State v. Gedutis 163 Vt. 591, 653 A.2d 761

Defendant Alexander Gedutis was placed on probation for the misdemeanor conviction of unlawful mischief after damaging his wife’s vehicle. Six months later, complainant reported to police that defendant had left messages on her telephone answering machine, one threatening harm to her. As a result, a probation violation complaint was made alleging that defendant had violated conditions of his probation.

Complainant testified at the probation *592hearing that the last message defendant put on the answering machine was a threat to shoot her in the head. The State did not produce the inculpatory tape, explaining in response to defendant’s request that efforts to obtain it had been “futile.” The State also did not produce a statement about the incident made by complainant. The court revoked defendant’s probation because he engaged in threatening and harassing behavior.

The defendant appeals revocation on two grounds. First, he argues that it was error to permit the complainant to testify about the alleged incident because the State failed to provide the tape and complainant’s statement to defendant on request, as required by VR.Cr.E 16. In the alternative, he asserts that complainant’s testimony about the tape violates VR.Cr.E 32.1 because the State never disclosed the tape to defendant so that he could protect himself from a faulty characterization of the evidence. We affirm.

Defendant’s reliance on VR.Cr.E 16 is misplaced. In State v. Kasper, 152 Vt. 435, 440, 566 A.2d 982, 985 (1989), we held that “[bjecause a probation revocation proceeding is ‘informal [and] “unhampered by the procedure incident to a common law trial,”’ Rule 32.1(a)(2), not Rule 43, ‘sets forth the procedure for the revocation hearing.’” Id. at 440, 566 A.2d at 985 (alteration in original) (quoting Reporter’s Notes, VR.Cr.E 32.1). We likewise hold that Rule 16 does not apply to probation revocation proceedings, and any discovery there is governed by Rule 32.1.

We decline, however, to address defendant’s argument on appeal that VR.Cr.E 32.1 required disclosure of the statement and the tape, because this argument was never presented to the trial court, and therefore, was not properly preserved. See State v. Lettieri, 149 Vt. 340, 344, 543 A.2d 683, 685 (1988) (party is precluded from raising an objection on appeal on different grounds than were raised below).

The dissent maintains that complainant’s hearsay testimony should not have been admitted because it was not reliable. Without addressing whether complainant’s testimony constituted hearsay or implicated the best evidence rule, we note that defendant did not adequately raise the issue on appeal. See State v. Taylor, 145 Vt. 437, 439, 491 A.2d 1034, 1035 (1985) (Court will consider, sua sponte, issues not properly raised on appeal only in rare and extraordinary cases); State v. Martin, 145 Vt. 562, 566 n.3, 496 A.2d 442, 445 n.3 (1985) (Court will not decide inadequately briefed and argued issues); State v. Settle, 141 Vt. 58, 61, 442 A.2d 1314, 1315 (1982) (absent exceptional circumstances, issues not briefed are not to be considered on appeal). Moreover, with respect to the indicia of reliability, if defendant had actually spoken with complainant on the telephone and threatened her directly — no tape ever being made— then the indicia of reliability would be no greater or less than it is now. Defendant had ample opportunity to impeach complainant’s testimony, and the court was able to assess her credibility and consider possible motives for fabrication.

Affirmed.

Dooley, J.,

concurring and dissenting. I concur with the majority’s holding that VR.Cr.E 16 is inapplicable to this case, and that VR.Cr.E 32.1 is the relevant provision. However, because I believe complainant’s hearsay testimony was improperly admitted in violation of defendant’s due process rights,11 dissent.

We have recognized that “the scope of a *593probationer’s due process rights at a probation revocation hearing do ‘not parallel the constitutional rights afforded a defendant during a criminal trial.’” State v. Finch, 153 Vt. 216, 218, 569 A.2d 494, 495 (1989) (quoting State v. Kasper, 152 Vt. 435, 439, 566 A.2d 982, 985 (1989)). For example, we will allow revocation of probation to stand upon hearsay testimony alone. Watker v. Vermont Parole Bd., 157 Vt. 72, 74, 596 A.2d 1277, 1279 (1991), overruling Baxter v. Vermont Parole Bd., 145 Vt. 644, 497 A.2d 362 (1985).* 2 Nonetheless, there must always be respect for a fundamental level of due process protection to be afforded every probationer. See, e.g., Reporter’s Notes, VR.Cr.E 32.1 (Rule 32.1 sets forth constitutionally based requirements for preliminary and revocation of probation hearings, including notice of violation, disclosure of evidence, and right to confront witnesses against probationer). Thus, while we allow revocation based on hearsay alone, the hearsay must be both probative and reliable. Watker, 157 Vt. at 76-77, 596 A.2d at 1280;3 accord Finch, 153 Vt. at 218, 569 A.2d at 495. In this matter, complainant’s testimony was probative; her testimony went directly to the issue of whether defendant violated the terms of his probation. However, viewed objectively, complainant’s testimony was not reliable.

Complainant’s testimony lacks the indicia of reliability present in Watker and Finch. Unlike those cases, there is no corroboration for the testimony of the complainant, even as to surrounding details. Nor is the evidence of the type that is the subject of hearsay exceptions because of intrinsic reliability. See Finch, 153 Vt. at 218, 596 A.2d at 495 (upholding admission of detoxification center report showing defendant’s admission and treatment on ground that report was analogous to customarily reliable medical report). Moreover, the possibility of bias or motive to fabricate is a central concern in evaluating the reliability of hearsay evidence. See Bailey v. State, 612 A.2d 288, 293 (Md. 1992). Here, there was a probability of bias and great motive to fabricate. Complainant testified on cross-examination that she and defendant had decided to reconcile only a few weeks before he supposedly left the messages. After agreeing to reconcile, complainant discovered that defendant was seeing another woman. On the very night of defendant’s alleged threatening call, complainant ran into the other woman at a Winooski bar, and testified that she told the woman to “stay away from my husband.” She then called defendant to inform him that the woman “wasn’t of the highest character.” At the time of the revocation hearing, the parties were separated, and complainant had filed for a divorce from defendant.

There are other indications of lack of reliability. Complainant had original possession of the answering machine tape, but it was not produced at the hearing because the State’s efforts to obtain it were “futile.” Whatever the circumstances, lack of production of the tape prevented verification of complainant’s hearsay statement. The lack of the tape is *594even more troubling given that complainant’s recollection of the taped messages was imperfect; complainant testified at the revocation hearing, held just over one month after defendant supposedly left the messages, that her recollection of one of the four messages was unclear.4

It is no answer to the deficiency in the evidence that the court found it sufficiently reliable to base its findings upon it. The findings are sparse5 and give no indication that the court even considered the reliability threshold as required by Watker and Finch. The evidence is constitutionally inadequate to support revocation despite the court’s findings.

There is one other concern that requires airing in this case. After our holding, the defendant in Finch took his case to the United States District Court, which granted habeas corpus, concluding that the evidence was constitutionally inadequate to support probation revocation. Finch v. Vermont Dist. Ct., Civ. Action No. 90-9 (D. Vt. Sept. 24, 1990), adopting Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation (Aug. 23, 1990) (Niedermeier, Mag.) (unpub.). After analyzing relevant federal precedents, it concluded that “indicia of reliability may [not] alone justify denial of confrontation.” Magistrate’s Report at 8. Instead, it held that some showing of good cause was necessary to support use of hearsay without producing the live witnesses who could testify directly. Id. at 9.

We need not resolve whether we will follow the federal approach fully to hold here that there was such a lack of good cause that it undercuts any finding of reliability for complainant’s evidence. The State gave no explanation why the tape was unavailable except that its attempt to obtain it had been “futile.” Apparently, a police officer also heard the tape, but no attempt was made to obtain his testimony. It also appears from the transcript that the State was intending to offer the testimony of defendant’s probation officer concerning a conversation with defendant about the answering machine message. The State discontinued this attempt when it became clear that the State had failed to comply with a discovery order to disclose the content of the conversation prior to the hearing. Not only is “good cause” for use of the hearsay absent, the presentation of the State’s case is so inadequate that the fairness of the result is suspect.

Before this defendant rushes to federal court for habeas corpus relief, we must seriously evaluate whether the evidence presented against him is sufficient to deprive him of his liberty and whether alternative presentations were available to the State. Unless we are prepared to say that any hearsay is admissible, and any hearsay evidence can support probation revocation, we must reverse this probation revocation decision.

I dissent. I am authorized to state that Justice Johnson joins in this dissent.

*595Motion for Reargument Denied November 10,1994