The principal question presented by this, appeal, when reduced to its simplest form, is whether the part owner of a cho^b in action, having authority to collect it, is entitled to retain the whole proceeds of such collection, as a bona fide purchaser, if received by him in non-negotiable securities _ from the debtor. Were it not that the courts below have answered affirmatively, we would have hardly supposed the contrary conclusion susceptible of a reasonable doubt. Other questions, incidentally involved, also appear from the facts,, which, as found by the court, are substantially as follows:
In January, 1869, one Underwood owned a claim resting in open account, against one Zabrislde, arising out of certain stock transactions between them, upon which he claimed a sum exceeding $100,000. Zabrislde disputed his liability thereon, and Underwood, not being able to obtain payment, entered into a contract in writing with the plaintiff, an attorney residing in the city of New York, by which it was agreed between them that the said Fairbanks, for his services in endeavoring to collect certain claims owned by said Underwood, among which was that against Zabriskie, “ is to have one-sixth of whatever amount of money, securities, or property shall be received on account of such claims as shall be settled without suit, and one-third of whatever amount of money, securities, or property shall be collected, or in any way be realized or received, (whether on settlement or without settlement,) on account of such of said claims, as shall be put in suit, either in this or any other state or country.” Said Underwood “ is to decide upon the terms and mode, of settlement as to each and every of said claims, whether such settlement be before or after suit brought.” In January thereafter, Fairbanks, by Underwood’s direction, caused suit to be brought to recover the claim against Zabriskie, in a court of competent jurisdiction, in the state of New Jersey, that being" the state where Zabriskie resided, and the- action was steadily prosecuted by Fairbanks until it was settled as hereafter stated.
In 1871, Underwood, being indebted to Henry W. Sargent, the defendant’s testator, by an assignment in writing, absolute in form, transferred his claim against Zabriskie to Sargent, as collateral security. On or about June 18, 1872, Undérwood, at the urgent request of Sargent, and without the knowledge of the plaintiff, agreed to a settlement of the claim against Zabriskie, by authorizing Sargent to accept from him 40 bonds, being part of a series of 200, for $500 each, having 9 coupons for the payment of half-yearly installments of interest, payable to bearer, attached to each, and purporting to be made by one Sarah R. Haight, as executrix of the estate of Richard K. Haight, her deceased husband. By these bonds Sarah R. Haight agreed, as executrix, at a specified time, to pay the same, and also to pay *533semi-annual interest thereon, according to tbe terms of said coupons; and also represented thereby that she had secured such payments by a trust mortgage, executed by her as executrix, upon certain real estate situated in the city of New York, and represented to be property belonging to the estate of Richard K. Haight.
In pursuance of this agreement, Underwood wrote and delivered to one Gray, the agent of Zabriskie, a written order, addressed to the attorneys in New Jersey who had charge of the action against Zabriskie, stating that the action had been settled, and directing them to discontinue it upon payment by Zabriskie of their costs and charges, and those of the referee. Underwood also, at or about the same time, executed and delivered a release of all claim against Zabriskie to Gray, to be delivered to Zabriskie upon the payment of the price agreed upon for such settlement.
About June 18th, Sargent, through his agent, Monell, delivered to Gray a duly-executed release from Sargent to Underwood of all claims and demands which Sargent had against Underwood, and also duly executed reassignments of the securities received by him from -Underwood as collateral, with instructions to Gray to deliver them to Underwood after he should have received and forwarded to Sargent the bonds. It •also appears from the evidence that Zabriskie had notice of the •assignment of the claims to Sargent previous to the settlement, and authorized the delivery of the bonds to Sargent upon receiving a discharge from his liabilities to Underwood.
It must under the findings of the trial court, also be assumed that neither Sargent nor Monell at the time of such settlement, had any knowledge of the interest in the proceeds thereof which was claimed by the plaintiff.
Under these circumstances, Fairbanks brings this action .against Sargent to recover one-third of the bonds so received, or the value thereof, upon the ground that the agreement between Mm and Underwood constituted an equitable assignment of one-third of the property received on such settlement.
The first question in the case is as to the nature and extent of the right taken by Sargent in the Zabriskie claim by virtue of the assignment thereof to him by Underwood, and the rights growing out of the subsequent transactions between the parties. Inasmuch as the Zabriskie claim was evidenced by no written acknowledgment from the debtor, and was disputed by him, and was, from its nature, incapable of actual possession or manual delivery, no assignee of Underwood would acquire any superior right over any other assignee by virtue of the possession or apparent ownership of the claim by his assignor. Muller v. Pondir, 55 N. Y. 332. One assignee of such a claim from the owner must necessarily acquire the same interest in it *534that any other assignee does, and that is, in the absence of other-controlling equities, an interest subject to the rule that he wlm is prior in point of time is prior in right. Such a claim is at common law, non-assignable, and its assignee taires, by virtue of an assignment thereof, an equitable interest only, which must be governed by equitable rules for its protection and enforcement. Moore v. Metropolitan Bank, 55 N. Y. 41; Ford v. White, 16 Beav. 120; Phillips v. Phillips, 4 De Gex, F. & J., 208.
It is undoubtedly the general rule that the assignee of a chose in action takes it subject to all the equities existing against it in the hands of his assignor, and can acquire no greater right or interest therein.than belonged to his transferrer. It was said by Judge Destio in Bush v. Lathrop, 22 N. Y., 535, that “ the purchaser of a chose in action takes the interest purchased subject to all the defences, legal and equitable, of the debtor who issued the security. * * * In the transmission of property of any kind from one person to another, the former owner can, in reason, only transfer what he himself has to part with, and the other can only take what is thus transferred to him. * -* unnecessary to refer to authorities for this general principle, or to point out the exceptions to it which have been created by the custom of merchants, or by positive statutes. It is enough that the present case is not claimed to fall within any of those exceptions. But the rule, if limited in the manner I have stated it, does not aid the plaintiff; for it is. not the equity of the debtor in these securities which is' the question, but of the plaintiff’s intestate against Preston, his immediate assignee, and the question is whether the defendant is to be deemed to have purchased subject to this equity, or whether this assignment confers upon him a better title than his assignors, who were confessedly liable to it, had. The defendant claims that this is a latent equity, available only between the parties to it, and that it did not accompany the security when it passed into the hands of a subsequent owner.” The learned judge quotes the rule laid down by Lord. Thuelow, that “ a purchaser of a chose in action must always abide by the case of the person from whom he buys.” Bush v. Lathrop has been criticised in subsequent cases, and so far modified as to exclude from the operation of the principles there laid down the case of a purchase in good faith of a non-negotiable instrument from an assignee of the real owner, upon whom he has, by assignment, conferred the apparent absolute ownership, when such purchase has been made in reliance upon the title apparently acquired by such assignee. This modification is placed upon the ground of estoppel, and it is held that the real owner has, by his act of investing another with the apparent ownership of the property, estopped himself from disputing the title of one who thereafter-acquires it in good faith from such assignee. McNeil v. Tenth *535 Nat. Bank, 46 N. Y., 325; Moore v. Metropolitan Bank, 55 id. 41; Armour v. Michigan Central R. R. Co., 65 id. 122.
"We understand that the rule stated in Bushv. Lathrop, with the exception mentioned, stands in full force unquestioned. Ballard v. Burgett, 40 N. Y. 314; Weaver v. Barden, 49 id. 286; Moore v. Metropolitan Bank, supra.
Assuming, therefore, that Sargent could acquire from Underwood only such right as remained in him after his agreement with plaintiff, it becomes material to inquire what rights, legal or equitable, were acquired by Fairbanks from Underwood prior to the assignment to Sargent.
It is to be observed that this claim does not rest for its support upon a lien claimed by the plaintiff by virtue of his rights as an attorney rendering legal services for a client, but grows wholly out of the interest transferred to him by force of his agreement. It is also important to notice that this contract does not contain a provision by Underwood to pay plaintiff from the fund produced, or otherwise, but is an engagement that plaintiff shall have one-third of the proceeds of the collections in specie, or in such form as they shall be received from the debtor. In the opinion of the learned judge, writing at general term, and which was concurred in by the whole court, it was held that he did acquire an equitable lien upon one-third pf the proceeds of the collection, and we entirely concur in the' opinion there expressed.
In addition to the authorities relied upon below we also think the case is covered by the decision in Williams v. Ingersoll, 89 N. Y. 508. It' appeared in that case that certain attorneys were employed to transact the legal business required in the prosecution and defense of certain claims by one H. under an agreement that they were to be paid for their services out of any moneys H. should obtain or become entitled to from any of the suits or proceedings, and should have a lien for all sums that might be owing or due them for their said services, which lien should be superior to any right which H. might have.
All of such actions and proceedings,among which was a claim by H. for damages in an action for malicious prosecution, were afterward submitted to an arbitrator, and he awarded to H. damages for such malicious prosecution in the sum of $10,0100, which was attempted to be reached by certain attaching creditors of H.
It was held that the agreement operated as an equitable assignment to the attorneys of the award, and, although not effective to transfer the cause of action for malicious prosecution by reason of its non-assignability, itcyet attached to tlie award when it was made, and was superior to any right of PI., or those of his attaching creditors; that it was not needful, in order to make such assignment or lien valid, that notice thereof should be given to the debtors, as the only effect of a want of notice *536would be to validate a subsequent bona fide payment of the award by them; and that, as between different assignees of a chose in action by express assignment from the same person, the one prior in point of time will be protected, though'he has given no notice to either the subsequent assignees, or the debtor of such assignment. The court cited Muir v. Schenck, 3 Hill, 228; Greentree v. Rosenstock, 61 N. Y. 583; and Freund v. The Imp. & Tr. Nat. Bank, 76 id. 352. The case of Wylie v. Coxe, 15 How. U. S., 415, seems also to be directly in point.
The fact that Underwood reserved the right of naming the attorney who should conduct the prosecution of the claim when sued in a foreign state, or the right of determining the terms and mode of settlement of such claim does not in any manner detract from the validity of the agreement as an equitable assignment. These provisions might effect the amount recoverable by the assignee in case of settlement, but it would be an unwarrantable construction of the contract to say that they were intended by the parties to defeat the main object of the agreement. Both assignor and assignee were equally interested in swelling the amount to be recovered, and it is not at all strange that Fairbanks should assent to a condition which would not probably affect him, and which Underwood had a right to impose as a limitation upon the interest intended to be conveyed.
It is quité clear that Fairbanks had done all that he could do to protect his interest in the Zabriskie claim; he had taken all the possession of the subject of which it was susceptible; he had evidenced his right by requiring a written agreement from the owner stating its consideration and extent, and he had assumed the control of the claim and was openly engaged in its prosecution to the knowledge of all parties. He was under no obligation to give notice of his rights to any party in order to perfect them, and could not have limited their control over the litigations or the disposition of the proceeds thereof by Zabriskie if he had done so.
By the terms of his agreement with Underwood he had precluded himself from interfering with any mode of settlement which Underwood desired to make, and this right was transferred 'by Underwood to Sargent, and belonged exclusively to him at the time such settlement was made.
It is claimed that Fairbanks should have notified Monell of his interest in the Zabriskie claim when an interview took place between them in July, 1872, and that in some way he has precluded himself from asserting an interest in the proceeds of the settlement by reason of his neglect to do so. There is no foundation for such a claim. In the interview in question Monell informed Fairbanks, in substance, that he wished to obtain information of the condition of the Zabriskie claim, as his client, one Sargent, held a demand against Underwood, and was desir*537ous of knowing what prospects he had of realizing something on it from that source. Although Sargent then, and for some months previous, had been the actual owner of the claim, Mon-ell not only suppressed that fact from the knowledge of Fairbanks, but left it to be inferred that his only interest in the claim was the amount which he expected to obtain from Underwood as voluntary payments out of the proceeds thereof, and Monell then urged Fairbanks to continue the vigorous prosecution of the action. We can see nothing in this statement that imposed any duty upon Fairbanks to disclose to Sargent, or any other creditor of Underwood’s, the conditions of the contract under which he was prosecuting this claim. If Monell had then informed Fairbanks of any intended action on the part of Sargent with reference to such claim Avhich should assume the absence of any interest by Fairbanks in the proceeds thereof, a different question might arise; but this notice to Fairbanks was disingenuous and equivocal, and suppressed the very information which it was important for Fairbanks to know, or for Sargent to give. Fairbanks could not have supposed that Sargent was then the sole owner of the Zabriskie claim, or that he was then, or expected soon to be, engaged in a secret or clandestine effort to settle it, and absorb the proceeds of the litigation, to the exclusion of the attorney who was carrying it on.
Monell was himself a lawyer, and must be presumed to know, from the usual course of such business, that an attorney prosecuting a claim for an insolvent client presumptively has an interest in the subject of the action; and he was under the obligation of good faith and fair dealing to notify him of any disposition then known to him which had been made of the claim involved, or of any attempt to assume control of, and take the fruits of, the litigation, by a settlement thereof. The dispositian with which Monell interviewed Fairbanks is quite evident from the fact that when he set on foot the negotiations by which the litigation was finally settled, although carried on in the same city where plaintiff resided, he was not consulted by any of the parties, or informed as to the negotiations; and his interests therein, although they were known to both Gray and Underwood, and must also to some extent have been suspected by Monell, were wholly ignored by all the parties to the negotiations.
Sargent thus received the whole fruits of a litigation which, it is fair to assume, was the result in a great measure of the services and disbursements of Fairbanks, rendered and expended to a considerable extent after Sargent had acquired his interest in the claim.
Every consideration of equity requires that such a claim should be protected and there is nothing in the facts of the case upon which a superior equity in favor of Sargent’s claim over that of Fairbanks can justly be predicated.
*538The judgment of the general term, however, was placed upon the ground that Sargent between the bona fide holder of the bonds in question by reason of the delivery thereof to him by Underwood and the execution and delivery to Underwood by Sargent of a release of all claims and demands held by him against Underwood, and the reassignment of certain alleged securities held by Sargent as collateral to Underwood’s debt.
It seems to us that the conclusions of that court are not sustainable. If they are, it is quite clear that the subsequent assignee of a chose in action will be enabled to possess himself of the entire proceeds of the collection thereof, to the exclusion of a junior assignee, provided he obtain payment thereof from the debtor in money, or negotiable securities, and effects the-abrogation of the rule that an assignee of a non-negotiable chose-in action takes it subject to the equities of prior assignees.
We are, however, of the opinion that the court below misconceived the real nature of the transaction through which the collection of the Zabriskie claim was effected, and that Sargent, in fact and in law, received the bonds from Zabriskie and not from Underwood. Even if the theory of the general term were correct as to the person from whom Sargent received the bonds, we are of the opinion that the consideration paid by Sargent to Underwood was not sufficient to make him a bona fide holder thereof.
Upon such settlement Sargent delivered to Underwood three several instruments consisting of two reassignments and a release. The reassignments were of two claims previously assigned to Sargent by Underwood as collateral security for his debt.
The Zabriskie debt at the time of its reassignment had been settled and discharged and was necessarily valueless. The other claim is somewhat vaguely described ; but it was testified to by Monell that it was considered of no value both by himself and his client Sargent. The release was one executed by Sargent to Underwood, from all debts and demands owing by Underwood to him. This release was the discharge of an insolvent from an antecedent liability. It was not, however,, executed in consideration of receiving the bonds in question, for those, as we shall hereafter see, were received and held by-virtue of an equitable right already possessed by Sargent, and. not by reason of Underwood’s consent thereto.
The only legal consideration for this release was therefore Underwood’s consent to the settlement, whióli precluded him from afterwards claiming that the Zabriskie claim was more valuable than the amount received in satisfaction thereof.
Even if it be admitted that Sargent delivered this release in consideration of the receipt of the bonds, it would constitute him a bona fide holder to 'the extent only of the value parted *539with by him. Moore v. Ryder, 65 N.Y. 442; Cardwell v. Hicks, 37 Barb 458; Lawrence v. Clark, 36 N.Y. 128.
Upon the facts stated it is quite apparent, however, that he parted with nothing of value to Underwood.
We think the courts below were misled by looking more at the form of the transaction than at its legal effect. It is immaterial in what form the parties chose to put the transaction if it is not in accordance with its legal effect, for equity will consider and adjudicate the rights of the parties according to the real nature of the transaction, without regard to its form. When the settlement was effected Sargent was the apparent equitable owner of the Zabriskie demand, claiming to be its real owner, but eoncededly possessed of the absolute right to settle and discharge it and receive the proceeds of the collection, and Zabriskie had notice of these rights.
Sargent required no authority or consent from Underwood to' authorize him to effect the settlement, and Zabriskie had no right or authority to settle and pay the claim to any one but Sargent.
• Underwood never actually or theoretically had the bonds in his possession, and the only office he was called on to perform in connection with the settlement was to approve the act of his assignee, Sargent in receiving $20,000 as a satisfaction thereof, and to execute a release to Zabriskie after the settlement was effected. Such a release would have been entirely ineffectual for any purpose if it had not been subsequently ratified by Sargent, and was of no more effect than if executed by any other agent of Sargent’s.
The only effect, therefore, of Underwood’s consent to the settlement and execution of the release was to deprive him of the right of subsequently claiming against Sargent that it had been satisfied for less than the real value of the claim.
The consideration paid to Underwood was, therefore, wholly and exclusively for the acquisition of this right and did not effect in any way Sargent’s right or authority to settle the action or receive the proceeds thereof from Zabriskie.
The cause of action here was not put upon any interest in the bonds claimed to have existed before their transfer to Sargent, or upon the invalidity of the title acquired by him; but it is based upon the claim that they were valid securities in his hands and that plaintiff’s equities attached to them upon his receipt thereof.
Sargent was equitably chargeable with the duty of guarding the interest of his co-owner in the proceeds of the Zabriskie claim, and this whether he was informed of such interest or not. The want of such 'notice did not, as we have seen, affect the validity of plaintiff’s claim.
The question in the case, therefore, is whether, after he had *540acquired possession of the bonds, he became subject to any liability to third persons by virtue of any equity existing in their .favor in respect thereto.
Underwood in his agreement with Fairbanks, having reserved the power to determine the terms and mode of settlement of the Zabriskie claim, and Sargent, having, by the subsequent assignment to him, become vested with the same power, was subject to the same liability which would have attached to the bonds in the hands of Underwood if the assignment to Sargent had not been made.
He could Uot, therefore, have become a bona fide purchaser of the bonds to any greater extent than the value belonging to him which he parted with. The equitable right of the plaintiff to one-third of the Zabriskie claim cannot be considered as value parted with in good faith to Sargent. Moore v. Ryder, supra. Sargent must be presumed to have known the law, and that in collecting a non-negotiable chose in action which he had acquired by assignment from another, he was subject to the liability of being required to satisfy the claims of prior assignees thereof. He could not acquire an indefeasible right to such a claim by any form of assignment, and in discharging the debtor from his. liability thereon he did so subject to his liability to unknown claimants with equities superior to his own.
We think, therefore, that Sargent did not take the bonds in question as a bona fide purchaser thereof in respect that they were not acquired by him for a valuable consideration, or in the ordinary course of business within the spirit and intent of the rule protecting bona fide purchasers of negotiable securities.
While Zabriskie received a valid discharge from his liability upon the claim in suit because he received it from the apparent owner without notice of any hostile claim, yet, as we have seen, Sargent received the bonds subject to any latent equities existing in the claim which was discharged as the consideration for their receipt, and in that respect did not acquire the character of a bona fide holder by the transaction in question.
We are, therefore, of the opinion that the plaintiff is entitled to a new trial. The judgments of the courts below should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.
All concur, except Uajo’OBTH, J., not voting.
Judgment reversed.