MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
Introduction
Darwin Jensen (“Plaintiff’) filed a Complaint to Determine Dischargeability of Debt. Docket No. 1. In it, he alleged that chapter 7 debtor Rebecca Nuttall White (“Defendant”) willfully and maliciously gelded a stallion owned by Plaintiff, and that the damages he suffered as a result, constitute a claim excepted from discharge in Defendant’s bankruptcy case. The Court conducted a trial at which the parties appeared and presented evidence, testimony and argument. After due consideration of the parties’ submissions, as well as the applicable law, this Memorandum disposes of the issues raised in this action. Rules 7052; 9014.1
Findings of Fact
Plaintiff and Defendant were married in February 2000.
Prior to the marriage, Plaintiff engaged in the manufacturing of vitamin and mineral supplements for horses, as well as breeding and raising quarter horses. He also raised feed for the horses. He continues to breed and raise horses at the present time.
Prior to the marriage, Defendant worked as a law enforcement officer in Utah for several years. Before that experience, since approximately age 20, she had been involved with, and received a steady income from, training horses.
When the parties married, Defendant moved to Idaho and took part in Plaintiffs horse business. During the marriage, Defendant made no decisions concerning the gelding of stallions as part of her role in the business.
In about March 2000, a colt was born in the parties’ horse operation which they named Five Star Winken (“FSW”). Plaintiff considered FSW to be special for two reasons: first, he was a “dun” (i.e., buckskin in color), with a black mane and tail, black dorsal stripe and black legs; and second, he had a distinctive pedigree, in that FSW was a cross between the Winken Wayne line and the Jody Fairfax line of horses. While FSW’s parents had not generated any particular amounts of income, nor accumulated any prize points through any of the various racing or roping organizations, his grandparents had both been, in Plaintiffs words, “famous” horses. Plaintiff felt FSW exhibited the features which made his grandparents famous: the speed of Winken Wayne and the cowhorse sense and speed of Jody Fairfax. In his opinion, this combination of brains and speed would make FSW desirable to those in the horse industry. He also thought FSW’s prized color and markings made the horse more valuable.
In February 2002, the parties separated, and in March 2002, Defendant filed for divorce. Defendant lived on the premises where the horse operation was conducted until June 15, 2002, when she moved off the property. At that time, she took a horse trailer and five of the parties’ horses with her, including FSW.2
*161At some point during the divorce proceedings, the parties stipulated to the appointment of a master, who examined the marital assets and appraised their value. Ex. A. Although the record is unclear as to exactly how it came about, the horses were appraised by a man named Wade Zollinger on September 3, 2002. Ex. F. Mr. Zollinger valued FSW, not yet gelded, at $1,000. Id. It is undisputed that Plaintiff later sold FSW for $1,500.
In October 2002, Defendant had FSW gelded. It is undisputed that Defendant gelded FSW without Plaintiffs consent. Indeed, the record includes evidence that Defendant e-mailed Plaintiff prior to doing so, and that Plaintiff unequivocally directed her not to geld the horse. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff retook possession of the horse, although he was later required by the state court to return him to Defendant.
A divorce decree was entered in February 2005. In its written opinion, the state court noted that the only argument between the parties concerning the division of their property was “over 27 horses, which are community property.” Ex. A. FSW was included by the court in this collection of community horses. The court ultimately held that a sufficient number of the horses should be sold to pay the master’s fee, and that the balance of the horses be awarded to Plaintiff. As a result, FSW, now gelded, was awarded to Plaintiff.
The same year the divorce became final, Plaintiff commenced an action in state court against Defendant to recover his alleged damages resulting from the gelding of FSW. Thereafter, on October 6, 2005, Defendant filed her voluntary chapter 7 petition, and the state court action was stayed. Plaintiff commenced this adversary proceeding on January 6, 2006.
Conclusions of Law
I. Preclusion
Issue preclusion “prevents ‘the re-litigation of issues actually adjudicated in previous litigation between the same parties.’ ” Dominguez v. Elias (In re Elias), 03.4 I.B.C.R. 243, 246, 302 B.R. 900 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2003) (quoting Littlejohn v. United States, 321 F.3d 915, 923 (9th Cir.2003)). “The doctrine of issue preclusion ‘protects] the finality of decisions and prevents] the proliferation of litigation.’ ” Id. (quoting Littlejohn, 321 F.3d at 919).
The Supreme Court has held that issue preclusion applies in discharge contests. Id. (citing Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284-85 n. 11, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991)); Roussos v. Michaelides (In re Roussos), 251 B.R. 86, 92 (9th Cir.BAP2000). A bankruptcy court must apply federal law to determine the preclu-sive effect of federal judgments and must apply the same preclusive effect to a state court decision as other courts of that state would afford it. Id.
Ordinarily, a party seeking to assert issue preclusion as a defense has the burden of proof. Berr v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. (In re Berr), 172 B.R. 299, 306 (9th Cir.BAP1994). In order to meet its burden, the party must “introduce a record sufficient to reveal the controlling facts and pinpoint the exact issues litigated in the prior action. Any reasonable doubt as to what was decided by a prior judgment should be resolved against giving it collateral estoppel effect.” Id.
To determine the preclusive effect of the Idaho state court judgment this Court must apply Idaho state law. Elias, 03.4 I.B.C.R. at 247, 302 B.R. 900. Idaho law requires five factors to be met in order for a judgment to have preclusive effect:
*162(1) the party against whom the earlier decision is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue decided in the earlier case; (2) the issue decided in the prior litigation was identical to the issue presented in the present action; (3) the issue sought to be precluded was actually decided in the prior litigation; (4) there was a final judgment on the merits in the prior litigation; and (5) the party against whom the issue is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the litigation.
Id. (citing Rodriguez v. Dep’t of Correction, 136 Idaho 90, 29 P.3d 401, 404 (2001)).
During oral argument at the conclusion of the trial, the parties discussed whether Plaintiffs claims against Defendant are precluded by virtue of the state court divorce decree.3
In this case, any alleged damage to Plaintiff occasioned by the gelding of Plaintiffs prized stallion occurred prior to the conclusion of the divorce proceedings, and before the state court’s order for the division of the parties’ property—in fact, several years before the court’s property division was finalized. FSW was community property, and was valued and awarded to Plaintiff in the state court proceedings. Therefore, the first element of issue preclusion is met: the Plaintiff had a full and fair opportunity to raise his claim, that Defendant had caused him financial damage by gelding FSW, in the state court divorce action.
The fourth and fifth factors of the test are also met, as it seems clear that there was a final adjudication on the merits in state court, and the parties to the divorce proceeding were the same as those before this Court.
As to the remaining two requirements, the Court simply cannot be sure. The difficulty with the application of the doctrine here is the inadequacy of the record from the state court action submitted to this Court. There is no evidence concerning whether the issue of the value of FSW as an item of property and as a part of Plaintiffs business in state court was identical to the issue presented here. Furthermore, this Court cannot discern whether FSW’s value as a horse and as a part of Plaintiffs business was actually decided in the prior litigation. The record simply does not disclose whether Plaintiff raised the issue of the gelding of FSW, or its potential impact on his horse breeding business, in the divorce court. This Court cannot determine whether the divorce court even knew of the gelding, or if it took that fact into account when dividing the community property.4
As an exercise of caution, under these circumstances the Court will not speculate about whether the issue of FSW’s value was actually decided by the state court. The Court will therefore not deem Plaintiffs claims against Defendant precluded.
*163II. The Elements of § 523(a)(6)
Under § 523(a)(6), a chapter 7 discharge does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt “for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity[.]” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). “There are two separate and distinct causes of action in a nondischargeability proceeding: one is on the debt, as determined by state law, and the other is on the dischargeability of that debt, as determined by federal law.” Roussos, 251 B.R. at 93 (citing In re McKendry, 40 F.3d 331, 337 (10th Cir.1994)). Plaintiff must show Defendant acted both willfully and maliciously in “damaging” his property. Transamerica Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Littleton (In re Littleton), 942 F.2d 551, 554 (9th Cir.1991). As the elements are distinct, the Court will consider them separately.
A. The Existence of a Debt
The first element of proof required under § 523(a)(6) is that the complaining party be a creditor — that he actually hold a claim against the debtor. Busseto Foods, Inc. v. Laizure (In re Laizure), 349 B.R. 604, 607-08 (9th Cir.BAP2006); Banks v. Gill Distribution Ctrs., Inc. (In re Banks), 263 F.3d 862, 868 (9th Cir.2001). Under the Code, a debt is defined as “liability on a claim.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(12). A claim, in turn, is defined as the “right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured. ...” 11 U.S.C. 101(5)(A). While a claim need not be reduced to judgment to constitute a debt, the debtor’s liability must be determined, even if the amount of the debt is disputed. Geisler v. Pansegrau (In re Pansegrau), 180 B.R. 468, 471 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.1995). “ ‘[D]ebt for,’ as used throughout § 523, means ‘debt as a result of,’ ‘debt with respect to,’ ‘debt by reason of,’ and the like.” Cohen v. de la Cruz, 523 U.S. 213, 220, 118 S.Ct. 1212, 140 L.Ed.2d 341 (1998) (citations omitted).
In other words, Plaintiff has the burden of proving Defendant is liable to him for damages even though the exact amount is unclear, in order to establish the existence of a debt under § 523(a)(6). Whether Plaintiff has a “right to payment” is, in this context, determined by applicable state law. Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 55, 99 S.Ct. 914, 59 L.Ed.2d 136 (1979). Plaintiff has not satisfied this burden.
In September 2002, prior to the gelding, Mr. Zollinger appraised FSW, and valued the horse at $1,000. It is undisputed that Plaintiff sold a gelded FSW for $1,500. Thus, if the original appraisal is accepted as the value of the horse, including any potential to produce income, Plaintiff was not harmed economically at all, and would have no claim against Defendant. On the other hand, if the master’s estimate of value did not consider the loss occasioned by Plaintiffs inability to utilize FSW in his horse breeding business as a sire, as well as potential stud fees, the eventual price obtained for the horse likely did not fully compensate Plaintiff.
Plaintiff testified that while he has sold stallions for as much as $10,000, FSW’s value was “realistically” about $5,000 per year as a stallion. He offered no additional testimony about the basis for that figure, ie., whether it was stud fees only, or if it also included FSW’s value as a sire in the horse breeding and sales business. The Court has no evidence before it concerning the amount of stud fees Plaintiff expected to charge for FSW, nor the value which Plaintiff projected could have been derived from FSW’s services as a sire in Plaintiffs own operation.
*164In response, Defendant testified that during 2000 and 2001, the parties’ horse business earned a total of $3,015 in breeding fees.5 She also testified that the business charged a $300 breeding fee for the services of Five Star Joe, FSW’s sire. In other words, while Plaintiff has testified what FSW could be worth as a stallion, Defendant’s testimony, supported with actual figures from prior business years, calls Plaintiffs valuation into question.
On this record, it would be speculative to project the income Plaintiffs ongoing business would have derived from FSW’s services as a stallion. That he would have gained some economic benefit is perhaps likely, but the extent of that income is, based upon the evidence, purely hypothetical. The fact that Plaintiff sold FSW as a gelding for $500 more than his estimated value while a stallion further calls Plaintiffs scant proof of economic damages into question.
Plaintiff bears the burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Defendant caused him economic harm. Because the Court is left to speculate and hypothesize about any damages Plaintiff may have suffered, Plaintiff has not met his burden to prove the existence of a debt.
B. Willfulness
Even if Plaintiff could prove Defendant is indebted to him by gelding FSW, he has not shown Defendant’s conduct was willful for purposes of § 523(a)(6).
“To be considered willful, the debtor must commit an act akin to an intentional tort under state law, and the debtor must intend the consequences or injury resulting from the act rather than just the act itself.” Farmers & Merchants State Bank v. Cracchiolo (In re Cracchiolo), 00.2 I.B.C.R. 84, 87, 2000 WL 33712222 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2000) (citing Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61-62, 118 S.Ct. 974, 140 L.Ed.2d 90 (1998)); See also Spokane Railway Credit Union v. Endicott (In re Endicott), 254 B.R. 471 (Bankr.D.Idaho 2000). The act must be more than reckless or negligent. Cracchiolo, 00.2 I.B.C.R. at 87, 2000 WL 33712222. “[Njondischargeability takes a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury.” Kawaauhau v. Geiger, 523 U.S. 57, 61, 118 S.Ct. 974, 140 L.Ed.2d 90 (1998) (emphasis in original).
In the context of a nondischarge-ability action, the “willful injury requirement is met only when the debtor has a subjective motive to inflict injury or when the debtor believes that injury is substantially certain to result from his own conduct.” Carrillo v. Su (In re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1142 (9th Cir.2002); see also Elias, 03.4 I.B.C.R. at 245-46, 302 B.R. 900.
It is undisputed that Defendant intended to have FSW gelded — it was no accident, and represented a conscious choice on Defendant’s part. The record is less clear, though, concerning Defendant’s subjective motive. Put another way, the issue is whether by having FSW gelded, Defendant intended to injure Plaintiff, or believed that injury was substantially certain to result.
As noted above, the evidence is, at best, equivocal regarding whether Plaintiff suffered an economic injury as a result of Defendant’s actions. FSW was valued at $1,000 as a stallion and was sold for $1,500 as a gelding. Defendant had been informed by Mr. Zollinger that FSW would *165be worth more as a gelding, and in one sense, it turns out he was. Although, as noted above, there was surely the potential that Plaintiffs ongoing breeding and sales business could suffer economically with the loss of a horse he testified he intended to use as a sire. The relevant inquiry here is whether Defendant appreciated and intended that economic injury to Plaintiffs business was substantially certain to result from her actions. The evidence on that point is ambiguous.
Plaintiff testified that Defendant knew from the time FSW was born that Plaintiff intended to use him as a sire.6 Plaintiff also testified that he usually sold horses as stallions, so as not to limit the buyer’s options, although Plaintiff did not indicate that Defendant was aware of this philosophy. On the other hand, Defendant testified that, on the advice of Mr. Zollinger, one of the other horses in her possession was left a stallion because, in his opinion, that particular horse was of stallion quality. In other words, the evidence is contradictory as to Defendant’s subjective intent to harm Plaintiff or his business.
When all the evidence is measured against the preponderance standard, the Court cannot find that Defendant subjectively believed that an economic injury to Plaintiff was substantially certain to result from her having FSW gelded. No doubt, Defendant’s actions were reckless under the circumstances, in that gelding can be done at any time; it would have been more prudent for Defendant to wait until the parties’ property settlement was finalized. However, on this record, Plaintiff has simply not proven that Defendant intended to injury him, or his business, by what she did. The element of willfulness required for an exception to discharge under § 523(a)(6) has not been met.
C. Maliciousness
“A ‘malicious’ injury involves ‘(1) a wrongful act, (2) done intentionally, (3) which necessarily causes injury, and (4) is done without just cause or excuse.’ ” In re Su, 290 F.3d at 1146-47 (quoting Petralia v. Jercich (In re Jercich), 238 F.3d 1202, 1209 (9th Cir.2001) cert. denied, 533 U.S. 930, 121 S.Ct. 2552, 150 L.Ed.2d 718 (2001)); Elias, 03.4 I.B.C.R. at 246, 302 B.R. 900. Plaintiff has also not proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Defendant acted maliciously.
Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that gelding FSW was “a wrongful act.” Defendant testified that gelding is routinely done in the care and maintenance of horses. There was no court order, or other legal restriction prohibiting Defendant from taking the action she did. Furthermore, as determined by the state court, FSW was community property at the time the horse was gelded. Again, while it may have been the prudent course for Defendant to obtain Plaintiffs consent before committing to such an irreversible path, under Idaho law, she had an equal right to manage and care for FSW in her own way, as did Plaintiff. Idaho Code § 32-912.7 Under these circumstances, the gelding was not a wrongful act.
Next, the Court must consider whether the act was done intentionally, and the *166evidence clearly supports a finding that it was. The third element required to prove maliciousness is that the act must necessarily cause injury. As noted above, the evidence indicates that Plaintiffs business possibly suffered some loss due to FSW’s altered condition, but the extent to which has not been proven. Therefore, this prong has not been met.
In addition, to prove malice under the Code, the Plaintiff must prove that the gelding was done without just cause or excuse. Plaintiff has not met his burden on this prong. Plaintiff testified that Defendant knew he intended to use FSW as a stallion from the time he was a colt. There is also Plaintiffs uncontroverted testimony that Defendant sent him an email which informed him of her intent to geld FSW, to which he replied in such a way as to make it clear that he did not want the gelding to occur.8 On the other hand, FSW was community property at the time, the horse was in Defendant’s care while the divorce was pending, and Defendant’s right to decide FSW’s fate was equal to that of Plaintiff.
Mr. Zollinger had opined to Defendant that FSW would be more valuable as a gelding. As it was yet undetermined who would receive the horse in the property division, it was therefore not unreasonable for Defendant to attempt to enhance the value of the horse. Additionally, Defendant’s purpose in keeping horses was different than Plaintiffs. Plaintiff testified he intended to use FSW as a stallion, to perpetuate and facilitate his horse breeding business. Defendant, by contrast, was not interested in breeding and selling horses. Her focus was on training rope, ranch and reining horses. She testified that she thought FSW would be more manageable and easier to train as a gelding.
Defendant has persuaded the Court that she had justifiable cause to geld FSW, and such testimony went unchallenged by Plaintiff. Accordingly, Plaintiff has not met his burden to prove that there was no just cause or excuse for the action taken, which precludes the Court finding Defendant’s actions to be malicious.
Conclusion
Plaintiff failed to prove that Defendant caused him a quantifiable economic injury by having FSW gelded. In addition, even if Defendant is liable to him in some amount for her actions, Plaintiff has not persuaded the Court that Defendant’s conduct was willful or malicious as required for an exception to discharge under § 523(a)(6). As such, any debt owed by Defendant to Plaintiff is subject to discharge in bankruptcy.
A separate judgment in Defendant’s favor will be entered in this action.