OPINION *
Rahim McIntyre appeals his conviction and 262-month sentence arising from his prominent role in a prostitution venture, specifically his conviction in April 2014, following a jury trial, of two counts of sex trafficking and one count of attempted sex trafficking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 1594(a). The District Court denied McIntyre’s post-trial motions for a judgment of acquittal under Fed.R.Crim.P. 29 and for a new trial under Fed.R.Crim.P. 33, a decision he now challenges essentially on the basis that insufficient evidence supported his conviction. McIntyre also argues that his sentence was improperly increased by a statutory amendment that was only intended to apply to child victims, and, relatedly, that the statute under which he was sentenced was the wrong one to apply because his victims were adults. We will affirm.1
I.
In exercising our review of the District Court’s denial of McIntyre’s Rule 29 motion, we ask “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ’’ United States v. Caraballo-Rodriguez, 726 F.3d 418, 424-25 (3d Cir.2013) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)).
Under Rule 33, which permits the grant of a new trial “if the interest of justice so requires,” the District Court “can order a new trial on the ground that the jury’s verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence only if it ‘believes that there is a serious danger that a miscarriage of justice has occurred — that is, that an innocent person has been convicted.’ ” United States v. Johnson, 302 F.3d 139, 150 (3d Cir.2002) (quoting United States v. Santos, 20 F.3d 280, 285 (7th Cir.1994)). We review the Court’s decision that this standard was not met for abuse of discretion.
At the time of the offenses - charged in Counts Two and Three (attempted sex trafficking and sex trafficking, respectively), § 1591(a) provided that whoever knowingly:
(1) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce ... recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, obtains, or maintains by any means a person; or
(2) benefits, financially or by receiving anything of value, from participation in a venture which has engaged in an act described in violation of paragraph (1), knowing, or in reckless disregard of the fact, that means of force, threats of force, fraud, coercion ..., or any combination of such means will be used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act, shall be punished as provided in subsection (b).
*79At the time of the offense charged in Count One (sex trafficking), § 1591(a) provided, in relevant part, that a defendant who acted in the manner described in paragraph (1) or (2), “knowing that force, fraud, or coercion” would be used to cause a person to engage in a commercial sex act, was subject to the punishment in § 1591(b).2
McIntyre challenges only the sufficiency of the evidence that he .knew that force, fraud, or coercion (as to Count One), or that force, threats of force, fraud, coercion or any combination thereof (as to Counts Two and Three) would be used to cause his victims to engage in a commercial sex act. In a similar vein, for purposes of his Rule 33 motion, he argues that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence with respect to this essential element of the offense.
Having reviewed the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that the denial of both motions should be affirmed. We note, in particular, that three women who worked as prostitutes for McIntyre at different times testified to being beaten by him or being present when he beat other women who worked for him.3 They further described being strictly controlled by McIntyre, even as to their purchases of necessities such as food,, and that they continued to engage in prostitution for him despite their fear of him.4
McIntyre argues that none of his actions caused or were aimed at causing his victims to engage in commercial sex acts or punished them for not doing so; instead, he was retaliating against them for other behaviors. He says, for example, that he hit L.D. because she scolded him, and struck V.P. because she did not bring home enough money. Further, he posits, his beating of Love could not support a finding that he used the necessary force, fraud, or coercion on K.W.
*80Section 1591(a) does not require the direct cause-and-effect connection McIntyre posits. Even before a 2008 amendment added “threats of force” as a prohibited act under § 1591, the law prohibited using “coercion,” which is defined to include “threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person,” and “any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1591(c)(2)(A)-(B) (Supp. V 2006); 18 U.S.C. § 1591(e)(2)(A)-(B) (2012). The witnesses’ testimony demonstrated, at minimum, “coercion” that was used to cause them to engage in commercial sex acts.
McIntyre’s argument that two of the witnesses had credibility problems is equally unavailing. Defense counsel explored those issues at trial, and how the jury resolved the questions counsel raised was a matter reserved to its judgment. United States v. Miller, 527 F.3d 54, 60 (3d Cir.2008) (in conducting sufficiency-of-the-evidence review, this Court does not weigh evidence or determine credibility of witnesses); see also United States v. Salahuddin, 765 F.3d 329, 346 (3d Cir.2014) (jury was made aware of witness’s biases and inconsistencies in his testimony at trial; “[ejquipped with this knowledge, it was the jury’s responsibility to decide whether or not to believe” the testimony), cert. denied,—U.S.-, 135 S.Ct. 2309, 191 L.Ed.2d 977 (2015). Even presented with the purported credibility issues, there was sufficient evidence for a rational juror to conclude that the Government met its burden of proof; there is, moreover, no “serious danger that a miscarriage of justice has occurred,” and the District Court did not abuse its discretion in concluding as much. We, therefore, reject McIntyre’s challenge to the denial of his motions for a judgment of acquittal or a new trial.
II.
McIntyre also challenges his sentence, arguing that because the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (the “Act”)5 targeted crimes against children, its “increased penalties ... should not apply to [him] because the women named in the indictment were adults.” (Appellant’s Br. 26.) Assuming these “increased penalties” are the mandatory minimum terms the Act added to § 1591(b)6 — 15 years if the § 1591(a) offense “was effected by means of force, threats of force, or coercion ... or by any combination of such means” or if the victim was under 14, and 10 years if force, threats, or coercion was not used and the victim was between 14 and 17 — the plain language of the statute defeats his argument. Counts Two and Three charge post-Act conduct, and when McIntyre was convicted of using force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion as to V.P., and attempting to do so as to L.D, he qualified for a 15-year mandatory minimum under the plain language of § 1591(b). Because we begin and end with a statute’s plain language if it is clear, United States v. Intro-caso, 506 F.3d 260, 264-65 (3d Cir.2007), which it is here, what Congress supposedly intended when it passed the Act is irrelevant.7
*81Parenthetically, and only parenthetically, because McIntyre did not raise the matter to the District Court and does not raise it to us, we observe that before the Act, § 1591 included only maximum sentences: life or 40 years, depending on the manner in which § 1591(a) was violated. This version of § 1591(b) applies to Count One. Thus, although the District Court erred when it noted during sentencing that the mandatory minimum applied to all three counts, the error was certainly harmless because the Court sentenced 'McIntyre to 262 months on Count One, the bottom of the Guidelines range but well above the 180-month mandatory minimum and below the maximum (a life term, for a conviction based on the use of force, fraud or coercion); there is no indication that the mandatory minimum influenced the Court’s decision. See, e.g., United States v. Langford, 516 F.3d 205, 215 (3d Cir.2008) (for sentencing error to be harmless, “it must be clear that the error did not affect the district court’s selection of the sentence imposed”).
Finally, McIntyre argues that the District Court relied on the wrong statute because § 1591 only applies to victims who were minors, and his victims were adults.8 While couched as a challenge to his sentence, McIntyre essentially rehashes an argument he made unsuccessfully in seeking to dismiss Counts Two and Three before trial, and it fares no better here. At all relevant times, § 1591 provided that a defendant must act either knowing that force, fraud, or coercion will be used to cause the victim to engage in a commercial sex act, or knowing that the person is under 18 and will be caused to engage in such an act. McIntyre surely qualified under the first category.
III.
We will affirm the Judgment of the District Court.