Truck Insurance Exchange (“TIE” or the “insurer”) contracted to indemnify Adolph Coors Company and Coors Brewing Company (collectively, “Coors” or the “insured”) for damages the insured had to pay “because of bodily injury caused by an occurrence to which this insurance applies” during the policy coverage periods. TIE further contracted to defend Coors in any suit “seeking damages on account of such bodily injury, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false, or fraudulent.” Subsequently, Coors and several other alcohol manufacturers became defendants in five putative class action lawsuits1 that included allegations of unfair business practices, unjust enrichment, negligence, civil conspiracy, and corrupt activity, all in connection with the marketing of alcoholic beverages to underage consumers.2 TIE refused to defend Coors in these suits, *620prompting Coors to commence the instant litigation against TIE for breach of its insurance contract (specifically, breach of the “duty to defend”). The Superior Court granted summary judgment to TIE, concluding that TIE had no duty to defend because “this Court cannot find that the lawsuits allege damages that occurred as a result of bodily harm.”3 We affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of TIE.
I.
We review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de novo. Joeckel v. Disabled Am. Veterans, 793 A.2d 1279, 1281 (D.C.2002). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Woodland v. District Council 20, 777 A.2d 795, 798 (D.C.2001). Thus, in examining the instant appeal, we examine whether “there is no genuine issue of material fact on which a jury could find for the non-moving party.” Holland v. Hannan, 456 A.2d 807, 815 (D.C.1983).
II.
Preliminarily, we must determine whether to apply the substantive duty-to-defend law of Colorado or, instead, that of the District of Columbia in deciding the dispute before us. During the Superior Court proceedings, the parties disagreed on this issue, with Coors relying on the District’s law in its motion for summary judgment, and TIE advocating application of Colorado law in its opposition. In her Order granting summary judgment to TIE, the trial judge applied Colorado law, but noted that she would have arrived at the same result under the District’s law.4
Choice of law questions are subject to de novo review. Vaughan v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 702 A.2d 198, 200 (D.C.1997). Where a contract is silent on the matter, we conduct a “governmental interest” analysis to determine which jurisdiction’s law controls the interpretation and enforcement of the contract. See Holmes v. Brethren Mut. Ins. Co., 868 A.2d 155, 157 n. 2 (D.C.2005); Vaughan, supra, 702 A.2d at 202. This analysis requires us to consider several factors, including: (1) the place of contracting; (2) the place of negotiation of the contract; (3) the place of performance; (4) the location of the subject matter of the contract; (5) the residence and place of business of the parties; and (6) the principal location of the insured risk. Restatement (Seoond) of Conflict of Laws §§ 188, 193 (1971); *621 see also Vaughan, supra, 702 A.2d. at 200-03 (citing favorably Restatement (Seoond) OF CONFLICT of Laws §§ 187, 198).
Applying the governmental interest test, we agree with the trial court that Colorado law should govern. Coors Brewing Company both is incorporated and has its principal place of business in Colorado, and Adolph Coors Company likewise has its principal place of business there. TIE, incorporated and headquartered in California, also lacks any relevant relationship with the District of Columbia. Correspondence between the parties indicates that Colorado is where they negotiated and finalized the insurance contract and performed their contractual obligations. Moreover, the parties agreed upon a “Colorado Amendatory Endorsement” to the insurance policy, presumably for the purpose of complying with Colorado law. The District’s only apparent connection to the contractual dispute is the Hakki lawsuit, the one underlying suit filed in this jurisdiction (the other suits are in the courts of Colorado, North Carolina, and Ohio). Under these circumstances, it seems clear that Colorado has a more “significant relationship” to the Coors-TIE insurance transaction than the District or any other jurisdiction. See Restatement (Second) of CONFLICT of Laws § 188(1).
III.
Under Colorado law, an insurer must defend its insured where the underlying complaint includes allegations that, “if sustained, would impose a liability on the insured that is arguably covered by the policy.” Carl’s Italian Rest. v. Truck Ins. Exch., 183 P.3d 636, 638 (Colo.Ct.App. 2007) (noting that an insurer’s duty to defend its insured against adverse litigation is broader than its duty to indemnify the insured for any judgments resulting from such litigation); see also id. at 639 (duty to defend arises if there is “even one claim that is arguably covered by the policy”); Cotter Corp. v. Am. Empire Surplus Lines, 90 P.3d 814, 827 (Colo.2004). Colorado courts determine whether a duty to defend exists in a particular case by comparing the face of the complaint with the relevant insurance policy, which should be construed according to contract law principles. See, e.g., Hecla Mining Co. v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 811 P.2d 1083, 1089 (Colo.1991); Bainbridge, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Co. of Connecticut, 159 P.3d 748, 750 (Colo.Ct.App.2006) (“An insurer looks to the four corners of the complaint, together with the policy, to determine its right and duty to defend.”); see also Chacon v. Am. Family Mut. Ins., 788 P.2d 748, 750 (Colo.1990) (“An insurance policy is a contract which should be interpreted consistently with the well settled principles of contractual interpretation.”). For purposes of duty-to-defend analysis, factual allegations described in the complaint are more significant than are the particular causes of action asserted. See Gerrity Co. v. CIGNA Prop. & Cas. Co., 860 P.2d 606, 607 (Colo.Ct.App.1993) (“It is, however, the factual allegations in the complaint, and not the legal claims, that determine an insurer’s duty.”).
Pursuant to the insurance policies at issue, TIE must defend Coors against suits “seeking damages” on account of such bodily injury or property damage [caused by an “occurrence” to which this insurance applies], even if any of the allegations of the suit are “groundless, false, or fraudulent.” Bodily injury is defined in the policies as “bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by any person which occurs during the policy period, including death at any time resulting therefrom.” Occurrence is defined as “an event, or series of events ..., proximately caused by an act or omission of the insured ... which re-*622suits, during the policy period, in bodily injury ... neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured.” Thus, TIE has a duty to defend Coors only if the underlying complaints (1) can be read to allege that, through its acts or omissions, Coors caused bodily injury that was both unintentional and unexpected, and (2) seek damages on account of such bodily injury.5
IV.
The parties focus their disagreement on whether the underlying complaints “seek damages on account of [] bodily injury.” Pointing to the class plaintiffs’ repeated references to illnesses and accidents associated with underage drinking, Coors maintains that the complaints do seek damages on account of bodily injury and therefore trigger TIE’s duty to defend. TIE counters that the complaints’ allusions to alcohol-related “human suffering” are only “tangentially-related” to the stated causes of action, through which plaintiffs seek to recover for purely economic injury (ie., the “enormous economic injuries to Plaintiffs and the classes” occasioned by “billions of dollars in family assets [being] transferred to Defendants as part of the far-reaching illegal trade in alcoholic beverages”).
Clearly, the Halda, Kreft, Eisenberg, and Tully complaints do seek relief for (two types of) non-bodily injury suffered by the class plaintiffs themselves.6 First, the complaints allege economic injury, stating that members of the putative Guardian Class (consisting of parents and guardians whose children purchased and consumed alcohol illegally) suffered “substantial financial losses” and “injury to their business or property” when Coors procured “billions of dollars in family assets” through illicit alcohol sales to their children.7 Second, the complaints allege that members of the putative Guardian Class and the putative Injunctive Class (consisting of parents and guardians of all children currently under age twenty-one) incur injury when “underage consumers *623are induced to illegally consume defendants’ alcoholic beverages.” This second type of injury perhaps is best characterized as psychological, on the theory that it relates to the distress a parent feels when his child may be exposed to danger. Psychological harm, however, is not bodily injury “when there is no physical impact, fear of physical harm, or physical manifestation of emotional distress.” Nat'l Cas. Co., supra note 7, 833 P.2d at 746 (construing an insurance policy containing the same definition of “bodily injury” that appears in the TIE-Coors contract). It appears that, in connection with the foregoing allegations, the Hakki, Kreft, Eisen-berg, and Tully complaints describe alcohol-related injury and illness only in order to provide narrative detail rather than to establish a basis for recovery. Cf. Royal Ins. Co. of Am. v. Boston Beer Co., No. 1:04cv2295, 2007 WL 1072166, at *6 n. 5 (N.D.Ohio April 5, 2007) (reading allegations, similar to those in the complaints before us, of “hundreds of thousands of [alcohol-related] deaths, injuries, and illnesses” as “mere[ ] extraneous background references”).
There is, however, another possible reading of the complaints — one that we must consider since we are obligated to construe the underlying complaints in favor of the insured Coors8 — that could trigger TIE’S duty to defend. At least arguably, the underlying complaints can be read to seek redress for “thousands of [alcohol-related] deaths, injuries, and illnesses” to underage drinkers and the public at large — i.e., redress for bodily injury “sustained by any person.” (emphasis added). We may assume that claims by class plaintiffs seeking to vindicate the rights of the general population are vulnerable to dismissal on grounds of standing. See, e.g., Adams v. Land Servs., Inc., 194 P.3d 429, 433 (Colo.Ct.App.2008). But the likelihood of success of the underlying complaints does not determine TIE’S duty to defend, because TIE promised to defend Coors even against suits that are “groundless, fraudulent, or false.”
To our knowledge, Colorado courts have not opined on whether a complaint against an insured that asserts a claim for which the plaintiff lacks standing — e.g., a complaint in which the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy for bodily injuries suffered by the general population — triggers an insurer’s duty to defend under a policy like the one at issue. But a court elsewhere, albeit in an unpublished opinion, has suggested that the answer to that question could be “yes.” See Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Nat'l Shooting Sports Found., Inc., No. 99-31046, 2000 WL 1029091 (5th Cir. July 11, 2000) (explaining, in a case involving an insurer’s duty to defend its insured in handgun liability actions filed by municipalities, that “[w]e reject [the insurer’s] contention that [the] ‘because of bodily injury provision requires that the plaintiff seeking damages be the one who suffered the bodily injury’). Because we cannot confidently conclude that Colorado courts would hold that TIE has no duty to defend suits seeking redress for bodily injury sustained by any person, we proceed to consider what TIE has argued is the second reason why the underlying suits did not trigger the duty to defend.9
*624V.
If the underlying complaints allege that Coors’ acts or omissions resulted in harm that was “not expected or intended,” TIE must provide a defense, but if they allege “expected” or “intended” harm, TIE has no duty to defend. Coors argues that there is a duty to defend because the inclusion of a negligence count in each of the complaints establishes that the underlying plaintiffs sought relief from the unintended effects of Coors’ allegedly unreasonable acts. But, viewing the complaints in their entirety, we do not believe it is even “arguable” that the class plaintiffs sought relief on account of injuries that, from Coors’ perspective, were unexpected or unintended. See Compass, supra note 6, 984 P.2d at 613-14.
To begin with, the complaints unambiguously characterize Coors’ conduct as purposefully harmful. Each complaint begins with an accusation that Coors and other alcohol manufacturers injured the class plaintiffs through the operation of “a long-running, sophisticated, and deceptive scheme ... to market alcoholic beverages to children and other underage consumers” in order to “generate billions of dollars per year in unlawful revenue.”10 Underscoring the point, several of the class complaints specifically disclaim concern with “the incidental exposure of children to alcoholic beverage advertising that is properly and reasonably directed to adults.” 11 The lawsuits instead “seek[ ] redress only for the deliberate and reckless targeting of underage consumers.” (emphasis added): Accordingly, notwithstanding the pleading of a negligence claim,12 it is clear that the *625underlying litigation exclusively targeted Coors’ intentional conduct.
Second, even if, as Coors contends, the complaints do not suggest that Coors “wanted to hurt minors” through its intentional acts, that argument does not advance Coors’ position. This is because Colorado’s duty-to-defend jurisprudence does not distinguish between the desire to engage in activity that is harmful, and the desire to actually cause harm. See, e.g., Hecla, supra, 811 P.2d at 1088. In Hecla, the Colorado Supreme Court interpreted an insurance agreement which, like the policies at issue, defined covered “occurrences” as including only those acts or omissions for which injury was “neither expected nor intended” from the standpoint of the insured. The court held that this language should be read to exclude coverage only for results “that the insured knew would flow directly and immediately from its intentional act.” Id. Here, the complaints state, for example, that alcoholic beverages are “unusually dangerous products which are a well established cause of numerous injuries, illnesses, and deaths ...” and allege that Coors employed a long-running and sophisticated scheme “to market alcoholic beverages to children” despite the common knowledge that underage drinking is dangerous. They assert that Coors attempted to “conceal” and “disguise” its activities, implying that Coors and other alcohol manufacturers understood, and therefore sought to hide, the potential for harm.
Thus, under any reasonable reading, the complaints allege that Coors knew that underage drinking and its accompanying dangers “would flow directly and immediately” from its actions. Whether Coors maliciously wished harm upon underage consumers — or, more precisely, whether the underlying complaints accuse it of such malice — is irrelevant. See Fire Ins. Exch. v. Bentley, 953 P.2d 1297, 1301 (Colo.Ct. App.1998) (concluding that insured’s purposeful tape-recording and broadcasting of a sexual encounter fell within insurance pokey’s intentional acts exclusion because injury was “reasonably foreseeable as a matter of law” even if insured did not “intend[] to injure”); see also Cotter, supra, 90 P.3d at 823 (“an insured’s expectation of damage [to the environment] is irrelevant, and the only necessary inquiry is whether the discharge [of contaminants] was unexpected and unintended”).
Because the underlying complaints allege and seek relief on account of injury that resulted from Coors’ intentional commission of harmful acts, we hold that they did not trigger TIE’s duty to defend. Accordingly, the order of the trial court entering summary judgment in favor of TIE is
Affirmed.