The questions presented upon this appeal relate to the rights and obligations of a borrower upon bond and mortgage from a building and loan association which has become insolvent, such borrower being also a shareholder in said association. Their presentation has been occasioned by the decision of the Appellate Division affirming the action of the trial court charging the appellants with certain stuns for fines, dues and interest, and refusing to credit them upon their indebtedness for actual advances with certain other sums paid by way of dues and interest upon premium charged upon the loan, and as interest on account of an underlying mortgage in excess of the rate said mortgage bore to the association.
Because this court has not, in any opinion, expressed its views upon some at least of these questions which are frequently arising, we have deemed it wise at this time in affirming the judgment appealed from so to do.
The blew York Building-Loan Banking Company was organized under chapter 122, Laws of 1851. The appellant Hockey, being the owner of premises whereon there was an existing mortgage of $8,500, and desiring to procure money and also to retire said mortgage, applied for membership in said association and subscribed for 115 8/10 shares of Class A stock, the matured value of which at $100 per share would be equal to the amount conditioned and secured to be paid by the bond and mortgage thereafter executed to said association and of which foreclosure is herein being sought. *190Said aggregate amount consisted of moneys actually advanced to tlip mortgagor, of the amount of said existing mortgage which said association hound itself to retire at or before the maturity of the shares of stock subscribed for by appellant, paying the interest in the meantime, and also of a premium, so called, upon said transaction of $1,930. Both by his application for membership and by "aid bond and mortgage said appellant hound himself eaen month to pay a certain sum as monthly dues or installments on his stock including the shares representing premium, and also interest at the rate-of six per cent upon the amount secured by his bond and mortgage; also directly and indirectly taxes, insurance and fines for arrears of dues. The underlying bond and mortgage which made up part of the amount of tlie one executed by appellants bore interest at the rate of only live per cent. At various dates prior to September 12,1903, Bockey defaulted upon various classes of payments. Upon said- last-mentioned date plaintiff was appointed temporary receiver of said association.
• The court below has charged appellants down to September 13, 1903, with arrears of interest at six per cent on the total amount of the bond and mortgage, with arrears of dues on shares including those representing the amount .of the premium included in the' bond and mortgage, and witli fines for arrears of such dues. From and after said date it has charged thém only with interest at six per cent upon the amount of cash actually advanced and with tho interest at the rate of five per cent actually paid by said association upon the underlying mortgage. It has also charged them with certain amounts for taxes, insurance and - interest thereon, over which there is no dispute. It has refused to credit them on account of the sums actually paid to them or advanced for their benefit, with any part of the dues or interest paid by or charged to them on account of Bockey’s shares of stock, and especially those representing tbs premium item, or with any part of the excess of one per cent interest paid by or charged to them over and above the rate actually paid by the association upon the underlying mortgage, and this refusal, as already *191intimated, constitutes in large measure the basis for the present appeal.
This court has already adopted the rule followed in this casé, that where a savings and loan association becomes insolvent and passes into the hands of a receiver and is no longer able to carry out its contract with the borrowing shareholders, all of such borrowing shareholders should be relieved from their contracts with the association as of the date on which the receiver was appointed, and an equitable adjustment should then be made. (Riggs v. Carter, 173 N. Y. 632, affirming without opinion 77 App. Div. 580.)
In this case this rule has been construed as. exempting the borrower from liability to pay any part of the premium reserved to the association after the date of the receivership, and this decision has not been challenged by the plaintiff.
The appellants contend for a still further application of this rule for an equitable adjustment. In substance, and briefly, it is urged that the relationship between the association and the borrower constituted an entire contract; that the premium included in the bond and mortgage was predicated upon the performance of such entire contract, which has failed, and that, therefore, appellants should be credited on account of their other and actual indebtedness with all the sums paid by way of dues and interest on shares representing said premium and for interest on account of the underlying mortgage in excess of that actually paid by the association, it not having completed its contract to retire said mortgage. This, of course, is a very brief summary of the extended and careful argument presented in behalf of the appellants upon this branch of the case, hut it is the summary to which, in onr opinion, a final analysis reduces that argument.
We may assume for the sake of the discussion that this argument would be convincing if the appellant Bockey occupied simply the position of an ordinary borrower and such relationship exclusively covered and determined the character of the payments which have been made, but such is not the case. The borrower also occupied the other position of a *192shareholder in the association and as such lie was subject to and bound by its purposes and policies as evidenced by the statute under which it was incorporated and its articles of association and by-laws, and this relationship must also be taken into account in determining the character and disposition of the payments made by him and sums charged to him.
An examination especially of the articles of association shows that the general scheme as relating to the class of shareholders which included appellant Rockey was to accumulate a fund to aid certain members, amongst other things, in removing incumbrances from their real estate, and to repay to other members who' did not obtain advances the par value of their shares; that this fund was to be accumulated to the extent of maturing or making worth par the shares so held and that when the shares of a borrower thus matured or became worth par, they would be the medium of paying or discharging his bond and mortgage; that the accumulation of this fund and the maturity value of such shares was to be effected from monthly installments on shares “ together with the profits from interest, premiums, fines, withdrawals, an equitable portion of any reserve or surplus fund or undivided profits, and all other profits accruing to each share.” (Article 27, section 1.) Eacli share was to be charged with any and qll amounts owing by the shareholder, for fines, advances, interest, premiums, etc., and the profits apportioned at the end of each year were to be set aside and to' constitute a fund known as the “Maturity Ennd.” The conditions and obligations of the bond and mortgage themselves contemplated the payment of certain sums towards the maturity of the borrower’s shares of stockj which upon such maturity would secure the payment of his indebtedness.
Thus it appears quite clearly that the plan of the association which was binding upon the appellants contemplated that Mr. Rockey as a shareholder should make certain payments by way of premiums and interest which should be productive of profits to the association, and result in the accumulation of funds which would mature or make worth par the shares *193of stock held by him and others, and which shares when so matured in the case of a borrower would be used to pay 1ns indebtedness, and in the case of a non-borrower, to pay and retire his stock. It would almost seem fair to say that the controlling purpose and obligation which governed said appellant was to make payments into a fund which would mature stock, and that the question whether such stock when thus matured should be used to pay a bond and mortgage or not was an incidental and subordinate one. This purpose of the association and these obligations which rested upon the appellant while he was making the payments in question must certainly be taken into account in deciding the contention which is now made for the application of those payments. All of the shareholders of this class were interested in having this policy carried out, and so far as they occupied the position of borrowers it must be assumed that they were engaged in making similar payments for the purpose of accomplishing the accumulation and maturity of shares. Just as the premium payments which the appellant has made help swell this accumulation, so likewise it is to be presumed that such accumulation which tended towards the maturity of his stock and, therefore, towards the payment of his indebtedness has been aided by the payments of other shareholders. Certain rights and obligations were established between him and them with reference to the accumulation of this fund which governed the payments that he was making towards the same, and it seems to us quite plain that he cannot now have applied upon his indebtedness in the manner claimed by him said payments without violating his obligation to the other shareholders and withdrawing sums for his benefit from the general fund which has been accumulated for the benefit of all shareholders therein. We think that .the sums paid by him and charged to him for dues and interest on account of premium before the insolvency cannot be credited as desired by him upon his bond and mortgage, but that he must get relief and credit therefor as a shareholder with other shareholders.
*194This court has affirmed without opinion the proposition that a borrowing shareholder can be compelled to pay all installments agreed to be paid for premiums down to the date of the receivership, and that he should not be credited with such payments upon the amount advanced upon his bond and mortgage. (Riggs v. Carter, 77 App. Div. 580; affirmed, 173 N. Y. 632; Roberts v. Cronk, 94 App. Div. 171; affirmed, 182 N. Y. 546.)
These decisions seem to adjudicate the disposition of the dues paid by or charges to appellant upon his premium shares and also by logical implication to deny the contention as to the interest paid upon the item bf premium, for A the receiver of the association could properly collect and retain installments of premium he could collect and retain interest paid as a condition of deferring payment of the premium.
The course of reasoning which we have adopted covers, in a general way, the item of interest already referred to. In addition it may be said that appellant paid interest with the other items towards accumulating a fund which should mature his stock. The association undertook, at or before the date of such maturity, to pay up the underlying mortgage, and in the meantime to pay the interest thereon and carry it. There was no concealment from the borrower of the fact that the existing mortgage bore a less rate of interest than he agreed to pay, and if the association in performing its agreement with him could secure a lower rate of interest than it charged, the difference was an item of profit contemplated by its articles of association and by the shareholders who sxibscribed thereto.' We do not overlook the fact that in Hall v. Stowell (75 App. Div. 21) a different end was reached and a similar excess of interest applied upon the actual indebtedness of the .borrower. That decision, however, was rendered upon a submission of contro- . versy upon an agreed statement of facts, and, so far as we can discover, without any discussion or opposition by the plaintiff.
'It is urged that the bond and mortgage were infected with usury, but the refutation of' this proposition seems to require but little consideration. The provisions of the statute under *195which the association was incorporated expressly rendered fines, monthly payments and premiums innocuous under our statute prohibiting usury, and we do not see in the interest provisions of the contract any proof of usury. •
We are told with much earnestness that the judgment appealed from works harsh and inequitable results, and is at variance with the decisions of other states and with the rules formulated by text writers. We think the latter statement, to some extent at least, is borne out by what has been decided and written upon the general subject now presented to us. However, the adjustment of rights between borrowers, shareholders and creditors of one of these insolvent associations is a perplexing subject upon which much may be said from different and conflicting standpoints. While we regard the authorities from other jurisdictions as entitled to much respect as a matter of argument, we still feel that the conclusion indicated by us is too well supported by a just consideration of all conflicting interests and by many well-considered decisions in this state to be now abandoned. So, too, while we appreciate that building and loan associations as a class have become the subject of much deserved criticism and disfavor, and while many of them have charged excessive prices for the benefits which they agreed to confer, and then through culpable mismanagement have often defaulted in fulfillment of what they promised, still that does not furnish any basis upon which we may overturn what seems to be the just construction of a legal contract. The remedy for such evils must necessarily rest with the legislature which created these associations and legalized their operations.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Cullen, Ch. J., Gray, Edward T. Bartlett, Werner and Chase, JJ., concur; O’Brien, J., absent.
Judgment affirmed.