Opinion
The dispositive issue in this workers’ compensation appeal is whether a surviving spouse of a deceased employee who had been receiving temporary total incapacity benefits is entitled to an award of permanent partial disability benefits only if the employee had affirmatively requested permanent partial disability benefits prior to his death. The defendants, Bruce R. Daly Mechanical Contractor (Daly) and Risk Enterprise Management, appeal1 from the decision of the workers’ compensation review board (board) affirming the decision of the workers’ compensation commissioner (commissioner) concluding that the right of the plaintiff, Francis J. Churchville, Jr., to collect permanent partial disability benefits had vested prior to his death. The defendants claim that the board’s conclusion that the plaintiff was not required to make an affirmative request for permanent partial disability benefits in order for his right to those benefits to vest was improper. They also contend that the commissioner improperly concluded that, even if an affirmative request were a prerequisite to the vesting of a plaintiffs entitlement to benefits, the plaintiffs settlement demand constituted an affirmative *187request.2 Because we conclude that the plaintiff was not required to make an affirmative request in order for his entitlement to the benefits to vest, we affirm the decision of the board.3
The record reflects the following facts as found by the commissioner, and procedural history. In 1997, while employed by Daly, the plaintiff sustained a compensable injury to his right shoulder and subsequently sustained a compensable injury to his lumbar spine.4 While the plaintiff collected temporary total incapacity benefits in connection with his injuries, he underwent a number of medical evaluations to determine whether he had any work capacity and the extent of his disability. On January 7, 2004, Charles B. Kime, the plaintiffs treating physician, evaluated his back injury and indicated that the plaintiff was totally incapacitated, and that he had reached maximum medical improvement with a 32 percent permanent partial impairment of the lumbar spine. One year later, upon performing a functional capacity evaluation of the plaintiff, Kime con-*188eluded that although the plaintiff appeared to be capable of “some sedentary activity,” he did not “appear to be capable of any significant vocational activity.” On June 12, 2006, Michael Aron, a physician who evaluated the plaintiffs shoulder injury, found that the plaintiffs right shoulder had reached maximum medical improvement, with a 10 percent permanent partial disability of the shoulder. On April 20, 2007, the plaintiffs back injury was evaluated by a second physician, Aris D. Yannopoulos, who reported that he had reached maximum medical improvement, with a 20 percent permanent partial disability to the lumbar spine. With respect to the plaintiffs work capacity, Yannopoulos concluded that he “could perform work which requires intermittent sitting and standing.” The defendants subsequently filed a form 36 with the commissioner, seeking to discontinue the plaintiffs temporary total incapacity benefits and commence payment of permanent partial disability benefits on the basis of Yannopoulos’ conclusion that the plaintiff had reached maximum medical improvement.5 The plaintiff objected to the form 36, and, following a hearing, the commissioner ordered an independent examination of the plaintiff in order to determine the extent of any permanent partial disability and evaluate the plaintiffs work capacity. The physician who performed the examination, Jarob Mushaweh, con*189curred regarding the diagnosis of failed back syndrome but did not offer an opinion regarding the percentage of permanent partial disability of either the plaintiffs back or shoulder.6 He opined that the plaintiff would not benefit from further surgical procedures and also stated that the plaintiff was capable of performing sedentary work. The plaintiff subsequently presented the defendants with a settlement demand, under which one option was the payment of permanent partial disability benefits in connection with the injuries to his shoulders and his back, as well as benefits under General Statutes § 31-308a. On January 23, 2008, the commissioner denied the form 36 and the plaintiff continued to receive temporary total incapacity benefits until he died on February 28,2008, of causes unrelated to his work injuries.7 On March 4, 2008, the plaintiffs counsel, Stephen F. McEleney, withdrew the objection to the form 36. A hearing subsequently was held at which both McEleney and the plaintiffs wife, Margery Churchville, participated.8 On July 15, 2008, the commissioner issued a finding and award, approving the form 36 and finding that the plaintiff had suffered a 10 percent permanent *190partial disability to his right shoulder and a 32 percent permanent partial disability to his lumbar spine. The commissioner ordered that all payments that the defendants had made to the plaintiff subsequent to May 4, 2007, the date of the filing of the form 36, would be credited against the permanent partial disability benefits due to the plaintiff and ordered the defendants to pay the remainder to the plaintiffs estate.
McEleney and the defendants each filed motions to correct, which the commissioner denied. The defendants appealed from the decision of the commissioner to the board, claiming that the commissioner improperly had concluded that: (1) the plaintiff did not have to make an affirmative request in order for his right to permanent partial disability benefits to vest before his death; and (2) even if an affirmative request had been required, the plaintiffs settlement demand satisfied that requirement.9 Margery Churchville appealed only that portion of the commissioner’s decision that had awarded the benefits to the plaintiffs estate rather than to her. The board affirmed the commissioner’s decision, concluding that the right to permanent partial disability benefits vests once a claimant reaches maximum medical improvement, and, therefore, no affirmative request was required. With respect to Margery Churchville’s claim that she, rather than the plaintiffs estate, should be awarded the benefits, the board remanded the matter to the commissioner to make the requisite findings under General Statutes § 31-308 (d). Subsequently, the commissioner awarded the benefits to Margery Churchville, based on his finding that she met the definition of “ ‘presumptive dependent’ ” as set forth in Gen*191eral Statutes § 31-275 (19)10 and was the plaintiffs “surviving spouse” pursuant to § 31-308 (d).11 This appeal followed.
Because the issue of whether a deceased employee’s surviving spouse or presumptive dependent is entitled to permanent partial disability benefits only when the employee had affirmatively requested those benefits prior to death is dispositive, we turn to that claim. The defendants argue that this court’s decision in McCurdy v. State, 227 Conn. 261, 268-69, 630 A.2d 64 (1993), as well as subsequent decisions of the board, support the proposition that a deceased employee’s surviving spouse or presumptive dependent is entitled to permanent partial disability benefits only if the employee had made an affirmative request for those benefits prior to death. We disagree. We conclude, consistent with our applicable precedents, that a plaintiffs right to permanent partial disability benefits, as well as the attendant entitlement enjoyed by the plaintiffs surviving spouse or presumptive dependent, vests when the plaintiff reaches maximum medical improvement, and does not depend on an affirmative request for such benefits.
We have long recognized that the beneficiaries of the Workers’ Compensation Act, General Statutes § 31-275 et seq., include both the injured employee and his or her dependents. See, e.g., Bassett v. Stratford Lumber *192Co., 105 Conn. 297, 299, 135 A. 574 (1926). Section 31-308 (d) provides that a surviving spouse or presumptive dependent of a decedent employee is entitled to an award of compensation to which the employee would have been entitled regardless of whether a formal award was made prior to the employee’s death. See footnote 11 of this opinion. The entitlement of a surviving spouse or presumptive dependent, accordingly, depends on the entitlement of the employee. The question of whether Margery Churchville is entitled to the permanent partial disability benefits, therefore, turns on whether the plaintiff was entitled to recover those benefits.
Because the facts of the present case involve both the recovery of temporary total incapacity benefits and a claim for permanent partial disability benefits, we are mindful of the distinction between incapacity benefits and disability benefits. “Benefits available under the [Workers’ Compensation Act] serve the dual function of compensating for the disability arising from the injury and for the loss of earning power resulting from that injury. Panico v. Sperry Engineering Co., 113 Conn. 707, 710, 156 A. 802 (1931). Compensation for the disability takes the form of payment of medical expenses; General Statutes § 31-294d; and specific indemnity awards, which compensate the injured employee for the lifetime handicap that results from the permanent loss of, or loss of use of, a scheduled body part. Schiano v. Bliss Exterminating Co., [260 Conn. 21, 25 n.4, 792 A.2d 835 (2002)]; see General Statutes § 31-308 (b) (loss of or loss of use of member) and (d) (scarring); see also 4 A. Larson & L. Larson, Workers’ Compensation Law (2002) § 80.04, p. 80-12 ([permanent partial schedule awards are based on medical condition after maximum improvement has been reached and ignore wage loss entirely). . . .
“Compensation for loss of earning power takes the form of partial or total incapacity benefits. Mulligan v. *193F. S. Electric, 231 Conn. 529, 541, 651 A.2d 254 (1994), overruled in part on other grounds by Williams v. Best Cleaners, 237 Conn. 490, 492-93, 677 A.2d 1356 (1996); Rousu v. Collins Co., 114 Conn. 24, 30-32, 157 A. 264 (1931). Incapacity, as that term is used under the Workers’ Compensation Act, means incapacity to work, as distinguished from the loss or loss of use of a member of the body. Panico v. Sperry Engineering Co., supra, 113 Conn. 710.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Rayhall v. Akim Co., 263 Conn. 328, 349-50, 819 A.2d 803 (2003).
We have noted that “§ 31-308 specifically provides that compensation for permanent partial disability shall be ‘in addition to the usual compensation for total incapacity.’ While we have held that the [Workers’ Compensation Act] prohibits concurrent payment of benefits for permanent partial disability and temporary total [incapacity]; Paternostro v. Edward Coon Co., 217 Conn. 42, 49, 583 A.2d 1293 (1991); it is clear that these two types of benefits compensate an employee for different types of loss; see Morgan v. East Haven, 208 Conn. 576, 584, 546 A.2d 243 (1988); and that the payment of [General Statutes] § 31-307 temporary total [incapacity] benefits does not discharge the obligation to pay § 31-308 permanent partial disability benefits at some point in the future.” Cappellino v. Cheshire, 226 Conn. 569, 577, 628 A.2d 595 (1993).
Because the two types of benefits compensate an employee for distinct losses, entitlement to the two benefits is triggered by different factors. Entitlement to incapacity benefits depends on the employee’s capacity to work. General Statutes §§ 31-307 (a) and 31-308 (a). As for entitlement to disability benefits, because the extent of that award necessarily depends on both the establishment of a permanent disability and the extent of the disability, “[w]e have long held that an injured worker has a right to a permanent partial disabil*194ity award once he or she reaches maximum medical improvement.” McCurdy v. State, supra, 227 Conn. 268. McCurdy involved an employee who had been receiving temporary total incapacity benefits pursuant to § 31-307. Id., 263. When he was determined to have reached maximum medical improvement, the employee requested an award of permanent partial disability benefits. Id., 264. The commissioner denied the request because the employee remained totally incapacitated, and could not collect both disability and incapacity benefits. Id., 264-65. Following the employee’s death due to causes unrelated to his compensable injury, his estate claimed entitlement to permanent partial disability benefits.12 Id., 265. The commissioner concluded that the employee’s estate was not entitled to the benefits, and both the board and the Appellate Court affirmed the decision. Id.
We disagreed, explaining: “In Panico v. Sperry Engineering Co., [supra, 113 Conn. 714], we explained that a permanent partial award became due when the worker reached maximum improvement. See also Stapf v. Savin, 125 Conn. 563, 565, 7 A.2d 226 (1939). In Osterlund v. State, [129 Conn. 591, 597-600, 30 A.2d 393 (1943)], we overruled Pánico and Stapf to the extent that they precluded a commissioner from exercising his or her discretion to continue total disability payments to a worker who had reached maximum medical improvement but was still totally disabled from working. In Osterlund, we explained that there might be, in case of a partial loss of function, a great disproportion between the amount of specific compensation provided and the actual effect of the injury, either from the standpoint of the employee’s earning capacity or the physical impairment he suffered.” (Internal quotation marks *195omitted.) McCurdy v. State, supra, 227 Conn. 268-69. We further explained, however, that in a case such as McCurdy, “in which the worker has reached maximum medical improvement and his permanent partial disability award has thereby vested . . . the commissioner does not have discretion to deny such an award if the worker requests that award, as the decedent did in [McCurdy]. We therefore conclude[d] that the decedent became entitled to a permanent partial disability award on December 15, 1987, when he requested such an award at the hearing before the commissioner.” Id., 269. That is, in McCurdy, our focus on an employee’s request for disability benefits was limited to considering the effect that such a request has on the commissioner’s discretion. Once an employee whose right to a disability benefit award has vested because that employee has reached maximum medical improvement requests payment of the disability benefits, the commissioner no longer has discretion to deny the award of the disability benefits, regardless of whether the employee remains totally incapacitated. Id., 268-69. We did not, however, suggest that an employee’s entitlement to disability benefits vested only upon the employee’s request for such benefits.13
In the present case, in the July 15, 2008 finding and award, the commissioner found that as of May 4, 2007, *196the plaintiff had reached maximum medical improvement of his lumbar spine and right shoulder. In accordance with the commissioner’s finding, therefore, the plaintiffs right — as well as the right of Margery Churchville — to the disability benefits had vested. The board properly affirmed the commissioner’s award of the benefits to Margery Churchville as the plaintiffs surviving spouse.
The decision of the workers’ compensation review board is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.