(after stating the facts as above). This action was brought to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by tbe plaintiff by reason of the refusal of defendant, an *188English, corporation, to transfer to the name of the plaintiff upon its books 500 shares of stock. This stock had been issued to Hulbert H. Warner, in whose name it stood on the books of the company, and who held certificate therefor. He became indebted to plaintiff' in 1891, and assigned this stock as collateral, and subsequently, being unable to pay his debt, made his conveyance absolute. At the time Warner pledged his stock, and for two years thereafter, the-articles of association of the defendant provided, in the case of shares not fully paid up, that the directors might refuse to register-a transfer by a member against whom the company had an unsatisfied claim, and that the company should have a first and paramount lien upon such shares, registered in the name of any member for-any debt due by him to the company. The instrument of transfer executed by Warner, and the certificate representing said shares, were not presented to defendant by plaintiff, nor was a transfer of said shares demanded until subsequent to June 1, 1893, nor did defendant receive until subsequent to that date any notice that plaintiff had or claimed to have any interest in said shares. Meanr while, and on May 15, 1893, defendant amended its articles of association so as do give it a paramount lien against a stockholder’s shares for any indebtedness from him to the company, whether the-shares were or were not fully paid up. During all the times mentioned in the complaint Warner was indebted to defendant in the sum of over $200,000, which is greatly in excess of the value of the ,500 shares.
The writ of error presents little for the consideration of this court, since the trial was had before a referee. The supreme court in Shipman v. Mining Co., 158 U. S. 361, 15 Sup. Ct. 887, 39 L. Ed. 1016, which sanctions the practice of sending a cause to a referee, with instructions to report the testimony, with the findings of fact and' of law, to the court, indicates the functions of the reviewing court in these words:
“As the court in its judgment ordered his findings to stand as the findings-of the court, the only questions before this court are whether the facts found by the referee sustain the judgment. As the case was not tried by the circuit court upon a waiver in writing of a trial by jury, this court cannot review-exceptions to the admission or exclusion of evidence, or to findings of fact, by the referee, or to his refusal to find facts as requested.”
See, also, two recent decisions of this court. Railroad Co. v. Clark, 35 C. C. A. 120, 92 Fed. 971, 983, and Steel v. Lord, 35 C. C. A. 555, 93 Fed. 728.
The first 29 assignments of error present exceptions to the admission of evidence, which cannot be reviewed here. The referee was called upon to find, and, did find, what provisions of English statutes were in force, and what was the law of England, at the several dates with which the case is concerned, touching the power of corporations created under English statutes to amend their articles of association, and to refuse to register transfers of stock, and what liens were or were not created under English law by transactions such as took place in this case, and what were the relative priorities of such liens under the same law.' It is elementary law *189that our courts do not take notice of foreign law, unless it be proved as a fact in the case. Talbot v. Seeman, 1 Cranch, 38, 52 L. Ed. 15; Liverpool & G. W. Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 446, 9 Sup. Ct. 469, 32 L. Ed. 788. The findings of the referee, therefore, as to English law, statute or common, are findings of fact not reviewable here. This disposes of the 30th, 32d, 33d, 36th, and 37th assignments of error. The 31st assignment covers an exception to a finding of the referee that upon May 15, 1893, the defendant amended its articles of association in certain specified particulars. This was either purely a question of fact, or if it were a mixed question, depending in part upon a determination as to what procedure would, under English law, affect an amendment, the finding was nevertheless a finding of fact. Findings by the referee as to the state of the account between Warner and defendant on certain specified days, and as to what agreement was entered into between them on or about November 20, 1890, are made the subject of the 34th and 35th assignments of error. They are manifestly findings of fact.
The remaining assignments of error present, in varying forms of words, 'an exception to the conclusion of law which the referee and the court drew from the facts found. These assignments fully present the question whether the findings warrant the conclusion, but that question is no longer an open one in this court. It. being established that under the law of England, upon the facts set forth above, the defendant, by its amendment of May 15, 1893, would secure a lien upon the shares paramount to the one which plaintiff had obtained two years before, we are constrained, by the decision of the supreme court in Railway Co. v. Gebhard, 109 U. S. 527, 3 Sup. Ct. 363, 27 L. Ed. 1020, to bold that the plaintiff here was not entitled to recover. The judgment is affirmed.