co., 76 Pa. St., 389, (18 Am. Rep., 412); Conroy v. Vulcan Iron Works, 6 Mo. App., 102; Laning v. N. Y. Cent. R. Co., 49 N. Y., 521.
The only additional precaution taken was to fix an hour at which switching should be done on these tracks, and to again instruct the men to report at that hour to the foreman of repairs for instructions and not to go upon the repair tracks without his permission. The yard-master says he carried out the order of the master of transportation as far as possible ; but when asked the question, “ What precautions were taken to protect the men in working on those re*302pair yards, so far as switchmen are concerned?” he answered: “Well, that I don’t know, whether there were any or not; any more than the general precaution that men must not go there without getting the consent of the foreman of the car repairers. If he told them to go, it was all right; if the foreman told him he must not, he must not go.”
3. Delegation of master’s duty lt0 oo-servant The master of transportation evidently had a clear apprehension of the danger of entrusting this work to the ordinary employes at work on the yards, and he saw the necessity for a personal supervision of the work by the yardmaster himself, when he said to him, “You had better arrange to be there yourself as much as possible.” This, if not a positive command, was sufficient to indicate to the yard-master the necessity for his personal supervision of the men under his control at that hour, in order to secure a faithful observance of the rule. It was his duty to do so. His convenience or the details of his business, at this hour when the lives of men who were looking to the company for protection were endangered, should have been subordinated to the more important duties of the master. In this respect he was not merely a co-laborer with Brown. He was performing duties which would have been required of the master if present, the personal oversight and supervision of the men under his control. Kirk v. Railway Co., 25 Am. & Eng. Ry. Cases, 520; St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. v. Harper, 44 Ark., 5 30; Heine v. C. & N. W. Ry. Co., 17 N. W. Rep., 422; Lake Shore, etc., Ry. Co. v. Lavalley, 36 Ohio St., supra; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Ross, 112 U. S., supra ; Ohio & Mississippi Ry. Co. v. Collarn, 73 Ind., supra; S. C., 38 Am. Rep., 134; Wood on Master & Servant, pp. 867-8.
The fault may be traced if necessary to a higher source— the master of transportation. When he saw the danger and the necessity for the yard-master’s presence, his orders should have been to go, or he should have adopted other positive precautionary measures to meet the difficulty.
*303The fact that the foreman of repairs had, but a few moments before the accident, admonished the switchman not to go upon the track, only demonstrates the insufficiency of the precautions taken by the company, and confirms the apprehensions of the master of transportation, when he suggested the necessity of the yard-master’s presence. The switchman knew, without being admonished, that he had no business on this track, unless directed by the foreman of repairs to go there.
4. contributory negligence. Contributory negligence is not attributable to Brown for remaining in service of the company. After attention had been called to the fact that the rules were not observed and the company had indicated that it would correct the evil, he had a right, under the circumstances, to rely upon the company to take all necessary steps to protect him. Cook v. St. P., etc R.. Co., 24 N. W. Rep., 311; Russell v. Railway Co., 20 N. W. Rep., 147 (32 Minn., 230); Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 352.
The rule which exempts the master from liability to a servant for the negligence of a fellow-servant is founded upon principles of justice; and although apparent hardships may arise in its application, yet, if administered in strict harmony with the master’s duties to the servant, no injustice will be done.
5. Errorwithout i>rejudlceThere was no conflict in the evidence; the facts were undisputed, and clearly supported the conclusion that the company had been negligent in performance of its duty in affording protection to the deceased, and that this neglect contributed to the injury. The verdict could not have been otherwise than for plaintiff, notwithstanding the error of the court above indicated. If the jury had been instructed as to the law, as indicated in this opinion, and had found a verdict for the defendant, we could not have sustained it on the facts presented. We see no occasion for remanding the case for a new trial, and affirm it, notwithstanding the error.
*304Filed May 9, 1891.